Scalaria (lat. Pterophyllum scalare) nsomba ndizokulirapo, zowopsa, zanjala mwachangu ndi nkhanu, koma zokongola komanso zosangalatsa. Thupi lokwera, lotsindika kumapeto, mitundu yosiyanasiyana, kukula kwakukulu, kupezeka, zonsezi zidapangitsa kuti ikhale imodzi mwasamba wamba komanso yotchuka, yomwe imasungidwa ndi pafupifupi aliyense wamadzi.
Nsombayi ndiyabwino komanso yosazolowereka, yotchuka pakati pa akatswiri odziwa zamadzi komanso oyamba kumene.
Mwachilengedwe, amawoneka mobisa, mikwingwirima yakuda imadutsa thupi lasiliva. Ngakhale pali kusiyanasiyana, nsomba zopanda mikwingwirima, zakuda kwathunthu ndi mitundu ina. Koma ndichizolowezi chosintha chomwe am'madzi am'madzi amagwiritsa ntchito popanga mitundu yatsopano, yowala bwino.
Tsopano mitundu yambiri yasinthidwa: wakuda, nsangalabwi, buluu, koi, mngelo wobiriwira, mdierekezi wofiira, nsangalabwi, diamondi ndi ena.
Ngakhale ali ndi mawonekedwe achilendo, amakhala amtundu womwewo wa discus, ndi a cichlids. Itha kukhala yayitali kwambiri ndikufika kutalika kwa 15 cm.
Pakatikati pazovuta, koma amafunikira aquarium yayikulu kuti athe kusambira popanda mavuto. Voliyumu yocheperako ndi malita 150, koma ngati mungasunge angapo kapena magulu, ndiye kuchokera ku 200 malita.
Misozi imatha kusungidwa mumchere wamba, koma musaiwale kuti awa ndi ma cichlids, ndipo sikulangizidwa kuti musunge nsomba zazing'ono kwambiri.
Kukhala m'chilengedwe
Nsombazo zidafotokozedwa koyamba ndi Schultz mu 1823. Idayambitsidwa koyamba ku Europe mu 1920, ndipo idasungidwa ku United States mu 1930. Ngakhale nsomba zomwe amagulitsa masiku ano zimatchedwa wamba, zimasiyana kale kwambiri ndi nsomba zomwe zimakhala m'chilengedwe.
Amakhala m'madamu othamanga pang'onopang'ono ku South America: nyumba ya nsomba zomwe zili mkatikati mwa Amazon ndi mitsinje yake ku Peru, Brazil ndi kum'mawa kwa Ecuador.
Mwachilengedwe, amakhala m'malo okhala ndi zomera zochepa, momwe amadyera mwachangu, tizilombo, tizilombo tosafulumira komanso zomera.
Pakadali pano pali mitundu itatu yamtunduwu: wamba Pterophyllum scalare, altum scalar Pterophyllum altum ndi leopold scalar Pterophyllum leopoldi. Pakadali pano, ndizovuta kumvetsetsa kuti ndi mitundu iti mwa mitundu yomwe ikufala kwambiri nthawi zonse ku aquarium, popeza kuwoloka kwathandiza.
Mitundu yamasamba
Scalar wamba (Pterophyllum scalare)
Mwinanso zotupa zambiri zomwe zagulitsidwa lero ndi zamtunduwu. Amadziwika kuti ndiwodzichepetsa kwambiri komanso osavuta kubereketsa.
Kukula kwa Leopold (Pterophyllum leopoldi)
Omwe amakumana nawo kawirikawiri, ofanana kwambiri ndi scalar wamba, koma mawanga ake amdima ndi opepuka pang'ono, ndipo pali mikwingwirima yakuda mthupi, ndi imodzi kumapeto kwake, koma osadutsa mthupi
Scalaria altum (Pterophyllum altum)
Kapenanso orinoco scalar, iyi ndi nsomba yayikulu kwambiri pamitundu yonse itatu, itha kukhala yayikulupo kamodzi ndi theka kuposa momwe imakhalira ndikukula mpaka 40 cm kukula.
Amadziwikanso ndi kusintha kwakuthwa pakati pamphumi ndi pakamwa, ndikupanga kukhumudwa. Pazipsepse pali madontho ofiira.
Kwa zaka zambiri mtundu uwu sukadatha kutengedwa ukapolo, koma mzaka zaposachedwa zinali zotheka kupeza mwachangu kuchokera ku altum scalar, ndipo udawonekera pogulitsa limodzi ndi anthu omwe agwidwa m'chilengedwe.
Kufotokozera
Nsomba zomwe zimakhala m'chilengedwe zimakhala ndi thupi lasiliva lokhala ndi mikwingwirima yakuda. Thupi lopanikizika pambuyo pake, lokhala ndi zipsepse zazikulu ndi mutu wakuthwa. Kutalika kotalika, kocheperako kumatha kupezeka kumapeto kwa nsomba zokhala ndi msinkhu wogonana.
Maonekedwe awa amawathandiza kubisala pakati pa mizu ndi zomera. Ichi ndichifukwa chake mawonekedwe akuthengo ali ndi mikwingwirima yakuda yakuda.
Nsomba ndizodziwika bwino, mwachilengedwe zimadikirira mwachangu, nsomba zazing'ono ndi zopanda mafupa.
Avereji ya zaka za moyo 10.
Zovuta pakukhutira
Kuvuta kwapakatikati, kosavomerezeka kwa akatswiri am'madzi am'madzi, chifukwa amafunika kuchuluka kwabwino, magawo amadzi okhazikika ndipo amatha kumenya nsomba zazing'ono. Kuphatikiza apo, amasaka nyama zazing'ono ndi zazing'ono kwambiri modabwitsa.
Komanso, iwonso atha kudwala nsomba zikudula zipsepse, monga zitsamba za Sumatran ndi minga.
Kudyetsa
Kodi kudyetsa? Misozi ndi yopatsa chidwi, imadya chakudya chamtundu uliwonse mumtambo wa aquarium: chamoyo, chowuma komanso chochita kupanga.
Kudyetsa kumatha kukhala ma fulemu apamwamba, komanso kuwonjezera chakudya chamazira: tubifex, ma bloodworms, brine shrimp, corotra. Ndikofunikira kudziwa zinthu ziwiri, ndi osusuka ndipo sangathamangitsidwe, ngakhale atafunsa bwanji.
Ndipo mosamala kwambiri perekani ziphuphu zamagazi, kapena ndibwino kuzikana kwathunthu. Kudyetsa pang'ono pang'ono ndi mbozi zamagazi, ndipo zimayamba kuphulika, motero thovu la pinki limatuluka pachikhodzodzo.
Ndizotetezeka kwambiri kudyetsa chakudya chamtengo wapatali, chifukwa tsopano ndi chapamwamba kwambiri.
Misozi imatha kunyamula zomera zosakhwima, ngakhale sizimachitika kawirikawiri. Nthawi zonse amadula nsonga za Eleocharis kuchokera kwa ine ndikudula ubweya wa mitengo. Poterepa, mutha kuwonjezera chakudya cha spirulina pazakudya.
Ndipo kuyesera kukulitsa moss kupita ku snag, adapambana mophweka. Kutenga moss ku Javanese pafupipafupi. Ndizovuta kunena chifukwa chomwe amachitira zinthu motere, koma, zikuwoneka, chifukwa chakusungulumwa komanso kusilira.
Kusamalira ndi kusamalira
Izi ndi nsomba zazing'ono kwambiri ndipo zimatha kukhala ndi moyo zaka zopitilira 10 ngati muwapatsa malo abwino. Chifukwa cha mawonekedwe ake, malo okhala m'madzi ataliatali okhala ndi kuchuluka kwa malita osachepera 120 amasankhidwa kuti asungidwe.
Komabe, ngati mukufuna kusunga pang'ono mwa nsomba zokongolazi, ndibwino kuti mupeze aquarium yamalita 200-250 kapena kupitilira apo. Ubwino wina wogula aquarium yayikulu ndikuti makolo amakhala omasuka mmenemo ndipo samadya mazira awo pafupipafupi.
Nsomba ziyenera kusungidwa m'madzi ofunda, pamadzi otentha mu aquarium ya 25-27C. Mwachilengedwe, amakhala m'madzi ocheperako pang'ono, koma ofewa, koma tsopano amasinthasintha bwino pamikhalidwe ndi magawo osiyanasiyana.
Zokongoletsa mumtambo wa aquarium zitha kukhala zilizonse, koma makamaka popanda m'mbali mwake pomwe nsomba zitha kuvulazidwira.
Ndikofunika kubzala mbewu zamasamba otambalala, monga nymphea kapena amazon, mu aquarium; amakonda kuyikira mazira pamasamba amenewo.
Kapangidwe ka aquarium scalar sikasinthidwe ndi kusambira pamafunde amphamvu, ndipo kusefera mu aquarium kuyenera kukhala koyenera. Kutuluka kwakukulu kwamadzi kumabweretsa nkhawa ndikuchepetsa kukula kwa nsomba, chifukwa zimawononga mphamvu kuti zitheke.
Ndikwanzeru kugwiritsa ntchito fyuluta yakunja, ndikupereka madzi kudzera chitoliro kapena mkati ndikupopera zamakono.
Kusintha kwamadzi sabata iliyonse kumafunikira, pafupifupi 20% ya voliyumu. Scalarians amakhala tcheru kwambiri pakakundikira kwa nitrate ndi ammonia m'madzi. Iyi ndi imodzi mwamadzi omwe amakonda madzi abwino komanso kusintha kwakukulu. Odyetsa ambiri amasintha madzi 50% m'madzi otentha, ndipo ngati amaswana kapena kulera mwachangu, zimachitika tsiku ndi tsiku.
Ngakhale
Misozi imatha kusungidwa mu aquarium yonse, koma muyenera kukumbukira kuti ikadali cichlid, ndipo itha kukhala yankhanza kwa nsomba zazing'ono. Zomwezi zimachitikanso mwachangu ndi nkhanu, ndiosaka nyama osakhutira, mu aquarium yanga adagwetsa mitundu yambiri ya neocardina shrimp yoyera.
Amamamatirana limodzi akadali achichepere, koma nsomba zazikulu zimaphatikizana ndikukhala gawo.
Amachita manyazi pang'ono, amatha kuwopa mayendedwe mwadzidzidzi, mawu ndi kuyatsa magetsi.
Kodi mungasunge ma cichlids ndi ndani? Ndi nsomba zazikulu komanso zapakatikati, ndikofunika kupewa zazing'ono kwambiri, monga makadinala ndi milalang'amba yosonkhanitsa, ngakhale ndili nawo modabwitsa. Chosangalatsa ndichakuti ena mwa ma neon omwewo amadyera mwadyera. Zikuwoneka kukula kwa nsombayo. Ngati chingameze, adzachitadi.
Muyenera kupewa ma barbs ndipo makamaka china chilichonse kupatula chitumbuwa. Mzochita zanga, gulu la zigoba za Sumatran silinakhudze konse, ndipo gulu lazitsulo zopsereza moto latsala pang'ono kuwononga zipsepse zawo tsiku limodzi. Ngakhale mukuganiza kuti ziyenera kukhala mwanjira ina. Zipsepse zingathenso kuluma paminga, tetragonopterus, zitsamba zakuda, zitsamba za schubert ndi denisoni.
Mutha kuyisunga ndi viviparous: malupanga, ma board, ma mollies, ngakhale ndi ma guppies, koma kumbukirani kuti pamenepa simuyenera kudalira mwachangu. Komanso marble gourami, pearl gourami, mwezi, congo, erythrozones ndi nsomba zina zambiri.
Kusiyana kogonana
Momwe mungadziwire jenda? Ndikosatheka kusiyanitsa pakati pa mwamuna kapena mkazi asanathe msinkhu. Ndipo ngakhale zili choncho, zimatsimikizika kuti zimamveka pakangobereka, pamene ovipositor wandiweyani, woboola pakati amapezeka mwa mkazi.
Zizindikiro zosadziwika ndizopusitsa, wamphongo ndi wolanda komanso wokulirapo, makamaka popeza akazi amatha kupanga awiriawiri ngati kulibe amuna. Ndipo awiriwa azidzachita chimodzimodzi, mpaka kutsanzira kubereka.
Chifukwa chake mutha kudziwa zokhazokha mwa nsomba zazikulu, ndipo ngakhale zitatero ndi ubale winawake.
Kuberekanso mu aquarium
Scalarians amapanga gulu lokhazikika, lokhala ndi akazi okhaokha, ndipo amabereka mumadzi amodzi, koma ndizovuta kusunga mazira. Monga lamulo, mazira amayikidwa pamalo owonekera: chidutswa cha nkhuni, tsamba lathyathyathya, ngakhale pagalasi mumtambo wamadzi.
Pofuna kubereka, zida zapadera nthawi zambiri zimayikidwa, kaya ma cones, kapena chidutswa cha pulasitiki, kapena chitoliro cha ceramic.
Monga ma cichlids onse, amasamalira ana awo. Kubereka sikophweka kuswana, makolo amayang'anira mazira, ndipo akawotchera mwachangu, amawasamalira mpaka atasambira.
Popeza nsombazi zimadzisankhira, njira yabwino yopezera nsombayi ndi kugula nsomba zisanu ndi chimodzi kapena kuposerapo ndikuziweta mpaka atatsimikiza.
Nthawi zambiri, wam'madzi amaphunzira za kuyambika kokha akawona mazira pakona imodzi, mwa ena onse okhala m'nyanjayi.
Koma, ngati muli osamala, mutha kuwona banja likukonzekera kuswana. Amamamatirana, kuthamangitsa nsomba zina, komanso kuyang'anira malo osungira nsomba.
Nthawi zambiri amakula msinkhu pakatha miyezi 8-12 ndipo amatha kubereka masiku 7-10 aliwonse atachotsedwa kwa iwo. Kusamba kumayambira pomwe awiriwa amasankha malo ndikuyeretsanso mwadongosolo.
Kenako chachikazi chimatchera thukuta la mazira, ndipo nthawi yomweyo yamphongo imawadzala. Izi zimapitilira mpaka ma caviar onse (nthawi zina mazana angapo) atayikidwa, caviar ndi yayikulu kwambiri, yoyera.
Makolo amasamalira caviar, amaipachika ndi zipsepse, amadya mazira akufa kapena opanda chonde (amasanduka oyera).
Pakapita masiku angapo, mazirawo amaswa, koma mphutsi zimakhalabe pamwamba. Pakadali pano, mphutsi sizikudya pano; zimawononga zomwe zili mu yolk sac.
Pakatha sabata ina kapena kuposerapo, amawuma ndipo amayamba kusambira momasuka. Mutha kudyetsa mwachangu ndi brine shrimp nauplii kapena chakudya china mwachangu. Mamiliyoni a mwachangu adaleredwa pa brine shrimp nauplii, ndiye chisankho chabwino kwambiri.
Amayenera kudyetsedwa katatu kapena kanayi patsiku, magawo omwe amatha kudya mphindi ziwiri kapena zitatu.
Mu aquarium yokhala ndi mwachangu, ndibwino kugwiritsa ntchito zosefera zamkati ndi nsalu yochapa komanso yopanda chivindikiro, chifukwa zimasefa zokwanira, koma sizoyamwa mwachangu mkati.
Kuyeretsa kwamadzi ndikofunikira monga kudyetsa pafupipafupi, ndichifukwa cha zinthu zomwe zimawonongeka zomwe zimawuma mwachangu.
Nthawi zambiri amadzi am'madzi amafunsa chifukwa chiyani nsomba zimadya mazira awo? Izi zitha kuchitika chifukwa chapanikizika, akamaberekera m'madzi wamba ndikusokonezedwa ndi nsomba zina, kapena mabanja achichepere omwe alibe chidziwitso.
