Amblyomma maculatum ndi nyama yoopsa ya arachnid. Ndi mbewa zomwe zimawononga nyama zazikulu.
Kufalitsa kwa Amblyomma maculatum.
Amblyomma maculatum amapezeka kudera lalikulu kwambiri ku Western Hemisphere, amakhala mdera la Neotropical ndi Nearctic. Ku America, imafalikira makamaka m'maiko akumwera, omwe ali ku Gulf Coast kuchokera ku Texas kupita ku Florida ndikupitilira kumalire a kum'mawa. Mitundu ya nkhukuyi imapezekanso ku Mexico, Guatemala, Belize, Nicaragua, Honduras, Costa Rica, Colombia, Venezuela ndi Ecuador, ngakhale kulibe komwe kuli Amblyomma maculatum.
Habitat wa Amblyomma maculatum.
Wachikulire Amblyomma maculatum amakhala pakhungu la womulandirayo, nthawi zambiri amawulula, ndikuyamwa magazi. Tizilombo toyambitsa matendawa timakhala ndi nthumwi za equine, canine, banja la bovine, komanso mbalame zina zazing'ono. Miteyu amakhala m'malo okhala ndi zitsamba, ndipo popeza madera amenewa amatha kuwuma m'malo omwe mulibe chinyezi chokwanira kapena mphepo yambiri, Amblyomma maculatum amayang'ana malo otetezedwa kumphepo ndi masamba owuma komanso chinyezi chambiri.
Zizindikiro zakunja kwa Amblyomma maculatum.
Akuluakulu a Amblyomma maculatum amasiyana pamachitidwe ogonana. Chachimuna ndi chachikazi chimakhala ndi maso opyapyala, ndipo chimatuluka pachimake chachinayi cha ziwalo zomwe sizifika pamlingo wa anus. Amakhalanso ndi kutuluka kamodzi ndi mawonekedwe amkati osadziwika pa coxae yoyamba. Amuna ali ndi tinyanga pamitu yawo, koma akazi alibe. Mipata yauzimu imakhalapo mu nkhupakupa za amuna ndi akazi, pamodzi ndi mbale ya caudal, yomwe ili pafupifupi theka la kukula kwa scallop yomaliza. Amuna ndi akazi a Amblyomma maculatum ali ndi malo owoneka bwino pa ntchafu ndi zotupa zotulutsa kumbuyo kwa scallops. Ma tubercles awa kulibiretu pakati pa scallops. Pali minga pamapazi a nkhupakupa.
Mphutsi za Amblyomma maculatum zili ndi thupi lowulungika lomwe limakulira pakati ndi kumbuyo. Ali ndi magulu angapo a sensilla: magulu awiri apakati, awiri osanjikizika, magulu atatu a ziputu, magawo apakatikati, ma seti asanu oyenda, ndi seti imodzi ya anal. Komanso, pali khumi scallops. Malo oberekera a khomo lachiberekero amatuluka pafupifupi, koma ang'onoang'ono amapitilira kutalika kwakutali kumbuyo kwa mphutsi. Maso ndiwophwatalala ndipo coxae yoyamba ndi yamakona atatu, pomwe coxae yachiwiri ndi yachitatu ili yozungulira. Mphutsi zikaledzera ndi magazi, zimakulitsa kukula mpaka avareji ya 0,559 mm.
Kukula kwa Amblyomma maculatum.
Amblyomma maculatum imakhala ndi zovuta kukula. Mafunsowa ali ndi magawo atatu a chitukuko. Mphutsi imatuluka m'dzira, yomwe imawononga mbalame zing'onozing'ono, kenako imasungunuka ndikusandulika, yomwe imasokoneza nyama zazing'ono. Pomaliza, nkhupakupa kamayambanso kumapeto kwa imago, komwe kumaberekanso ndikuwononga nyama zazikulu.
Kubereka kwa Amblyomma maculatum
Kubereka kwa Amblyomma maculatum sikunaphunzire mwatsatanetsatane. Kutengera kukula kwa nkhupakupa za ixodid, titha kuganiza kuti amuna ndi akazi amagonana ndi zibwenzi zambiri, ndipo amuna amagwiritsa ntchito ziwalo zawo pakamwa kutengera umuna kwa mkazi kudzera mu spermatophor.
Mkazi amakonzekera kubereka ana ndipo amayamwa magazi mwamphamvu, akangowonjezeka kukula, ndiye kuti amasiya mwini wake kuti aikire mazira ake.
Kuchuluka kwa mazira kumatengera kuchuluka kwa magazi omwe amadya. Nthawi zambiri, mitundu yayikulu ya Amblyomma maculatum imatha kuyikira kulikonse kuyambira mazira 15,000 mpaka 23,000 nthawi imodzi. Kupanga nkhupakupa kwa mazira kumadalira momwe zinthu zilili. Pambuyo povundikira, akazi, monga nkhupakupa zambiri za ixodid, amatha kufa. Nkhupakupa zonse za ixodid sizisamalira ana awo. Moyo wa Amblyomma maculatum m'chilengedwe sunakhazikitsidwe.
Khalidwe la Amblyomma maculatum.
Amblyomma maculatum nthawi zambiri amakhala pamwamba pa zitsamba kapena masamba a mtengo ndikutambasula miyendo yake yakutsogolo. Komabe, mphutsi zimakhala m'malo achinyezi, ntchito ya nymphs Amblyomma maculatum zimatengera nyengo ndi malo okhala. Gawo la mphutsi limayendetsa ntchito yake m'malo abwino. Nthiti za Kansas zimagwira ntchito kwambiri m'miyezi yotentha poyerekeza ndi Texas nymphs.
Anthu okhala kum'mwera amakhala achangu nthawi yachisanu.
Nthata zimenezi zimayanjananso ndi zizoloŵezi za amene akuwakonda. Mwachitsanzo, ng'ombe zomwe Amblyomma maculatum amakhala nthawi zonse amapaka mipanda ndi mitengo, kuyesa kuchotsa tizilomboto. Tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tazolowera izi ndipo sizimayenda mthupi la wolandirayo, koma mwachangu timakumba thupi ndikuyamwa magazi. Kuphatikiza apo, mphutsi nthawi zambiri zimasungunuka pamene kuwala kukuwonjezeka. M'nyengo yoswana, nkhupakupa zazikulu zimapezana pogwiritsa ntchito ma pheromones. Amblyomma maculatum, monga nkhupakupa zambiri za ixodid, imagwiritsa ntchito chida chapadera chotchedwa Haller's organ kuti chimve kununkhiza. Chiwalo ichi chimakhala ndi tinthu tating'onoting'ono tambiri tomwe timalandira ndipo chimalandira ma sign a mankhwala omwe amatulutsidwa kwa omwe angathe kukhala nawo.
Chakudya Amblyomma maculatum.
Akuluakulu Amblyomma maculatum parasitize khungu la nyama zosiyanasiyana. Tiziromboti timapezeka kwambiri m'mahatchi ndi agalu, ngakhale amakonda kutulutsa maululu akuluakulu. Mphutsi ndi ziphuphu za magawo onse a nkhupakupa zimayamwitsanso magazi a omwe amawasamalira. Gawo la mphutsi limapezeka makamaka m'malo okhala mbalame, pomwe ma nymph amakonda nyama zazing'ono. Amblyomma maculatum imatha kuukira anthu ndikuyamwa magazi.
Ntchito yachilengedwe ya Amblyomma maculatum.
Amblyomma maculatum ndi cholumikizira cha parasitic m'malo azachilengedwe. Matenda a nkhupakupa omwe amatulutsa ungulates amachepetsa thanzi la omwe akukhala nawo, omwe magazi awo ndi chakudya cha nkhupakupa.
Kuphatikiza apo, Amblyomma maculatum imafalikira kudzera m'magazi ndi tiziromboti tambiri ta tizilombo. Amanyamula tizilombo toyambitsa matenda a Rocky Mountain spotted fever ndi American hepatozone parasite.
Kutanthauza kwa munthu.
Amblyomma maculatum amafalitsa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda pakati pa anthu. Matendawa amakhudza magwiridwe antchito a anthu ndipo amafuna chithandizo chapadera. Kuphatikiza apo, poyamwa magazi kuchokera ku ng'ombe, nkhupakupa zimawononga malonda a ziweto, amachepetsa mkaka komanso kukoma kwa nyama.
