Kutha kwa wosanjikiza wa ozoni

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Ozone ndi mtundu wa mpweya womwe umapezeka mu stratosphere, pafupifupi makilomita 12-50 kuchokera padziko lapansi. Mlingo wapamwamba kwambiri wa chinthuchi uli pamtunda wa pafupifupi makilomita 23 kuchokera pamwamba. Ozone adapezeka mu 1873 ndi wasayansi waku Germany Schönbein. Pambuyo pake, kusinthaku kwa oxygen kunapezeka pamwamba ndi m'mlengalenga. Mwambiri, ozoni amapangidwa ndi ma molekyulu amtundu wa triatomic oxygen. Nthawi zonse, ndi mpweya wabuluu wokhala ndi fungo labwino. Pazifukwa zosiyanasiyana, ozoni amasandulika madzi amtundu wa indigo. Ikakhala yolimba, imakhala ndi mtundu wobiriwira wabuluu.

Mtengo wa wosanjikiza wa ozoni umadalira kuti umakhala ngati fyuluta, umatenga ma radiation ena a ultraviolet. Zimateteza chilengedwe ndi anthu ku dzuwa.

Zomwe zimayambitsa kuchepa kwa ozoni

Kwa zaka mazana ambiri anthu samadziwa zakupezeka kwa ozoni, koma zochita zawo zidasokoneza mlengalenga. Pakadali pano, asayansi akukamba za vuto ngati mabowo a ozoni. Kutha kwa kusintha kwa oxygen kumachitika pazifukwa zosiyanasiyana:

  • kuyambitsa maroketi ndi ma satelayiti mumlengalenga;
  • kugwira ntchito kwa zoyendera mlengalenga pamtunda wa makilomita 12-16;
  • Kutulutsa kwa ma freons mlengalenga.

Otsitsa akulu a ozoni

Adani akulu kwambiri pakusintha kwa mpweya ndi ma hydrogen ndi ma chlorine. Izi ndichifukwa cha kuwonongeka kwa ma freons, omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati opopera. Pakatentha pang'ono, amatha kuwira ndikuwonjezera voliyumu, yomwe ndiyofunikira pakupanga ma aerosols osiyanasiyana. Ma Freron nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga zida zoziziritsa, mafiriji ndi mayunitsi ozizira. Ma freons atakwera mlengalenga, chlorine amachotsedwa m'mlengalenga, zomwe zimasintha ozoni kukhala mpweya.

Vuto lakutaya kwa ozoni lidadziwika kalekale, koma pofika zaka za m'ma 1980, asayansi anali atachenjeza. Mpweya wa ozoni ukachepetsedwa kwambiri mumlengalenga, dziko lapansi liziwononga kutentha bwino ndikusiya kuzirala. Zotsatira zake, maumboni ambiri ndi mapangano adasainidwa m'maiko osiyanasiyana kuti achepetse kupanga ma freon. Kuphatikiza apo, m'malo mwa ma freons adapangidwa - propane-butane. Malinga ndi magwiridwe ake aukadaulo, chinthuchi chimagwira ntchito kwambiri, chitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito pomwe ma freons amagwiritsidwa ntchito.

Lero, vuto lakutha kwa ozoni ndikofunika kwambiri. Ngakhale izi, kugwiritsa ntchito matekinoloje ogwiritsa ntchito ma freon akupitilizabe. Pakadali pano, anthu akuganiza momwe angachepetsere kuchuluka kwa zotulutsa za freon, akufunafuna zolowa m'malo kuti asunge ndi kubwezeretsa wosanjikiza wa ozoni.

Njira zowongolera

Kuyambira 1985, achitapo kanthu kuti ateteze ozone. Gawo loyamba linali kukhazikitsa zoletsa kutulutsa ma freons. Kuphatikiza apo, boma lidavomereza Msonkhano wa ku Vienna, zomwe zomwe cholinga chake chinali kuteteza ozone wosanjikiza ndikuphatikizapo mfundo izi:

  • Oimira mayiko osiyanasiyana adalandira mgwirizano wogwirizana pakufufuza njira ndi zinthu zomwe zimakhudza wosanjikiza wa ozoni ndikuyambitsa kusintha kwake;
  • kuwunika mwatsatanetsatane mkhalidwe wosanjikiza wa ozoni;
  • kulengedwa kwa matekinoloje ndi zinthu zapadera zomwe zimathandiza kuchepetsa kuwonongeka komwe kunayambitsa;
  • mgwirizano m'malo osiyanasiyana otukuka ndi momwe amagwiritsidwira ntchito, komanso kuwongolera zochitika zomwe zimayambitsa mabowo a ozoni;
  • kusamutsa ukadaulo ndikupeza chidziwitso.

Kwa zaka makumi angapo zapitazi, ma protocol adasainidwa malinga ndi momwe kupanga ma fluorochlorocarbons kuyenera kuchepetsedwa, ndipo nthawi zina kuyimitsidwa kwathunthu.

Chovuta kwambiri chinali kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ozoni popanga zida za firiji. Munthawi imeneyi, "vuto lalikulu" linayamba. Kuphatikiza apo, chitukukochi chimafunikira ndalama zambiri, zomwe sizingakhumudwitse amalonda. Mwamwayi, yankho lidapezeka ndipo opanga m'malo mwa ma freons adayamba kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zina mu ma aerosols (opangira ma hydrocarbon monga butane kapena propane). Masiku ano, zimakhala zachilendo kugwiritsa ntchito makina omwe amatha kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo omwe amatha kutentha.

Ndikothekanso kuchotsa mlengalenga kuchokera kuzinthu za freons (malinga ndi akatswiri a sayansi) mothandizidwa ndi gulu lamagetsi la NPP, lomwe mphamvu yake iyenera kukhala yosachepera 10 GW. Kapangidwe kameneka kakhala ngati gwero labwino kwambiri lamphamvu. Kupatula apo, zimadziwika kuti Dzuwa limatha kupanga matani 5-6 a ozoni pakamphindi kamodzi. Powonjezera chizindikiro ichi mothandizidwa ndi mayunitsi amagetsi, ndizotheka kukwaniritsa kufanana pakati pa kuwonongeka ndi kupanga kwa ozoni.

Asayansi ambiri amawona kuti ndibwino kupanga "fakitale ya ozone" yomwe ingathandize kuti mpweya wa ozoni ukhale wabwino.

Kuphatikiza pa ntchitoyi, palinso ena ambiri, kuphatikiza kupanga ozoni mwanzeru mu stratosphere kapena kupanga ozone m'mlengalenga. Chosavuta chachikulu pamalingaliro onse ndi malingaliro ndi mtengo wawo wokwera. Kuwonongeka kwakukulu kwachuma kumakankhira kumbuyo ntchito ndipo ena mwa iwo sanakwaniritsidwe.

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Onerani kanemayo: Robert Sapolsky SF Being Human Qu0026A (November 2024).