Akamba ... Zamoyo izi zidakhala Padziko lapansi ndi m'nyanja zoposa zaka 2 miliyoni zapitazo. Adapulumuka ma dinosaurs. Koma chitukuko ndi malingaliro olanda nyama osaka nyama sangapulumuke. Kafukufuku wambiri wokhudzana ndi kamba wapadziko lonse lapansi akuwonetsa kuti kutha kwa zamoyo kuli ndi zovuta komanso zovuta zachilengedwe.
Akamba amathandizira kukhala ndi thanzi m'malo ambiri:
- zipululu;
- madambo;
- madzi abwino ndi zamoyo zam'madzi.
Kutsika kwa kuchuluka kwa akamba kudzabweretsa mavuto ku mitundu ina, kuphatikiza anthu. Mwa mitundu 356 ya akamba padziko lapansi, pafupifupi 61% adazimiratu. Akamba agwidwa ndi chiwonongeko cha malo okhala, kusaka, matenda ndi kusintha kwa nyengo.
Ku Central Asia
Palibe akamba akulu kwambiri ku Central Asia omwe amakonda kwambiri nyama zakutchire. Pafupifupi, akamakula, amatha kutalika kwa masentimita 10 mpaka 25. Akamba awa amakhala ofooka, chifukwa chake, amuna ndi akazi ndiosavuta kusiyanitsa. Amuna amtunduwu amakhala ndi michira yayitali, zikhadabo ndi zazikazi zazing'ono. Ndi chisamaliro choyenera, akamba aku Central Asia amatha kukhala ndi moyo zaka zoposa 40!
Dambo
Kamba wam'madzi amadziwika mosavuta ndi chipolopolo chake chakuda bulauni, chofupikirako, khosi lachifuwa ndi zikhomo zokhala ndi zala zisanu zakumaso zokhala ndi zikhadabo. Izi ndizomwe zimadya nyama, zimadyetsa tizilombo tating'onoting'ono ta m'madzi, tadpoles ndi achule. Amakhala m'madambo. Madzi akauma, amagona m'mabowo pansi kapena pansi pamasamba akuya kwambiri, pomwe amakhala makoswe, amphaka ndi nkhandwe.
Njovu
Akamba akalulu a ku Galapagos amakhala m'malo otentha kwambiri komanso owuma kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi. Amakonda kuwala kwa dzuwa komanso kutentha kwanthawi zonse. Ikatentha kwambiri, amaziziritsa thupi mobisa. Akamba a njovu amakumba maenje ndi maenje. Kuponderezana kwachilengedwe kwa mamembala ena amtundu wake kumawonjezeka pakubereka. Amuna amamenyana wina ndi mzake ndikuyesera kutembenuza mdaniyo.
Kum'maŵa Kutali
Ma amphibiya achilendo - Akamba akum'maŵa akutali amawerengedwa kuti ndi chakudya chokoma m'malesitilanti otchuka ku China. Ndiwo nyama zokha zomwe zimakodza pakamwa pawo ndi cloaca. Asayansi akukhulupirira kuti luso lapaderali linathandiza amphibiya kuti azolowere moyo m'madambo, momwe madzi amakhala amchere pang'ono. Samamwa madzi amchere. Akamba akutali a Kum'maŵa amatsuka mkamwa mwawo ndi madzi ndipo panthawiyi amalandira mpweya kuchokera pamenepo.
Chobiriwira
Akamba obiriwira ali m'gulu la amphibiya akuluakulu. Kutalika kwa matupi awo kumayambira 80 mpaka 1.5 mita ndipo kulemera kwawo kumafika 200 kg. Chapamwamba, chosalala chobisika pamtima pamutu chimatha kukhala chotuwa, chobiriwira, chofiirira, kapena chakuda. Pansi pake, kotchedwa plastron, ndi chikasu choyera. Akamba amatchulidwa chifukwa cha khungu lawo lobiriwira. Akamba obiriwira achichepere amakonda kudya nyama zopanda mafupa. Akamba achikulire amakonda udzu wanyanja ndi ndere.
Wolemba mutu
Akamba amitu yayikulu amatchula dzina lawo pamutu wawo waukulu, womwe umakhala ngati chipika chachikulu. Ali ndi chigobacho chachikulu, chofiirira, chipolopolo cholimba, chikasu chachikasu (plastron), ndi zipsepse zinayi zokhala ndi zikhadabo ziwiri (nthawi zina zitatu) pachilichonse. Akamba otchedwa Loggerhead amakhala m'nyanja kupatulapo nyanja zomwe zili pafupi ndi mitengoyo. Amawonekera kawirikawiri m'nyanja ya Mediterranean, m'mphepete mwa nyanja ku United States.
Bissa
Byssa sali ngati akamba ena: mawonekedwe athupi laphwanyidwa, chipolopolo choteteza ndi zipsepse zamiyendo zoyenda panyanja. Akamba amasiyana kwambiri ndi akambuku otuluka m'mbali mwa chipolopolo. Bissa amakhala kunyanja, madambo osaya ndi miyala yamchere yamchere. Kumeneko amadya nyama, amakonda anemone ndi jellyfish.
Mtsinje wa Atlantic
Atlantic Ridley ndi imodzi mwa akamba amchere kwambiri. Akuluakulu omwe amakhala ndi chipolopolo chotalika masentimita 65 kulemera kwa 35 mpaka 50 kg. Ali ndi zikhadabo ziwiri pachipilala chilichonse. Mitunduyi imakonda malo osaya ndi mchenga kapena matope. Mutuwo ndi wamakona atatu mawonekedwe apakatikati. Carapace ndi yayifupi komanso yotakata, yobiriwira ya azitona, pafupifupi yozungulira. Plastron wachikaso, wokhala ndi zibowola zazing'ono pafupi ndi m'mbali mozungulira pazoyipa zilizonse za inframarginal.
Wamkulu
Kamba wamkulu waku China amakula mpaka 20 cm kutalika. Chigoba cholimba cha fupa ndi chachikulu kwambiri poyerekeza ndi thupi mwakuti kamba samabweza mutu wake kuti atetezedwe. Pamwamba pamutu pamakhala chishango. Chigawo chakuthupi cha chigaza sichimadziwika bwino. Gawo la post-orbital limasiyanitsa mafupa a parietal ndi squamous. Kakhungu kamene kanakuta nsagwada yakumtunda kumafikira kumapeto kwa chikopa cham'mbali.
Chimalay
Fulu wodya nkhono wa ku Malay amakula mpaka masentimita 22. Mtunduwu umakhala m'madziwe amchere otsika, ngalande, mitsinje, madambo ndi minda ya mpunga m'madzi ofunda osaya. Kumeneko kamba amathera nthawi kufunafuna chakudya. Dzinalo la Thai la mtundu uwu limatanthauza munda wa mpunga ndipo limasonyeza kukonda kwa kamba kumalo amenewa. Carapace ndi bulauni yakuda mpaka burgundy yokhala ndi ma theole akuda, mkombero wachikaso ndi ma keels atatu osasiya.
Zikhadabo ziwiri
Dzinalo la kamba limalumikizidwa ndi thupi lake lalikulu ndi mphuno, mofanana ndi mphuno ya nkhumba. Akamba ali ndi zipolopolo zofewa zachikopa. Kirimu Plastron. Carapace ndi bulauni kapena imvi yakuda. Akamba amitu ya nkhumba ali ndi nsagwada zolimba komanso michira yayifupi. Kukula kwake kumadalira malo okhalamo. Akamba awiri am'mbali mwa nyanja ndi akulu kuposa akamba am'mitsinje. Akazi ali ndi milomo yayitali, amuna amakhala ndi mchira wautali komanso wonenepa. Akamba achikulire akumana ndi nkhumba amakhala mpaka 0,5 m kutalika, olemera pafupifupi 20 kg.
Cayman
Akamba olimba mtima komanso olusa amakhala ndi nsagwada zazikulu. Kunja, amphibian woipa amakhala moyenda mitsinje, mitsinje, mayiwe ndi madambo pang'onopang'ono. Anthu okalamba kwambiri amakhala opanda pake, matupi awo amadzazidwa ndi mafuta, ziwalo zawo zimakhala zotumphuka m'mbali mwa chipolopolocho ndipo zimalepheretsa kuyenda kwa miyendo. Nyamayi imakhala yopanda mphamvu ikamatuluka m'madzi.
Phiri
Akamba amtchire (mapiri) amatenga dzina lawo kuchokera pamawonekedwe awo apadera. Chipolopolocho chimafanana ndi tsamba laling'ono. Plastron ndi wachikasu bulauni, wakuda bulauni komanso wakuda imvi. Zingwe zitatu (zitunda) zimatsika m'mbali mwa kamba, chapakati chimafanana ndi tsamba. Chodziwika bwino cha mitunduyo ndi maso akulu, amuna amakhala ndi irises oyera. Akazi ali ndi bulauni wonyezimira. Amuna amasiyanitsidwa ndi mchira waukulu, pulasitala wa concave, ndipo amakhala ndi chipolopolo chotalikirapo.
Nyanja ya Mediterranean
Kamba ka Mediterranean amatchedwa ndi zipolopolo zomwe zimafanana ndi zojambulajambula za ku Mediterranean zokhala ndi madontho amitundu yambiri komanso malire. Akamba amapezeka m'mitundu yosiyanasiyana: mdima wachikaso, wakuda, wagolide ndi bulauni. Akamba samakula mpaka kukula kwakukulu, ali ndi mutu wolimba, chigoba cholamulidwa, maso akulu ndi mamba akulu pamapiko awo, zikhadabo zamphamvu.
Balkan
Akamba akummwera a Balkan amakonda kutchire, udzu wobiriwira komanso udzu ngati pothawirapo. Malo otentha ndi dzuwa "pamalo ofunda" okhala ndi nthaka yodzaza ndi calcium ndi malo okhalamo amphibiya. Akamba a ku Balkan amakhalanso m'mbali mwa nyanja komanso m'nkhalango za Mediterranean. Nthawi zina akamba amazizira mumtsinje wosaya kwambiri ndipo amakhala olimbikira nthawi yamvula kapena ikatha.
Zotanuka
Ndi kamba kake kophwatalala, pulasitoni wofewa, komanso chizolowezi chothawa m'malo mobisala, kamba wolimba amamuwona kuti ndiimodzi mwapadera kwambiri. Mbali yake yapadera ndi chipolopolo chake chosalala koma chokongola. Pali malo akulu osinthasintha kapena ofewa pa plastron, pomwe mikangano imakumana ndi zingwe zazikulu kapena mipata pang'ono pakati pa mbale zamafupa. Ndi akamba ang'onoang'ono, pafupifupi 15 cm kutalika. Amalemera osapitirira 0,5 kg.
Kinyx Wopunduka
Imodzi mwa akamba akunja osazolowereka kwambiri, kynix yokhotakhota ili ndi mawonekedwe okhala ndi zofiirira ndi zachikasu pachikopa ndi kumutu. Imakwirira kumbuyo kwa carapace, kuteteza miyendo yakumbuyo ndi mchira wake kuzilombo. Akuluakulu si akulu kwambiri ndipo amafika kutalika kwa 15-30 cm. Amphibians amakhala m'nkhalango zam'malo otentha komanso mitsinje ya ku Africa. Khalani oyipa pakuwala kowala, sankhani nyengo zam'madzi.
Nkhalango
Chigoba chokulirapo cha kamba wam'nkhalango ndi miyendo yake zimakongoletsedwa ndi mawanga achikasu kapena lalanje. Chipilala chomwe chili kumunsi kwa fulu ndi chofiirira chikasu, ndikutuluka kwamtundu wakuda m'mbali mwa mikangano. Chigoba chapamwamba chofiirira chokhala ndi malankhulidwe achikasu kapena lalanje chili pakatikati pa scutellum iliyonse. Masikelo owonda achikopa - kuyambira utoto wachikaso mpaka lalanje - kuphimba mutu ndikupita kuchibwano chapamwamba.
Mapeto
Pakufunika kuchitapo kanthu mwachangu. Mapulogalamu oteteza zachilengedwe padziko lonse lapansi akuyang'ana kuteteza mbalame ndi zinyama, koma samangoyang'ana kamba. Chifukwa chake, zili m'manja mwa munthu aliyense kuthandiza akamba omwe ali mu Red Book kuti apulumuke.
Malangizo ang'onoang'ono awa athandizira akamba ofiira a Red Book kuchuluka kwawo:
- Osataya zinyalala ndi zinthu zomwe zokwawa zimayenda. Kamba adzakodwa ndipo adzafa chifukwa chobanika.
- Sambani m'mphepete mwa nyanja ndi malo ena okhala amphibiya kuchokera ku pulasitiki ndi zinyalala zotsalira ndi anthu osakhulupirika.
- Sungani akamba kukaikira mazira. Ngati mukudziwa malo omwe zokwawa zimayikira mazira, osapita kumeneko ndi abwenzi ndi ana paulendo.
- Osagwiritsa ntchito magetsi owala. Imasokoneza akamba amwana ndipo imalepheretsa akazi kupita kunyanja kukaikira mazira.
