Ecology (oikology yaku Russia isanachitike udokotala) (kuchokera ku Greek οἶκος - malo okhala, nyumba, nyumba, katundu ndi λόγος - lingaliro, chiphunzitso, sayansi) Ndi sayansi yomwe imaphunzira malamulo achilengedwe, kulumikizana kwa zamoyo ndi chilengedwe. Choyamba adalimbikitsa lingaliro la zachilengedwe ndi Ernst Haeckel mu 1866... Komabe, anthu akhala akuchita chidwi ndi zinsinsi zachilengedwe kuyambira kale, anali ndi chidwi nacho. Pali malingaliro mazana ambiri amawu oti "zachilengedwe", munthawi zosiyanasiyana asayansi adapereka matanthauzidwe awoawo ecology. Liwu lokha limakhala ndi tinthu tating'onoting'ono, kuchokera ku Chigriki "oikos" limamasuliridwa ngati nyumba, ndi "logos" - ngati chiphunzitso.
Ndikukula kwa kupita patsogolo kwaukadaulo, zachilengedwe zidayamba kuwonongeka, zomwe zidakopa chidwi cha anthu padziko lapansi. Anthu adazindikira kuti mpweya udaipitsidwa, mitundu ya nyama ndi zomera ikutha, ndipo madzi am'mitsinje amawonongeka. Izi ndi zina zambiri zatchedwa zovuta zachilengedwe.
Mavuto azachilengedwe padziko lonse lapansi
Mavuto ambiri azachilengedwe akula kuchokera kuderalo kupita kudziko lonse lapansi. Kusintha kwachilengedwe pang'ono panthawi inayake padziko lapansi kumatha kukhudza chilengedwe padziko lonse lapansi. Mwachitsanzo, kusintha kwa nyanja ya Gulf Stream kumabweretsa kusintha kwakanthawi kwanyengo ndi nyengo yozizira ku Europe ndi North America.
Masiku ano, asayansi ali ndi mavuto ambiri azachilengedwe padziko lonse lapansi. Nayi zofunikira kwambiri zomwe zimawopseza moyo padziko lapansi:
- - kusintha kwa nyengo;
- - kuipitsa mpweya;
- - kutha kwa malo osungira madzi abwino;
- - kuchepa kwa anthu komanso kutha kwa mitundu ya zomera ndi zinyama;
- - chiwonongeko cha ozoni wosanjikiza;
- - kuipitsa kwa Nyanja Yadziko Lonse;
- - chiwonongeko ndi kuipitsa nthaka;
- - kutha kwa mchere;
- - mvula ya asidi.
Ili sili mndandanda wonse wamavuto apadziko lonse lapansi. Tiyeni tingonena kuti zovuta zachilengedwe zomwe zitha kufananizidwa ndi masoka ndikuwononga chilengedwe komanso kutentha kwanyengo. Kutentha kwamlengalenga kumakwera ndi +2 madigiri Celsius pachaka. Izi ndichifukwa cha mpweya wowonjezera kutentha ndipo, monga chotulukapo chake, kutentha kwakeko.
Paris idachita msonkhano wapadziko lonse wazachilengedwe, pomwe mayiko ambiri padziko lapansi adalonjeza kuchepetsa mpweya. Chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa mpweya, madzi oundana amasungunuka pamitengo, madzi amakwera, zomwe zimawopsezanso kusefukira kwazilumba ndi magombe apadziko lonse. Pofuna kupewa tsoka lomwe likubwera, m'pofunika kukhazikitsa zinthu limodzi ndikupanga njira zomwe zingathandize kuchepetsa ndikuletsa kutentha kwanyengo.
Nkhani ya zachilengedwe
Pakadali pano pali magawo angapo azachilengedwe:
- - chilengedwe;
- - zamoyo;
- - zachilengedwe;
- - mafakitale;
- - zachilengedwe zaulimi;
- - ntchito zachilengedwe;
- - zachilengedwe;
- - zachilengedwe zamankhwala.
Gawo lirilonse la zachilengedwe lili ndi mutu wake wowerengera. Chodziwika kwambiri ndi zachilengedwe. Amaphunzira padziko lonse lapansi, lomwe limapangidwa ndi zinthu zachilengedwe, magawo ake - nyengo ndi kupumula, nthaka, nyama ndi zomera.
Kufunika kwachilengedwe kwa munthu aliyense
Kusamalira zachilengedwe kwakhala ntchito yabwino masiku ano, dzina loyambirira "eco”Amagwiritsidwa ntchito kulikonse. Koma ambiri aife sitimazindikira kuzama kwa mavuto onsewa. Zachidziwikire, ndizabwino kuti anthu ambiri asankha kukhala ndi moyo padzikoli. Komabe, ndikuyenera kuzindikira kuti momwe chilengedwe chimadalira munthu aliyense.
Aliyense padziko lapansi amatha kuchita zinthu zosavuta tsiku lililonse zomwe zingathandize kukonza chilengedwe. Mwachitsanzo, mutha kupereka mapepala owononga ndikuchepetsa kugwiritsa ntchito madzi, kupulumutsa mphamvu ndikuponya zinyalala mumtsuko wazinyalala, kulima mbewu ndikugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zomwe zingagwiritsidwenso ntchito. Anthu akamatsatira malamulowa, pamakhala mwayi wambiri wopulumutsa dziko lathu lapansi.
