Bulu - imodzi mwazinyama zotchuka kwambiri, idaweta kumayambiriro kwa chitukuko ndipo idachita gawo lofunikira pakupanga kwake. Abulu olimba adagwira ntchito yayikulu kwambiri yonyamula anthu ndi zolemera, ndipo nthawi yomweyo sanafune zambiri. Abulu owetedwa tsopano ndi ochuluka padziko lonse lapansi, koma mawonekedwe awo akutchire apulumuka m'chilengedwe.
Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera
Chithunzi: Bulu
Abulu ndi ma equine. Makolo awo adawonekera koyambirira kwa Paleogene: awa ndi ma barilyambdas ndipo amawoneka ngati ma dinosaurs kuposa abulu ndi akavalo - nyama yonenepa yopitilira mita ziwiri, inali ndi mwendo wawufupi wamiyendo isanu, udakali ngati ziboda. Kuchokera kwa iwo eohippus adachokera - nyama zomwe zimakhala m'nkhalango kukula kwa galu wamng'ono, kuchuluka kwa zala zawo zidatsika mpaka zinayi pamapazi akutsogolo ndi atatu akumbuyo kwakumbuyo. Iwo amakhala ku North America, ndipo uko mesohippuses adawonekera pamenepo - anali ndi zala zitatu pamapazi awo onse. Mwanjira zina, amayandikiranso pang'ono ndi akavalo amakono.
Kanema: Bulu
Nthawi yonseyi, kusinthika kunachitika pang'onopang'ono, ndipo kusintha kwakukulu kunachitika ku Miocene, pomwe zinthu zinasintha ndipo makolo a equines amayenera kusintha chakudya chouma. Kenako merigippus adadzuka - nyama yayitali kwambiri kuposa makolo omwe anali pafupi, pafupifupi masentimita 100-120. Inalinso ndi zala zitatu, koma idalira chimodzi chokha - ziboda zidawonekera, ndipo mano adasinthanso. Kenako pliohippus adawonekera - chinyama choyamba chala chimodzi cha mndandandawu. Chifukwa cha kusintha kwa moyo, pamapeto pake adachoka m'nkhalango kupita kumalo otseguka, adakula, ndikusintha mwachangu komanso kwakanthawi.
Ma equine amakono adayamba kuwabwezera zaka pafupifupi 4.5 miliyoni zapitazo. Oyimira oyamba amtunduwu anali amizeremizere ndipo anali ndi mutu waufupi, ngati bulu. Zinali zazikulu za mahatchi. Malongosoledwe asayansi abulu adapangidwa ndi Karl Linnaeus mu 1758, adatchedwa Equus asinus. Ili ndi ma subspecies awiri: Somali ndi Nubian - yoyamba ndi yayikulu komanso yakuda. Abulu akunyumba akukhulupilira kuti adachokera pakuwoloka kwa subspecies.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Bulu amawoneka bwanji
Kapangidwe ka bulu wamtchire ndi ofanana ndi kavalo. Pokhapokha atatsika pang'ono - 100-150 cm, ali ndi ma vertebrae asanu m'malo mwa sikisi, mutu wake ndi wokulirapo, komanso kutentha kwa thupi kumakhala kotsika pang'ono. Tsitsi la bulu nthawi zambiri limakhala lotuwa mpaka lakuda. Nthawi zambiri, koma anthu amtundu woyera amapezeka. Pakamwa pake pamakhala chopepuka kuposa thupi, monganso mimba. Kunsonga kwa mchira kuli burashi. Manewo ndi wamfupi komanso wowongoka, mabang'i ndi ochepa, ndipo makutu ndi atali. Nthawi zambiri pamakhala mikwingwirima pamiyendo - chifukwa cha ichi, bulu wamtchire amatha kusiyanitsidwa ndi woweta, womaliza samatero.
Ziboda za bulu ndizodziwika bwino: mawonekedwe ake ndiabwino kuyenda pamtunda wovuta, mosiyana ndi ziboda zamahatchi, chifukwa chake amagwiritsidwa ntchito posinthana ndi mapiri. Koma chifukwa chodumpha mwachangu komanso kwakutali, ziboda zotere zimakhala zoyipa kwambiri kuposa za akavalo, ngakhale abulu amatha kuthamanga kwambiri mofananamo patali. Chiyambi cha malo ouma chimadzimveketsa ngakhale kwa nyama zoweta: nyengo yamvula imakhala yovulaza ziboda, ming'alu nthawi zambiri imawonekera, ndipo chifukwa cha kuyambitsa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda pamenepo, kuvunda kumachitika ndipo ziboda zimayamba kupweteka. Chifukwa chake, muyenera kuwayang'anira nthawi zonse.
Chosangalatsa: Ku Igupto wakale, kuchuluka kwa abulu omwe munthu anali nawo kumayesedwa ndi chuma chake. Ena anali ndi mitu chikwi! Anali abulu omwe amalimbikitsa kwambiri kuchita malonda chifukwa chokhoza kunyamula katundu wolemera mtunda wautali.
Kodi buluyo amakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Bulu wamtchire
Asanafike nthawi yathu ino, kale munthawi zakale, abulu amtchire amakhala pafupifupi North Africa ndi Middle East, koma ataweruzidwa, mahatchi awo adayamba kuchepa mwachangu. Izi zidachitika chifukwa cha zinthu zingapo: kupitiriza kuweta, kusakaniza nyama zakutchire ndi zoweta, kusamuka kumadera amakolo chifukwa chakukula kwawo ndi anthu.
Pofika masiku ano, abulu amtchire amangokhala m'malo ovuta kufikako okhala ndi nyengo yowuma kwambiri komanso yotentha. Nyama izi zimasinthidwa bwino, ndipo malowa sakhala anthu, zomwe zidalola abulu kupulumuka. Ngakhale kuchepa kwa kuchuluka kwawo komanso kuchepa kwamitundu yawo kudapitilira, ndipo sikunayime ngakhale m'zaka za zana la 21, zikuchitika kale pang'onopang'ono kuposa kale.
Pofika 2019, magulu awo akuphatikizapo mayiko omwe ali m'maiko monga:
- Eritrea;
- Ethiopia;
- Djibouti;
- Sudan;
- Somalia.
Kuyenera kutsimikiziridwa: abulu sapezeka kudera lonse la mayiko awa, ndipo ngakhale mbali yayikulu, koma kumadera akutali a dera laling'ono. Pali umboni wosonyeza kuti abulu omwe kale anali ambiri ku Somalia, omwe anali atachepetsedwa kale, pomalizira pake adawonongedwa pankhondo yapachiweniweni mdziko muno. Ofufuza sanatsimikizirebe ngati zili choncho.
Ndi mayiko ena omwe atchulidwa, zinthu sizili bwino kwambiri: pali abulu amtchire ochepa mwa iwo, chifukwa chake mitundu yotsika ya majini imawonjezeredwa pamavuto omwe adapangitsa kuchuluka kwawo kuchepa kale. Chokhacho ndi Eritrea, yomwe ili ndi abulu ambiri achilengedwe. Chifukwa chake, malinga ndi kuneneratu kwa asayansi, mzaka zikubwerazi mtundu wawo ndi chilengedwe chawo zikhala za Eritrea zokha.
Nthawi yomweyo, ndikofunikira kusiyanitsa ndi abulu amtchire omwe adathawa: awa kale anali nyama zoweta ndikusintha, kenako adadzipeza okha osasamalika ndikukhazikika muzu. Pali ambiri padziko lonse lapansi: amadziwika ku Europe, Asia, ndi North America. Ku Australia, adachulukirachulukira, ndipo tsopano alipo pafupifupi 1.5 miliyoni - koma sangakhale abulu enieni.
Tsopano mukudziwa komwe bulu wakuthengo amakhala. Tiyeni tiwone chomwe amadya.
Nanga bulu amadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Bulu Wanyama
Pazakudya zabwino, nyama izi ndizodzichepetsa monganso china chilichonse. Bulu wamtchire amadya chakudya chilichonse chomwe angapeze kuderalo.
Zakudyazo zimaphatikizapo:
- udzu;
- masamba a shrub;
- nthambi ndi masamba a mitengo;
- ngakhale mthethe waminga.
Amayenera kudya pafupifupi udzu uliwonse womwe ungapezeke, chifukwa alibe chochita. Nthawi zambiri amayenera kufunafuna kwa nthawi yayitali mdera losauka komwe amakhala: awa ndi zipululu komanso malo ouma amiyala, pomwe tchire lomwe limangobanika limapezeka makilomita ochepa aliwonse. Madambo onse ndi m'mbali mwa mitsinje mumakhala anthu, ndipo abulu amtchire amawopa kuyandikira midzi. Zotsatira zake, amayenera kudutsa chakudya chochepa chokhala ndi michere yochepa, ndipo nthawi zina samadya kwanthawi yayitali - ndipo amatha kupirira.
Bulu amatha kufa ndi njala kwa masiku angapo ndipo nthawi yomweyo sataya mphamvu - pang'ono, kukana zoweta, komanso obadwira, m'njira zambiri amayamikiridwa chifukwa cha izi. Amathanso kukhala opanda madzi kwa nthawi yayitali - ndi okwanira kuti iwo aledzere kamodzi pamasiku atatu. Nyama zina zakutchire mu Africa monga antelopes ndi mbidzi, ngakhale kuti zimakhalanso m'malo ouma, zimafunika kumwa tsiku lililonse. Nthawi yomweyo, abulu amatha kumwa madzi owawa kuchokera kunyanja zam'chipululu - ambiri mwa ena osatulutsidwa sangathe kuchita izi.
Chosangalatsa: Nyama imatha kutaya chinyezi chachitatu mthupi ndipo osafooka. Mutapeza gwero, mutamwa, nthawi yomweyo imalipirira kutayikaku ndipo sichimva vuto lililonse.
Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Bulu wamkazi
Nthawi yogwira ntchito imalamulidwa ndi chilengedwe chomwecho - masana kumatentha, choncho abulu amtchire amapuma, atapeza malo mumthunzi ndipo, ngati kuli kotheka, ozizira. Amachoka pamalopa ndikuyamba kufunafuna chakudya ndikayamba kulowa, amachita izi usiku wonse. Ngati sikunali kotheka kudya, amatha kupitilira m'mawa. Mulimonsemo, izi sizikhala motalika: zimatentha posachedwa, ndipo amafunikirabe pogona kuti asataye chinyezi chochuluka chifukwa cha dzuwa lotentha.
Bulu amatha kuchita zonsezi kaya ali yekha kapena ngati gulu la ziweto. Nthawi zambiri, usiku ndi usiku, zimangoyenda mbali imodzi, abulu amtchire amayenda maulendo ataliatali. Amachita izi pofunafuna malo okhala ndi masamba ochulukirapo, koma kuyendayenda kwawo kumakhala kocheperako chifukwa cha chitukuko: atapunthwa pamalo omwe adapangidwa ndi anthu, abwerera kumayiko akuthengo. Pa nthawi imodzimodziyo, amayenda pang'onopang'ono, kuti asatenthe komanso asamagwiritse ntchito mphamvu zambiri.
Kufunika kopulumutsa mphamvu kwakhazikika m'malingaliro awo kotero kuti ngakhale ana a nyama zoweta kwanthawi yayitali amayenda mosapumira, ndipo zimakhala zovuta kukopa bulu kuti azichulukitsa liwiro, ngakhale atadyetsedwa bwino komanso kuthiriridwa nyengo yozizira. Ali ndi maso ndi makutu abwino, m'mbuyomu anali ofunikira motsutsana ndi adani: abulu adazindikira osaka ali kutali ndipo amatha kuwathawa. Panali nthawi zina zochepa pomwe adayamba kuthamanga - mpaka 70 km / h.
Pakadali pano mulibe nyama zolusa, koma adakhalabe osamala. Anthu omwe amakhala okha ndi omwe ali ndi gawo: bulu aliyense amakhala m'malo amtunda wokwana ma kilomita 8-10 ndipo amalemba malire ake ndi milu ya ndowe. Koma ngakhale wachibale ataphwanya malamulowa, eni ake nthawi zambiri sawonetsa kupsa mtima - mulimonsemo, mpaka womenyedwayo asankhe kukwatirana ndi mkazi wake.
Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Abulu awiri
Abulu amtchire amakhala limodzi komanso pagulu la anthu angapo. Nyama zosungulumwa nthawi zambiri zimakumana m'magulu pafupi ndi matupi amadzi. Nthawi zonse pamakhala mtsogoleri pagulu - wamkulu komanso wamphamvu kwambiri, ali kale bulu wokalamba. Ndi iye, nthawi zambiri mumakhala akazi ambiri - amatha kukhala pafupifupi khumi ndi awiri, komanso nyama zazing'ono. Amayi amakula msinkhu pofika zaka zitatu, ndipo amuna amatha zaka zinayi. Amatha kukwatirana nthawi iliyonse pachaka, koma nthawi zambiri amachita izi nthawi yachilimwe. Pa nthawi yokhwima, amuna amakhala aukali, osakwatira ("ma bachelors") amatha kumenya atsogoleri a gulu kuti alowe m'malo mwawo - pamenepo pokha ndi pomwe amatha kukwatirana ndi akazi a gulu.
Koma ndewu sizankhanza kwambiri: mkati mwaulendo wawo, otsutsa nthawi zambiri samalandira zilonda zakufa, ndipo wotayika amasiya kuti apitilize kukhala yekha ndikukayesa mwayi nthawi ina ikadzalimba. Mimba imatenga chaka, kenako mwana m'modzi kapena awiri amabadwa. Amayi amadyetsa abulu awo mkaka mpaka miyezi 6-8, kenako amayamba kudya okha. Amatha kukhalabe m'gululi mpaka atha msinkhu, kenako amuna amasiya - kuti akhale ndi zawo kapena aziyenda okha.
Chosangalatsa: Ichi ndi chinyama chokwera kwambiri, kulira kwake munthawi yakumasirana kumamveka patali kuposa ma 3 km.
Adani achilengedwe a abulu
Chithunzi: Bulu amawoneka bwanji
M'mbuyomu, abulu amasakidwa ndi mikango ndi nyama zina zikuluzikulu. Komabe, m'dera lomwe akukhalamo, simukupezekanso mikango kapena nyama zina zikuluzikulu zolusa. Mayikowa ndi osauka kwambiri, motero, amakhala ndi zochepa zokolola. Chifukwa chake, mwachilengedwe, bulu ali ndi adani ochepa. Kawirikawiri, komabe, ndizotheka kuti abulu amtchire amakumana ndi adani: amatha kuzindikira kapena kumva mdani patali kwambiri, ndipo amakhala tcheru nthawi zonse, chifukwa chake kumakhala kovuta kuwatenga modzidzimutsa. Pozindikira kuti akusakidwa, bulu wamtchire amathawa mwachangu, kotero kuti ngakhale mikango imavutikira kuti iyende naye.
Koma sangathe kukhala ndi liwiro lalitali kwa nthawi yayitali, chifukwa chake, ngati kulibe malo okhala pafupi, ayenera kukumana maso ndi maso ndi chilombocho. Zikatere, abulu amayesetsa kubwezera ndipo amatha kuwononga womenyedwayo. Ngati chilombo chalinga ndi gulu lonse, ndiye kuti ndizosavuta kuti iye agwire ngakhale abulu ang'ono, koma nyama zazikulu nthawi zambiri zimayesetsa kuteteza gulu lawo. Mdani wamkulu wa abulu amtchire ndi munthu. Ndi chifukwa cha anthu kuti kuchuluka kwawo kwatsika kwambiri. Chifukwa cha izi sikunali kokha kusamukira kumayiko osamva komanso osabereka, komanso kusaka: nyama ya bulu ndi yodyedwa, kuphatikiza apo, nzika zaku Africa zimawona kuti ndizabwino.
Chosangalatsa: Kuuma mtima kumawerengedwa kuti ndikovuta kwa abulu, koma chifukwa chomwe amakhalira ndikuti ngakhale anthu owetedwa amakhala ndi chibadwa chodzisungira - mosiyana ndi akavalo. Chifukwa chake, bulu sangathe kuyendetsedwa kuti afe, akumva bwino komwe kuli mphamvu zake. Kotero bulu wotopa adzaima kuti apumule, ndipo sadzakhoza kumuyendetsa.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chithunzi: Bulu Wakuda
Mitunduyi idalembedwa kale mu Red Book ngati yomwe ili pachiwopsezo chachikulu, ndipo anthu ake onse akuchepa kupitilira pamenepo. Pali kuyerekezera kosiyanasiyana: malinga ndi chidziwitso chodalirika, abulu amtchire atha kukhala okwanira 500 m'magawo onse omwe amakhala. Asayansi ena amakhulupirira kuti chiwerengero cha anthu 200 ndi cholondola. Malinga ndi kuyerekezera kwachiwiri, anthu onse kupatula a Eritrea atha, ndipo abulu amtchirewo, omwe nthawi zina amawoneka ku Ethiopia, Sudan, ndi ena otero, salinso achitchire, koma mitundu yawo ndi anyani.
Kuchuluka kwa anthu makamaka chifukwa choti anthu amakhala m'malo onse othirira ndi msipu m'malo omwe abulu ankakhala. Ngakhale kuti abulu adasinthidwa kukhala ovuta kwambiri, zimakhala zovuta kupulumuka m'madera omwe akukhala tsopano, ndipo sakanatha kudyetsa nyama zambiri. Vuto lina pakusamalira mitundu: abulu ambiri achilengedwe.
Amakhalanso m'mphepete mwa mitundu yeniyeni yamtchire, ndipo amaphatikizana nawo, chifukwa chake mitunduyo imasokonekera - mbadwa zawo sizingakhalenso pakati pa abulu amtchire. Kuyesera kunapangidwa kuti kuzolowere m'chipululu cha Israeli - pakadali pano zakhala zikuyenda bwino, nyama zayamba kuzikika. Pali mwayi kuti anthu awo ayamba kukula, makamaka popeza gawo ili ndi gawo la mbiri yawo.
Mlonda wa bulu
Chithunzi: Bulu wochokera ku Red Book
Monga mtundu womwe watchulidwa mu Red Book, bulu wakutchire ayenera kutetezedwa ndi oyang'anira mayiko omwe akukhalamo. Koma anali ndi mwayi: m'maiko ambiriwa, samaganiziranso zakutetezedwa kwa mitundu yanyama. Ndi njira ziti zotetezera chilengedwe chonse zomwe tingalankhule mdziko ngati Somalia, komwe kwazaka zambiri lamulo siligwira ntchito konse ndipo zipolowe zimalamulira?
M'mbuyomu, anthu ambiri ankakhala kumeneko, koma anali atawonongeka kwathunthu chifukwa chosowa njira zina zodzitetezera. Zomwe zikuchitika m'maiko oyandikana sizikusiyana kwenikweni: palibe malo otetezedwa omwe amakhala m'malo abulu, ndipo amathanso kusakidwa. Amatetezedwa ku Israeli kokha, komwe adakhazikika m'malo osungira nyama, komanso kumalo osungira nyama. Mwa iwo, abulu amtchire amawetedwa kuti asunge mitundu - amaswana bwino akapolo.
Chosangalatsa: Ku Africa, nyamazi zimaphunzitsidwa ndikugwiritsidwa ntchito pozembetsa. Amanyamula katundu ndipo amawaloleza kudutsa misewu yosaoneka bwino ya m'mapiri kupita ku dziko loyandikana nalo. Katunduyu paokha sakhala oletsedwa, nthawi zambiri amangogula zochuluka kuchokera kwa oyandikana nawo, ndipo amazitumiza mosaloledwa kuti apewe ntchito powoloka malire.
Buluyo nayenso akuyenda mumsewu wodziwika bwino ndikupereka katunduyo pakufunika. Kuphatikiza apo, amatha kuphunzitsidwa kubisala kwa alonda akumalire. Ngati akugwiritsidwabe, ndiye kuti palibe chomwe angatenge kuchokera ku chinyama - osabzala. Omuzembetsawo ataya, koma adzakhala omasuka.
Abulu - nyama zanzeru kwambiri komanso zothandiza. Ndizosadabwitsa kuti ngakhale m'badwo wamagalimoto, anthu akupitilizabe kuwasunga - makamaka m'maiko amapiri, komwe nthawi zambiri kumakhala kosatheka kuyendetsa galimoto, koma ndikosavuta pa bulu. Koma kuli abulu enieni achilengedwe ochepa kwambiri omwe atsala m'chilengedwe kotero kuti awopsezedwa kuti atha.
Tsiku lofalitsa: 26.07.2019
Tsiku losinthidwa: 09/29/2019 pa 21:03
