Pakati pa tizilombo tosiyanasiyana tambiri, anthu osangalatsa amapezeka nthawi zambiri. Mwachitsanzo, chinkhanira mtsikana kapena ntchentche zamankhanira (Mecoptera). Kodi nchifukwa ninji cholengedwa ichi chimapatsidwa dzina loopsa chonchi? Kodi ali ndi chochita ndi chinkhanira?
Kodi cholengedwa chaching'ono choterocho chimatha bwanji kuchoka nthawi ya Mesozoic mpaka nthawi yathu popanda kuzimiririka pamawonekedwe achilengedwe omwe nthawi ndi nthawi amasokoneza dziko? Ndipo nchifukwa ninji adapatsidwa thunthu lalitali motere lomwe limakongoletsa mutu wake? Tiyeni tiyese kuyankha mafunso awa podziwa pang'ono za heroine wathu.
Kufotokozera ndi mawonekedwe
Scorpionfish wamba (Panorpa communis) - nthumwi yoyimilira ya chinkhanira. Panorpas, gulu lomwe amakhala, amadyetsa tizilombo. Ali ndi matupi otambalala, owonda, achikaso okhala ndi mawanga akuda kapena mikwingwirima kumbuyo ndi kumunsi pamimba. Kukula kwa thupi kumafika 13-15 mm.
Miyendo ndi yayitali, imakhala ndi magawo asanu, yokhala ndi zikhadabo ziwiri pa Tarso. Mimba ndi yama cylindrical ndipo imakhala ndimagawo 10. Amuna ndi akazi amatha kusiyanitsidwa ndi mawonekedwe am'mimba. Mwa akazi, imangotchulidwa. Ndipo mawonekedwe apadera a mimba yamwamuna adapereka dzina ku gulu lonse.
Mapeto ake omaliza, okhala ndi magawo atatu, ndi opindika ngati mchira wokhwima wa chinkhanira ndipo ali ndi utoto wofiyira. Gawo lomaliza latupa kwambiri, maliseche ake amapezeka pamenepo. Mukayang'anitsitsa, amuna amafanana ndi haidi wosakanizidwa ndi mavu komanso zinkhanira. Koma izi ndi zakunja kokha. Tizilomboto sitigwirizana ndi mavu kapena zinkhanira.
Akazi a chinkhanira alibe mchira wowopsa
Chimodzi mwazinthu zomwe gulu lonse limakhala ndikupezeka mphete (proboscis patsogolo pa mutu). Nthawi zambiri imakhala yofiira. Mawonekedwe ake amathandiza tizilombo kutulutsa chakudya m'malo ovuta kufikako. Kupatula apo, ntchentche sichisaka ntchentche, koma siyingathe kubowola khungwa, rostrum ndiyofewa kwambiri. Chifukwa chake, adakula kuti athe kuchita mwaluso popanda choletsa kukumba pakati pa maudzu, nthonje ndi masamba.
Kuseri kwa ziwalozi kuli zida zakamwa zokamwa. Gawo lalitali kwambiri ndi maxilla (nsagwada zachiwiri, zomwe zimagwira ntchito yong'ambika, kuboola nyama ndikupera chakudya). Stipe kapena tsinde - gawo lapakati pa nsagwada zonse zakumunsi, ndiye maziko azinthu zonse za maxilla, wotchedwa ndodo yothandizira.
Mu ntchentchezi, imagwirizira khoma lakumbuyo kwa mbalameyi, yoyandikana kwambiri. Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe zovomerezeka (mwanjira ina maudindo, nsagwada zapamwamba zazida zam'kamwa) zimatengera mawonekedwe a zakudya. Ngati tili ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda odyetsa - zomwe zili zofunikira ndizochulukirapo komanso zazifupi, zimakhala ndi mano awiri, ndipo nthawi zina.
Mwa zolusa, zinthu izi ndizabwino, zimadulidwa pamzere wa oblique, ndi dzino limodzi lodula. Amagwira ntchito ngati lumo. Mu scavengers, maudindowo ndi mtanda pakati pa ziwirizi. Ndevu zazingwe zimakhala ndi zigawo, kuchuluka kwake kumakhala pakati pa 16-20 mpaka 60. Ndiopyapyala kwambiri, amafinyira, kapena amafotokozedwa bwino.
Antenna ndi ofunikira kwambiri pakusankha chakudya, komanso pakupeza bwenzi logonana nalo. Ndizofunikanso ndipo ndi ziwalo zotayirira kwambiri zomwe zimalola kuti tizilombo tizizindikira chilengedwe, momwe zimapangidwira kunja ndi mkatikati mwa cholengedwa ichi.
Amazindikira bwino kusintha kwa kutentha, kusintha kwa gawo la acidic, komanso kupezeka kwa mpweya. Amachita ndi chikhalidwe cha chamoyo chokha, chomwe chimakupatsani mwayi woti musiye malo okhala nthawi. Amatchedwa mayimitsidwe.
Mwinanso, zida zambiri zamtsogolo zitha kukhala ndi zida zoterezi, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zosavuta kuti anthu azikhala ndikugwira ntchito m'malo osiyanasiyana opandaubwenzi. Chifuwa chokhala ndi mutu komanso pamimba chili cholumikizira.
Mapikowo ochulukirapo awiriwa ali ndi mauna okongola ndipo amawoneka bwino pterostigma (kukulitsa kumapeto kwa phiko, pafupi ndi pamwamba). Minofu yamapiko (nembanemba) imakhala yowonekera bwino kapena yotuwa, nthawi zambiri imakutidwa ndi tsitsi lalifupi.
Tsikira mpaka 30 mm. Mkazi ali ndi utoto wakuda wamapiko, mwaimuna amakhala pafupifupi oyera ndi mawanga akuda. Mapikowo sanasinthidwe maulendo apaulendo ataliatali, koma miyendo imagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zambiri poyenda. Chifukwa cha miyendo yayitali, mitundu yambiri ya tizilombo timasokonezedwa ndi udzudzu.
Pansi pamapiko amapezeka mbali (wambiri) maso. Amakhala ndi masomphenya amtundu, ndipo amatenganso kuwala kwa UV. Chimodzi mwazinthu zamaso otere - ommatidium - imawoneka ngati kondomu yolowera pakati pa diso. Kumeneko amalumikizidwa ndi ma vertices. Ndipo ndi maziko awo, amapanga mauna pamwamba.
Ommatidium iliyonse imagwira gawo laling'ono, koma onse amaphatikiza mutu wonsewo. Scorpion pachithunzichi imawoneka yokongola komanso yowopsa. Kukongola kwake kumaperekedwa ndi mapiko okongola otseguka omwe amafanana ndi magalasi othimbirira. Ndipo ngoziyo imabwera chifukwa cha mchira wokhotakhota "chinkhanira", komanso mlomo wokulirapo wa rostrum, womwe chinkhanira ntchentche ndipo amapha nyama yake.
Mitundu
Tizilomboti timawoneka ngati mawonekedwe akale komanso akale, omwe anali atafalikira kale m'masiku a Paleozoic ndi Mesozoic. Scorpion squad imawerengera mabanja 23 mkati mwake, omwe pakadali pano 14 angawonekere kuti atha. Pafupifupi mitundu 770 tsopano ikudziwika, kuphatikizapo zokwanira 369.
Mabanja otchuka kwambiri kuchokera ku lamuloli ndi udzudzu, madzi oundana ndi nkhanira woona.
1. Komarovka (bittaki) - banja la tizilombo kuchokera pagulu la zinkhanira. Pali mitundu pafupifupi 270 ya iwo, imapezeka kulikonse. Thupi ndi lochepa, miyendo ndi yolitali kwambiri. Iwo, monga oimira chilombo cha dongosololi, ali ndi maudindo ataliatali, ndi dzino limodzi, odulidwa pamzere wa oblique. Nthawi zambiri amatha kuwonekera atapachikidwa pazomera atalumikizidwa ndi mwendo umodzi kapena iwiri yayitali yakutsogolo.
Amabisalira nyama, yomwe amaigwira mosavuta ndi mikono yawo yakumbuyo, yofanana ndi miyendo ya mantis yopemphera. Miyendo iyi imakhala ndi chikhola chachikulu, ma spurs awiri opindika, ndipo ndi oyenera kumugwira wovulalayo. Zotere chinkhanira chikuuluka pachithunzichi zimatha kusokonekera mosavuta ndi udzudzu wa miyendo yayitali, makamaka ukaima.
2. Madzi oundana (boreids) - banja laling'ono, pali mitundu pafupifupi 30. Mitundu yonse ndi yotopetsa, i.e. yokhudzana ndi zochitika zachilengedwe ku Northern Hemisphere pakati pa 40 ndi 60ยบ N latitude, wokhala ndi chilimwe chofunda pang'ono komanso nyengo yayitali, yozizira. Dzinali limachokera ku dzina la mulungu wa mphepo yakumpoto kuchokera ku nthano zachi Greek - Boreas.
Kafukufuku waposachedwa awonetsa kuti madzi oundana amakhala okhudzana kwambiri ndi utitiri kuposa akazi ena ankhanira. Sizovuta kuzizindikira, amuna amadziwika ndi mapiko oyamba, koma samauluka, koma amalumpha, popeza mapikowo samakula. Ndipo akazi alibe ngakhale primordia, koma amakhala ndi ovipositor yayitali. Kukula kwa tizilombo ndikuchepa kwambiri, 2-4 mm.
Ali ndi mutu wopindika woboola pakamwa wokhala ndi zida zam'kamwa zothina. Amayenda ngati akubangula ngati ziwala, miyendo yawo yakumbuyo ikudumpha. Mu kulumpha kamodzi, amatha kuphimba mtunda wowirikiza 50 kutalika kwa matupi awo. Amawoneka ngati chisanu pachipale chofewa pafupi ndi malo okhala ndi moss, mphukira zazing'ono zomwe amadya.
Uku ndiye kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa zikopa ndi zinkhanira zina - ndiwo zamasamba. Mphutsi zawo nthawi zambiri zimakhala zoyera, zimamera pansi pa ulusi wa moss, ndipo zimadya mizu ya zomerazi. Mphutsi zimakhala zaka ziwiri. Amamwalira m'malo otentha, omwe ndi abwino kwa mitundu ina.
3. Atsikana enieni (panorp) m'litali pafupifupi 9-25 mm. Zipangizo zam'kamwa zikung'amba ndipo zili pamutu wa coracoid, womwe wapindika. Pali mitundu pafupifupi 420. Mitundu 16 imadziwika ku Europe, mitundu ina 12 ikukhala ku Sumatra ndi Java, mitundu 136 yakhazikika ku South Asia, mitundu 269, yomwe imaphatikizapo scorpionfish wamba, imapezeka ku Europe ndi North America. Pali mitundu ina itatu yomwe sinawerengeredwe bwino.
Moyo ndi malo okhala
Tizilombo ta Scorpion Amakonda malo onyowa, amasankha tchire lamthunzi pafupi ndi madzi, magalasi onyowa, madambo achinyezi. Amapezeka ku Europe, North America (Canada, Mexico ndi USA). Ku Russia, pali mitundu 5 ya scorpionfish wamba, yomwe mitundu itatu imaphatikizidwa mu Red Book la Leningrad Region.
Tizilombo timeneti timauluka pang'onopang'ono komanso monyinyirika, patali pang'ono. Mapiko awiriwo amatenga nawo mbali, ndipo mapiko osinthana omwe amathandiza kuti tizilombo tizikhala mlengalenga. Komabe, amayesa kukhala muudzu mwayi woyamba ndikusochera. Amabisalanso adani pakati paudzu ndi masamba owola.
Kuluma chinkhanira ndiwotetezeka kwa anthu, chifukwa siupha, ndipo ulibe mbola yomwe imatsalira pambuyo poti mwalumidwa ndi bala. Zowona, zitha kuwoneka zopweteka, makamaka komwe khungu lowonda limakhala. Odwala ziwengo ayenera kusamala m'malo omwe tizilombo timakhala.
Lingaliro "chinkhanira chachikazi"- koma nthawi yokongola kwa osewera pamakompyuta omwe amakonda mafunso amakono. Mtengo wa ntchentcheyi, womwe umadzipezera chakudya, ndi "mkonono" kuposa mbola, ngakhale uli wowoneka wowopsa.
Zakudya zabwino
Ntchentche zonsezi, kupatula madzi oundana, ndizilombo. Koma, mosiyana ndi zomwe ambiri amakhulupirira, samaukira tizilombo tamoyo, koma modzipereka amadyetsa mbewu zakufa ndi zovulala, zotsalira zowola. Kuphatikiza apo, samanyansidwa ndi nyama ya nyama yakufa komanso ndowe za mbalame.
Mphutsi zimakhala ndi zakudya zomwezo. Kwa achikulire, timadzi tokoma ndi maluwa, komanso madzi a mabulosi, amawonjezedwa pazosankha. Mwachitsanzo, kumwera kwa Western Siberia, nthawi zina zimawononga mbewu za siliva zopangidwa ndi currant. Ntchentche zimangowononga zipatso zakupsa, kuyamwa madziwo.
"Proboscis" yawo yotchuka ndiyabwino pano, ndiye amene amathandizira kutulutsa zamkati zokoma zamadzi. Komabe, ngakhale pali zovuta zina, tizilombo timeneti siobvulaza kuposa kuvulaza. Zimathandiza kwambiri ngati zonunkhira zazing'ono zomwe zimachotsa tizilombo tofa.
Kubereka ndi kutalika kwa moyo
Scorpionfish ndi gulu la tizilombo tomwe timasintha kwambiri (metamorphosis). M'malo mwake, njirayi ndimakonzedwe amkati ndi akunja amthupi m'moyo wonse. Kusintha kwathunthu kapena kusanthula - awa ndi magawo anayi kapena asanu kuyambira kubadwa kufikira kukhwima: mazira, mphutsi, zinkhanira, nthawi zina mapapu, ndi imago (wamkulu).
Kusiyanitsa kwakukulu pakati pamayendedwe athunthu ndi osakwanira ndikudutsa gawo la pupa. Nthawi zambiri, mphutsi za nkhanira zimakhala zosiyana ndi akulu, ndichifukwa chake amatchedwa mphutsi zowona. Mosakayikira, holometamorphosis imatha kuonedwa ngati kulumpha kwakusintha kwa tizilombo ngati ichi, popeza poyambira chiyambi ndi kukula kwa pafupifupi tizilombo tonse kumachokera pakusintha kosakwanira.
Kupita patsogolo kwa kusintha kwa gawo lapakatikati la pupa kumatsimikizira kusinthasintha modabwitsa kwa tizilombo tambiri mikhalidwe yakunja. Mwachiwonekere, mphutsi sizinali zokonzeka nthawi zonse kupulumuka m'malo ovuta. Mwina anali gawo lina lomwe linathandiza heroine wathu kuti azolowere nyengo yosintha komanso zina zovuta zakunja.
M'nyengo yoswana, amuna amakopa anzawo pofalitsa ma pheromone mozungulira. Tizilombo timeneti timakhala ndi miyambo ya chibwenzi. Wamphongo amabweretsa kachilombo kakufa kwa bwenzi lake ngati mphatso. Mnzakeyo amadya zakudyazo akamakwatirana. Chakudyacho chimakhala chachikulu, zimatenga nthawi yayitali.
Kuphatikiza apo, ngati pali ntchentche zambiri, ndipo pali chisankho, akazi amaloledwa kukwatirana ndi omwe amafunsirawo mphatso yayikulu. Otaika omwe amapereka msonkho wochepa amafunikira pokhapokha ngati pali ena omwe angatsatire kuti azitsatira. Izi mwina ndizosankhidwa mwachilengedwe. Amuna akulu nthawi zambiri amabweretsa mphatso yayikulu, chifukwa chake akazi amasankha abambo a anawo okulirapo kuposa momwe chisinthiko chimaperekera.
Mkazi amaikira mazira milulu panthaka yonyowa ndi pansi pamasamba ogwa. Amaziika pansi ndi chiboliboli, ndikuziika m'manda apamwamba. Ali ndi mawonekedwe ozungulira, kukula kwake ndi pafupifupi 2.5 mm, chiwerengerocho ndi pafupifupi zidutswa 100. Kwenikweni, uwu ndi udindo wake waukulu wa makolo - kuyikira mazira m'malo abwino kwambiri kuti pakhale mphutsi.
Apa ndipomwe chisamaliro chonse cha ana amtsogolo chimathera. Pambuyo masiku asanu ndi atatu, mphutsi zimaswa, zomwe zimakula kwathunthu mkati mwa mwezi umodzi. Mphutsi zimakhala zofanana ndi mbozi, zimakhala zowirira, zosagwira ntchito, koma nthawi zambiri zimatuluka m'kuunika kuti zikapeze chakudya. Amadyetsa, monga ntchentche zazikulu, pa zotsalira zazomera ndi nyama, komanso moss ndi mizu.
Mutu wa mphutsi ndi wolimba, 2 tinyanga tayamba kuwonekera kale. Maso ndiwodabwitsa kwambiri, kuchuluka kwake ndikokulirapo kuposa mphutsi zina zonse. Pali pafupifupi 30 mbali iliyonse, amapanga masango omwe amafanana kale ndi diso lophatikizana. Zipangizo zam'kamwa zimapangidwa bwino. Kutalika kwa mbozi kumakhala pafupifupi 20 mm. Amakhala ndimagulu otukuka.
Miyendo ya thoracic ili pamagulu atatu oyamba. Thupi la mbozi limakutidwa ndi njerewere. Mphutsi zimakhala m'mabowo owoneka ngati mahatchi omwe anakumbidwa kumtunda kwa nthaka. Kuti aphunzitse, mboziyo imakwiririra pansi. Chifukwa chake, kusandulika kukhala pupa kumachitika mchotengera chadothi. Komabe, pupa sikuti nthawi zonse amayamba kusintha kukhala munthu wamkulu; pansi pazovuta, amalowa m'malo osinthasintha.
Uku ndiye nzeru yayikulu panthawiyi. Zowonjezera inshuwaransi yopulumuka. Ngati zonse zikuchitika bwinobwino, pakatha masabata awiri ziphuphu zimasanduka imago - tizilombo tating'ono. M'nyengo yotentha, pamatha mibadwo iwiri, yomwe imatha kubisala nthawi yayitali kapena yayikulu. Tizilombo tating'ono timakhala nyengo imodzi, kuyambira Meyi mpaka Seputembara.
Zosangalatsa
- Scorpion ili ndi chikhalidwe chofunikira komanso chosangalatsa pakupulumuka m'chilengedwe - kutsanzira. Alibe poyizoni komanso alibe zida, chifukwa chake amayenera kukhala wosaoneka, kutsanzira nthambi kapena tsamba, kapena kunamizira kuti ndi wakupha komanso wowopsa. Mtundu wa thupi, "mchira wankhanira" wopindika komanso thunthu lalitali zimamuthandiza.
- Zinkhanira zamphongo zimapatsa malovu awo ngati mphatso yakukondana. Mnzanu akumuyamwa mosangalala. Ngati choperekacho chikupezeka chaching'ono, champhongo chimakhala pachiwopsezo chosakhala ndi nthawi yokwanira kumaliza mating, popeza bwenzi lamakani silikhala komweko kwa sekondi atadya pano. Posowa njira zina, amabwereza malovu mobwerezabwereza kuti atalike.
- Chithunzi chomwe kachilomboka kamawona chifukwa chakapangidwe kake ka diso kumakhala kosalala komanso kowongoka, mosiyana ndi chithunzi chomwe anthu adapeza. Tasokoneza.
- Mwinanso, ambiri amatha kuwona zowonekera zazikulu m'misika, m'misewu ndi mabwalo amizinda, kumapeto kwa nyumba. Amalengeza zotsatsa kapena zowonetseratu zina, ndipo zomwe amachita zimangokhala pazowonetsa, pomwe skrini iliyonse imawonetsa gawo lake laling'ono, ndipo onse amakhala ndi chithunzi chonse. Ziwalo zodabwitsa zowonera tizilombo monga ntchentche ya chinkhanira zimatiphunzitsa njira iyi yosonyeza chithunzi chachikulu.
- Ndizosangalatsa kuwona kuwuluka kwa tizilombo. Kuchokera kumbali, chikuwoneka chosagwirizana komanso "chosalala" chifukwa cha nsonga zakuda zamapiko.
- Kafukufuku wazinthu zakufa zakale pafupi ndi ntchentche za scorpion pakuwunika madera a Permian a nthawi ya Paleozoic, komanso poyerekeza ndi oimira amakono, zidaloleza asayansi kuganiza kuti ntchentche izi ndi mbadwa zoyandikira za ntchentche za Diptera, Lepidoptera ndi Caddis.
