Fila Brasileiro (Waku Brazil Fila, Mastiff waku Brazil, English Fila Brasileiro) ndi gulu lalikulu la agalu ogwira ntchito, opangidwa ku Brazil. Poyambirira idapangidwira kufunafuna akapolo omwe athawa m'nkhalango yamvula, idagwiritsidwa ntchito kusaka nyama zazikulu, ngati mlonda ndi galu wankhondo.
Kukayikira modabwitsa alendo ndipo ndiwo mitundu yokhayo yomwe miyezo yake imaperekedwa kusalolera kukhudza alendo. Wotamandidwa kwambiri kunyumba chifukwa chodzipereka komanso mopanda mantha, fila brasileiro ndi yoletsedwa m'maiko ambiri padziko lapansi.
Zolemba
- Iyi ndi galu wamkulu, wamakani, wankhanza. Akulimbikitsidwa ndi odziwa kugwira galu.
- Samalekerera alendo bwino, samalola kukhudza ngakhale kuyandikira.
- Mawu oti koposa onse amalankhula za chikhalidwe chawo: "Wokhulupirika ngati fila."
- Amagwirizana ndi ana, koma akatswiri ambiri sawalimbikitsa kuti azikhala m'mabanja omwe ali ndi ana.
- Iwo sali ovomerezeka kuti azikhala m'nyumba, amafunika bwalo lalikulu ndi gawo lomwe liyenera kuyang'aniridwa.
Mbiri ya mtunduwo
Pa Epulo 22, 1500, wofufuza malo wa Chipwitikizi a Pédro Alvaris Cabral adazindikira ku Brazil ndipo adakhala woyamba ku Europe kupondapo. Nkhalango zamvula zinali zodzaza ndi moyo wachilendo komanso wankhanza, wokhala ndi mazana amitundu yachiaborijini. Achipwitikizi adayamba kupanga koloni yatsopano kuti agwiritse ntchito zomwe adapeza.
Mitundu yakomweko yomwe sinamwalire ndi matenda obwera kuchokera kunja adapita nayo ukapolo. Pang'ono ndi pang'ono, minda ya shuga ndi mphira idachotsa nkhalangoyi ndikukweza chuma mdzikolo.
Minda iyi imafuna akapolo ambiri.
Akapolo akomweko atayamba kuchepa, Apwitikizi adabweretsa pafupifupi anthu 3 miliyoni aku Africa ndi azungu ochokera m'ndende ndi madera. Ena a iwo adakana ukapolo nathawira kunkhalango.
Kuphatikiza apo, akapolowo adazolowera kukhala m'nkhalango bwino kuposa eni ake ndipo amatha kungosungunuka. Zinadziwika kuti agalu amafunikira kuti afufuze ndi kugwira.
Kuyambira masiku a Ufumu wa Roma, Portugal yakhala ili ndi agalu akulu - a Mastiff aku Portugal ndi Agalu achi Portuguese kapena Cao de Castro Laboreiro.
Agalu ambiri adabweretsedwa ku Brazil, popeza anali ndiukali komanso kukula kofunikira.
Kuphatikiza pa iwo, mitundu ya Chingerezi idatumizidwanso. Mastiff wamkulu wachingerezi, Old English Bulldog anali m'modzi mwa agalu ankhanza kwambiri panthawiyo ndipo anali wodziwika bwino mwaukali, kuphatikiza mphamvu. Magazi amtundu wamagazi amatumizidwa kunja ngati magazi, chifukwa ali ndi fungo labwino.
Kuphatikiza apo, anali mtundu woyamba wofunafuna anthu omwe athawa, akhala akugwiritsidwa ntchito kuti atenge zigawenga komanso ma serf omwe athawa kwazaka zambiri. Kuphulika kwamagazi kunali kwamtengo wapatali chifukwa Portugal idalibe ma magazi awo.
Obzala mitengo ku Brazil adadutsa pakati pa English Mastiffs, Old English Bulldogs, Bloodhound ndi agalu achi Portuguese kuti apeze galu woyenera zosowa zawo. Mtundu watsopanowu unkatchedwa Cao de Fila kapena Fila Brasileiro.
Mastiff waku Brazil adatchuka chifukwa cha njira yake yoyambirira yolanda akapolo. Ankawagwira pakhosi kapena m'mapewa ndikuwasunga mpaka mwiniwake atafika.
Fila brasileiro adasungidwa ku Brazil konse, koma makamaka ku Paulista. Dera ili ku Brazil lakhala kwawo kwa mazana azoyenda, apaulendo, achifwamba ndi akapolo.
Ndi kuchokera pano pomwe adakankhira malire am'dzikolo ndikubweretsa agalu ku Amazon. M'masiku ano, agalu adazolowera nyengo ndikupeza kulolerana kotentha kwambiri kwamastiffs onse.
Amatha kugwira ntchito mwakachetechete kutentha komwe kumapha mitundu yofanana kwambiri. Alandira chitetezo kumatenda ambirimbiri am'deralo ndi majeremusi. Pakati pa zaka za zana la 18, fila brasileiro idakhala gawo lofunikira pantchito zaulimi mdziko muno.
Mosiyana ndi mitundu monga Cuban Mastiff, yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito kungopeza akapolo omwe athawa, a Fila adatha kuchita ntchito zina. Agalu akuluakulu komanso oopsa anali olondera abwino, oteteza nyumba za obzala. Kuphatikiza apo, mphuno zawo zowoneka bwino zidawathandiza kuti athe kutsata anthu komanso nyama.
M'nkhalango ya Brazil mwadzaza nyamazi, mapamu ndi ophika buledi. Fila brasileiro sakanatha kuwatsata, komanso kulowa nawo nkhondoyi, komwe adapambanako. Komanso, ankateteza ziweto kwa adani.
Ngakhale kuti kuthetsedwa kwa ukapolo kunachitika ku Brazil koyambirira kwa 1820, zina mwa mawonetseredwe ake adapitilizabe kuderali kwazaka zambiri. Izi zikutanthauza kuti fila idasungabe ntchito zake kwazaka zambiri pambuyo poti agalu amtundu womwewo adataya.
Zinali mpaka 1884, pomwe ukapolo sunathetsedwe, komabe, Brazil idakhala amodzi mwa mayiko omaliza pankhaniyi. Fila brasileiro anali ndi mwayi ndipo anakhala alonda, alonda, agalu osaka.
M'zaka za zana la 20, dzikolo lidasandulika m'mizinda ndipo umbanda udakwera kwambiri, agalu adagwiritsidwa ntchito polimbana ndi umbanda, zomwe zidakulitsa kukwiya kwawo. Chifukwa chake, pali mkangano pakati pa obereketsa.
Ena amati agalu anali ankhanza, ena amati amangokhala otere m'zaka zaposachedwa.
Ngakhale agaluwa adawoloka ndi mitundu ina kumayambiriro kwa mapangidwe awo, ndiye kuti ma Filas adakhalabe opanda mbewa. Mu 1940, anthu aku Brazil anali ndi chidwi chokhazikitsa mitundu.
Mu 1946 mulingo woyamba kubadwa udasindikizidwa, kutengera zomwe International Cynological Organisation idapereka ndipo zidabweretsa chisokonezo chachikulu pakati pa okonda mitundu.
Mulingo wa FCI udalongosola galu wokhala ndi thupi la mastiff ndi mphutsi wamagazi, wosachita zankhanza komanso wowongoleredwa. Brazilian Kennel Club (CBKC) idayamba kumamatira ndikuphatikiza oweta omwe amafuna agalu okangalika komanso osachita nkhanza.
Club for the Improvement of the Fila Brasileiro (CAFIB) idayamba kutsatira miyambo yambiri pamtunduwu, kuphatikiza mawonekedwe.
Kusakhulupilira alendo komanso kusalolera kucheza nawo kwakhala chizindikiro cha izi. Agalu okhudzana ndi CAFIB sakhulupilira alendo omwe amatha kuwaukira ngakhale osaphunzitsidwa mwapadera.
M'zaka zonse za zana la 20, asitikali adayesa kudziwa ngati fila inali yoyenera pazosowa zawo. Iwo adakopeka makamaka ndikutha kupirira kutentha, komwe sikupezeka mu agalu achikhalidwe, mwachitsanzo, m'busa waku Germany.
Kwa zaka zisanu, adaphunzira m'busa waku Germany, Doberman ndi Fila Brasileiro, akuyang'ana kwambiri mwayi wogwira ntchito m'nkhalango yamvula. Fila anali wotsika poyerekeza ndi M'busa waku Germany pamlingo wanzeru, komanso kwa Doberman mwamakani, koma kuposa iwo.
Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1980, kutchuka kwa galu wamkuluyu komanso wankhanza kunayamba kufalikira padziko lonse lapansi. Obereketsa ochokera ku USA, Europe ndi Russia adayamba kuwagwiritsa ntchito ngati agalu olondera.
Chifukwa chakuleredwa molakwika, agalu ambiriwa adayamba kuwukira anthu. Zotsatira zake, Great Britain, Israel, Denmark, Norway, Malta, Cyprus, Australia ndi New Zealand zaletsa kwathunthu kusunga fila kapena mestizo.
Omwe amaweta amawona kuti izi ndi zolakwika, monga momwe zimakhalira ndi mayanjano abwino ndi maphunziro, agalu amenewa amatha kusamalira komanso kukhazikika. Komabe, oweta ma Rottweilers ndi American Pit Bulls amawafaniziranso ndi a Filas, ponena kuti agalu awo sachita nkhanza.
Ngakhale kutsutsana kwamtunduwu, ndikotchuka padziko lapansi. Ku Brazil, iyi ndi imodzi mwamitundu yotchuka kwambiri, ku Europe ndi United States, kuchuluka kwawo kukukulira. Mosiyana ndi mitundu yambiri yomwe yataya ntchito, a Fila amatumikirabe ngati galu woyang'anira.
Komabe, sakudziwikabe m'mabungwe ambiri azachipembedzo. Mwachitsanzo, American American Kennel Club (AKC) ndi United Kennel Club (UKC).
Kufotokozera
Fila brasileiro ndi galu wokhala ndi thupi la mastiff komanso mutu wamagazi. Chomwe chimakugwerani nthawi yomweyo ndikukula.
Mulingo wamtundu wa amuna ndi 65-75 cm womwe umafota, chifukwa chakalumidwa masentimita 60-70. Olima ambiri amayang'ana kupeza agalu akulu momwe angathere ndipo amuna 80 cm ndi kupitilira apo si zachilendo.
Amalemera pafupifupi 50 kg. Ndi agalu olimba kwambiri komanso amphamvu, pali mitundu ingapo yomwe idapangidwa monga Brazil Fila. Mchirawo ndi wautali kwambiri, wonyamulidwa pansi, wotambalala kumunsi, koma ukugunda kwambiri kumapeto.
Chikhalidwe cha mtunduwu ndimutu wake. Ngakhale kuti ndi yayikulu komanso yolimba, iyenera kukhala yofanana ndi thupi. Mukayang'ana kuchokera pamwamba, mutuwo umawoneka ngati peyala.
Pakamwa pa fila yaku Brazil ndiwotalikirapo kwambiri kuposa ma mastiff ena, ayenera kutalika mofanana ndi chigaza kapena kufupikitsa pang'ono. Malinga ndi mtundu wa mtunduwo, mphuno iyenera kukhala: "yamphamvu, yotakata, yakuya, yogwirizana ndi chigaza."
Mtunduwo umadziwika ndi khungu lolimba, lotayirira, makamaka mozungulira khosi, pomwe umapanga mame otchulidwa, nthawi zina amapita pachifuwa ndi pamimba. Chovala cha fila brasileiro ndi chachifupi, chosalala, cholimba komanso cholimba.
Mtundu uliwonse wolimba umaloledwa, kupatula zoyera, mbewa zotuwa, zakuda ndi zotanuka komanso zamtambo. Agalu amtundu wa brindle amatha kukhala ndi mikwingwirima yoyera kapena yakuda. Nthawi zina kumaso kumakhala chobisa chakuda. Mitundu yodziwika: fawn ndi brindle.
Khalidwe
Chikhalidwe cha Fila Brasileiro ndiye gawo lofunikira kwambiri komanso lofunika kwambiri pamtunduwu, pomwe kutchuka kwake konse kumamangidwa. Tsoka ilo, khalidweli limatsutsana kwambiri. Popeza amasungidwa ngati agalu olondera, mawonekedwe ake amafotokozedweratu.
Koma, mosiyana ndi mitundu ina, Fila amakhala ndiukali kwambiri kwa anthu, makamaka agalu omwe amakhala ku Brazil. Ndikofunikira kwambiri kumvetsetsa kuti agalu amenewa siabwino kwa aliyense, komanso, sangakwaniritse kwambiri.
Ndi okhawo omwe ali ndi luso losunga agalu akuluakulu, olusa omwe amafunikira Fila. Ndikuleredwa koyenera, uyu ndi woyang'anira komanso woteteza wabwino kwambiri, koma m'manja osadziwa zambiri ndimagwero azovuta zazikulu.
Mafilas aku Brazil amadziwika chifukwa cha kukhulupirika kwawo, zomwe zimawonekeranso m'mawu oti: kukhulupirika monga fila. Amapanga maubwenzi apamtima ndi mabanja awo, omwe angachite chilichonse.
Ngati mwana wagalu akulira limodzi ndi munthu m'modzi, ndiye kuti adzadzipereka kwa iye yekha, ngati m'banja, ndiye kwa aliyense.
Komanso, agalu ambiri amakhala odziyimira pawokha. Ali ndiubwenzi wovuta ndi ana komanso mbiri yosemphana. Iwo omwe anakulira ndi ana amawakonda ndipo amapirira modekha masewera aliwonse. Komabe, osamalira agalu ambiri samalimbikitsa kuti agaluwa azikhala m'mabanja omwe ali ndi ana. Sangamvera malamulo operekedwa ndi mwanayo, chifukwa samawona ana ngati apamwamba kuposa anzawo. Kuphatikiza apo, amatha kulakwitsa masewera a ana ngati achiwawa ndikuchitapo kanthu moyenera.
Chodziwika bwino cha mtunduwo ndi "ojeriza" kapena kusakhulupirira, kukayikira kwambiri alendo. Ndiwo mtundu wokhawo womwe muyezo umaperekedwa kuti usalolere kufikira kapena kukhudza alendo. Kuyanjana ndi maphunziro ndikofunikira kwambiri, popanda agalu amenewo amakhala ankhanza kwambiri kwa akunja aliyense.
Ndi maphunziro oyenera, agalu ambiri amalekerera alendo, koma pamaso pa mabanja awo. Komabe, popanda iwo, sangathe kuyimilira aliyense, zomwe zimabweretsa zovuta kwambiri kwa anthu otumiza positi, ozimitsa moto komanso ngakhale omwe akuyenera kudyetsa galu pomwe eni ake kulibe.
Kuphatikiza apo, amatenga nthawi yayitali kuti azolowere wachibale watsopano, ndipo ena sawalandira.
Zoteteza modabwitsa, nthawi zonse atcheru, okayikira - agalu oyang'anira abwino. Mbala yopusa yokha ndi yomwe imanyalanyaza kukuwa ndi kubangula komwe fila imapanga.
Iye ndi choletsa chachikulu mwa iyemwini. Amawonedwa ndi ambiri kuti ndi galu woyang'anira bwino kwambiri padziko lapansi.
Alibe mantha, ziribe kanthu yemwe akumutsutsa, amuna, nyama kapena makina. Mulimonse momwe zingakhalire, fila waku Brazil saloledwa kuvulaza abale ake ndipo aliyense amene ayesera kuchita izi ayenera kumupha.
Ngakhale kupondereza agalu ena nthawi zambiri kumakhala kotsika poyerekeza ndi kwa anthu, ambiri amakhala nako. Samalekerera agalu ena, ngakhale fila yodekha kwambiri imangokhala yokhazikika. Kulimbana ndi galu wina kumatha kumaliza imfa ya mdani, chifukwa palibe mitundu yambiri yomwe ingalimbane nayo.
Ndibwino kukhala ndi galu m'modzi yekha. Mwana wagalu atakula ndi nyama zina, amawona ngati ziwalo zake ndikuwateteza. Komabe, izi sizikugwira ntchito kwa ena onse, ndipo amatha kung'amba khate la wina.
Monga mitundu ina yankhanza, Fila ndiyovuta kuphunzitsa. Sali servile, amakhala momwe angawone koyenera. Ambiri ali ouma khosi, ambiri alowerera.
Sadzamvera lamulo la munthu aliyense amene amamuwona kuti ndi wotsika pamakwerero, ndipo izi zikutanthauza kuti mwini wake ayenera kukhala wapamwamba kuposa galu wake.
Izi sizitanthauza kuti ndizosatheka kuwaphunzitsa, kungophunzitsa kumafunikira chidziwitso, chidziwitso, nthawi ndi khama. Nthawi yomweyo, ngakhale omvera nthawi ndi nthawi amawonetsa kufuna.
Fila Brasileiro ndiwothandiza kwambiri kuposa mitundu yayikulu kwambiri. Sangakhutitsidwe ndimayendedwe ochepa. Osachepera mphindi 60 zantchito yogwira patsiku, makamaka kuposa.
Amakonda kuyenda, koma akumva bwino m'bwalo lalikulu komanso lotetezeka la nyumba yabwinobwino. Amayendetsa malo ozungulira ndipo sakuyenera kukhala m'nyumba.
Eni ake omwe akuyenera kukhala nawo ayenera kudziwa zina mwazomwe zimachitika pamtunduwu. Adzakuwa chilichonse chomwe angaganize kuti ndi chokayikitsa ndipo adzakhala oyandikana nawo phokoso. Komanso, siyabwino anthu oyera kwambiri.
Choyamba, malovu a Phil amatuluka, makamaka nyengo yotentha. Amangonyamula pakudya ndi kumwa. Poyerekeza ndi ma molossi ena, samadwala ndi mpweya, koma ngati atero, ndiye kuti chipinda chimafunikira mpweya wabwino.
Chisamaliro
Mtundu wosavuta wosamalira. Sakusowa chisamaliro cha akatswiri, kokha kutsuka nthawi zina.
Eni ake amafunika kuyeretsa makutu ndi makutu a fila brasileiro pafupipafupi, chifukwa amadzipezera dothi, madzi, chakudya, chomwe chingayambitse matenda.
Njirazi ziyenera kuphunzitsidwa mwachangu, popeza galu wamkulu sangatumizidwe ngati sakufuna. Kodi ndiyomwe amagona koyamba.
Amakhetsa pang'ono, koma chifukwa chakukula kwakukulu kwa malaya pamakhala zochuluka.
Zaumoyo
Palibe kafukufuku amene wachitika, kotero sizinganenedwe motsimikizika. Agalu amadwala matenda omwe amapezeka m'mitundu yayikulu: dysplasia, volvulus, matenda amisempha yamafupa.
Komabe, amakhulupirira kuti ali ndi thanzi labwino kuposa agalu ena osabereka, makamaka ma mastiffs.
Mabuku ambiri akusonyeza kuti fila brasileiro amakhala zaka 9 mpaka 11.
