Cod - mtundu wa nsomba zomwe zimakhala m'madzi ozizira a Atlantic ndi Pacific. Nsombazi zathandiza kwambiri m'mbiri ya anthu. Anali chakudya cha ma Vikings, oyenda panyanja, kuphatikiza apainiya omwe anafika m'mbali mwa New World.
Akatswiri ofufuza zakale, omwe amaphunzira zotsalira zakale zam'mbuyomu, adazindikira kuti nsomba iyi mu Stone Age inali yayikulupo ndipo idakhala motalikirapo kuposa yapano. Kusodza kogwira ntchito kwa cod kwasintha njira yakusinthira: chilengedwe, kupulumutsa kuchuluka kwa ma cod, kwapangitsa kuti anthu ocheperako komanso ocheperako athe kubereka.
Kufotokozera ndi mawonekedwe
Maonekedwe a thupi ndiatalikirana. Kutalika kwakukulu kwa thupi la cod kumakhala kochepera kasanu ndi kawiri kuposa kutalika. Mutu ndi waukulu, wofanana ndi kutalika kwa thupi. Pakamwa pake pamatha, palunjika. Maso ake ndi ozungulira, okhala ndi iris wofiirira, omwe ali pamwamba pamutu. Mapeto a mutu amapangidwa ndi zokutira za ma gill, kumbuyo kwake kuli zipsepse za pectoral.
Zipsepse zitatu zakuthambo zimagwirizana pamzere wakumbuyo. Mipira yonse yazipsepse ndi zotanuka; mitsempha yamatope palibe. Thupi limathera kumapeto ndi ma lobes osagawika. M'mbali yotsika (yamkati) ya thupi, pali zipsepse ziwiri za mchira.
Ngakhale kuti cod nthawi zambiri imadyetsa pansi, mtundu wa thupi lake ndi pelagic: gawo lakumtunda lakuda, mbali zoyera ndi zoyera zamkaka, nthawi zina zachikasu peritoneum. Mitundu yonse yamitundu imadalira malo: kuyambira chikaso mpaka imvi mpaka bulauni. Mawanga ang'onoang'ono otuwa kapena otuwa amabalalika kumtunda ndi mbali zakuthupi.
Mzere wotsatira umawonetsedwa ndi mzere wopepuka wonyezimira wokhala wopindika pansi pake. Pamutu, mzere wotsatira umadutsa munjira zamagetsi zamagetsi ndi ma genipores (ma pores ang'onoang'ono) - ziwalo zowonjezera zowonjezera.
Atakula, cod ya Atlantic imatha kupitilira 1.7 m kutalika komanso pafupifupi 90 kg kulemera. Kugwiradi cod pachithunzichi sichiposa 0.7 m kutalika. Mitundu ina ya cod ndi yocheperako kuposa cod ya Atlantic. Pollock - imodzi mwama cod - yaying'ono kwambiri. Magawo ake apamwamba ndi 0,9 m m'litali ndi kulemera pafupifupi 3.8 kg.
Mitundu
Mtundu wa cod siwowonjezera, umangokhala ndi mitundu 4 yokha:
- Gadus morhua ndi mtundu wotchuka kwambiri - Atlantic cod. Kwa zaka mazana angapo, nsomba iyi yakhala yofunikira kwambiri pazakudya ndi malonda kwa anthu okhala kumpoto kwa Europe. Kuteteza kwakanthawi mu mawonekedwe owuma kumafotokoza dzina lake lina Stockfisch - nsomba zamitengo.
- Gadus macrocephalus - Pacific kapena imvi cod. Zosafunika kwenikweni pamalonda. Amakhala kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa nyanja ya Pacific: ladziwa Nyanja ya Okhotsk ndi Japan.
- Gadus ogac ndi mtundu wotchedwa Greenland cod. Izi cod imapezeka kuchokera pagombe la chisumbu chachikulu kwambiri padziko lapansi.
- Gadus chalcogrammus ndi mtundu waku cod waku Alaska womwe umadziwika kuti pollock.
Cod ya Atlantic ku Russia idagawika m'magulu angapo. Sakhala ndi gawo lililonse pachithunzichi. Koma pakati pawo pali subspecies osowa.
- Gadus morhua callarias ali ndi dzina lofanana ndi malo ake - Baltic cod. Amakonda brackish, koma amatha kukhalapo kwakanthawi m'madzi abwino.
- Gadus morhua marisalbi - Nsombayi imakhala m'madzi amchere a Nyanja Yoyera. Amatchedwa molingana - "White Sea cod". Imapewa malo atsopano ngati kungatheke. Asayansi ena amasiyanitsa mitunduyo: Malo okhala Nyanja Yoyera ndi m'mphepete mwa nyanja. Nthawi zina nyengo yachisanu ndi chilimwe mitundu ya cod imasiyanitsidwa. Anthu akomweko amatcha mawonekedwe ang'ono kwambiri chilimwe "pertuy". Nsombazi zimaonedwa ngati chakudya chokoma.
- Gadus morhua kildinensis ndi mtundu winawake wapadera womwe umakhala m'nyanja ya Mogilnoye pachilumba cha Kildinsky, chomwe chili kufupi ndi gombe la Kola Peninsula. Malinga ndi dzina la malowa, cod imatchedwa "Kildinskaya". Koma kukhala munyanjayi sikutanthauza izi nsomba zamadzi zamchere... Madzi m'nyanjayi ndi amchere pang'ono: kamodzi anali nyanja. Njira za geological zasintha chidutswa cha nyanja kukhala nyanja.
Cod ndi mtundu wa nsomba zomwe zimakhala m'madzi amchere osiyanasiyana. Banja lonse la cod ndi nsomba za m'madzi, zamchere zamchere, komabe pali mtundu umodzi wamadzi amchere. Pakati pa nsomba za cod, pali nsomba zomwe zitha kudziwika kuti cod mtsinje, nyanja ndi burbot.
Moyo ndi malo okhala
Mumakhala gawo lamadzi ndi madera akumpoto kwa North Atlantic, kuphatikiza magombe aku America ndi Europe. Ku North America, cod yaku Atlantic yadziwa bwino madzi ochokera ku Cape Cod mpaka Greenland. M'madzi aku Europe, cod imachokera pagombe la French Atlantic kupita kum'mwera chakum'mawa kwa Nyanja ya Barents.
M'malo okhala, cod nthawi zambiri imadyetsa pansi. Koma mawonekedwe a thupi, kukula ndi mawonekedwe pakamwa pakamwa akunena kuti pelagial, ndiye kuti, gawo loyenda lamadzi, silosamala. M'magawo amadzi, makamaka, pali zochitika zazikulu za herring stocks ndi gulu la cod.
Pakupezeka kwa cod, osati malo owoneka bwino amoyo, koma kutentha ndi mchere wamadzi zimathandizira. Kutengera kusiyanasiyana, mphamvu yamchere yamchere imatha kukhala ndi matanthauzo osiyanasiyana.
Pacific cod imakonda mchere wambiri: 33.5 ‰ - 34.5 ‰. Ma Baltic kapena White Sea subspecies a cod amakhala bwino m'madzi kuyambira 20 ‰ - 25 ‰. Mitundu yonse ya cod imakonda madzi ozizira: osaposa 10 ° C.
Nsomba ya Cod amasuntha pafupifupi pafupipafupi. Pali zifukwa zitatu zoyendetsera magulu a cod. Choyamba, nsombayo imatsata chakudya chomwe chingakhalepo, monga herring masukulu. Kusintha kwa kutentha si chifukwa china chachikulu chosamukira. Chifukwa chachitatu komanso chofunikira kwambiri pakusunthira kwakukulu kwa ziphuphu ndikubala.
Zakudya zabwino
Cod ndi nsomba zongodya pang'ono. Mbalame zam'madzi za Planktonic ndi nsomba zazing'ono ndiye maziko azakudya zazing'onozing'ono. Ndikukula, zamoyo zosiyanasiyana zomwe zimadyedwa zimawonjezeka. Nsomba zochokera kubanja lumpen zimawonjezeredwa kwa anthu ochepa okhala pansi.
Achibale a banja la cod - Arctic cod ndi navaga - samadyedwa moyenera monganso ana amtundu wawo. Makoko akuluakulu amafunafuna hering'i. Nthawi zina maudindo amasintha, mitundu yayikulu ya hering'i ndi okalamba imadya cod, mwayi wopulumuka ndi wofanana.
Kubereka ndi chiyembekezo cha moyo
Kubala kwa cod kumayamba nthawi yozizira, m'mwezi wa Januware. Kutha kumapeto kwa masika. Kusamba kumagwira ntchito kuyambira February mpaka Epulo. Malo opangira ma cod a Atlantic ali m'madzi aku Norway.
M'malo obereketsa mwachangu, m'dera la pelagic, gulu lalikulu la cod cod limapangidwa. Amaphatikizapo anthu okhwima pogonana. Awa ndi akazi azaka 3-8 ndi amuna azaka 4-9. Nsomba zonse ndizochuluka masentimita 50 mpaka 55. Zaka zapakati pa nsomba m'masukulu obisalira ndi zaka 6. Kutalika kwake ndi 70 cm.
Caviar imatulutsidwa m'mbali yamadzi. Mkazi amatulutsa mazira ochuluka kwambiri. Kubereketsa kwa cod yayikulu, yathanzi kumatha kufikira mazira opitilira 900,000. Atapanga mipira yambiri yowonekera pafupifupi 1.5 mm m'mimba mwake, mkaziyo amaganiza kuti ntchito yake yakwaniritsidwa. Wamphongoyo, akuyembekeza kuti mbewu zake zimeretsa mazira, amatulutsa mkaka mgawo lamadzi.
Pambuyo pa milungu itatu kapena inayi, mazirawo amakhala mphutsi. Kutalika kwawo sikupitilira 4 mm. Kwa masiku angapo, mphutsi zimadya chakudya chomwe chimasungidwa mu yolk sac, pambuyo pake zimayamba kudya plankton.
Kawirikawiri nyanjayi imabweretsa mazira m'mphepete mwa nyanja. Mphutsi siziyenera kuwononga mphamvu kuti zifike kumadzi osaya m'mbali mwa nyanja. Kukula m'malo otere, mwachangu amafika mpaka masentimita 7-8 ndikupeza mtundu wa "checkerboard", womwe si nsomba wamba. Munthawi imeneyi, chakudya chachikulu cha mbalame zam'madzi ndi calanus crustacean (Calanus).
Mtengo
Cod imakhalanso yapadera chifukwa ziwalo zake zonse zimadyedwa ndi anthu komanso nyama. Mwachindunji kuphika kapena kukonza nyama ya cod, chiwindi, ngakhale mitu. Msika wa nsomba, womwe umafunikira kwambiri:
- Cod yachisanu ndiyo njira yayikulu yopezera nsomba kumsika. Pogulitsa, nsomba yonse yachisanu imawononga ma ruble pafupifupi 300. pa kg.
- Cod fillet ndi imodzi mwazinthu zabwino kwambiri pamsika wa nsomba. Tizilombo tating'onoting'ono, kutengera mtundu (wopanda khungu, wonyezimira, ndi zina zotero), amatenga ma ruble 430 mpaka 530. pa kg.
- Cod youma ndi mtundu wa nsomba zomwe zimawoneka mwina kale. Ngakhale pali njira zomwe zimatsimikizira kuti nsomba zitha kusungidwa kwanthawi yayitali, kuyanika kumakhalabe koyenera. Kumpoto kwa Russia, amatchedwa bakalao.
- Klipfisk ndi cod yopangidwa ndi kuyanika nsomba zamchere. Ku Russia, ma cod omwe adakonzedwa motere sangagulidwe nthawi yomweyo. Maiko aku Europe akhala akutumiza cod clipfish kuchokera ku Norway kwazaka zambiri motsatizana.
- Stockfish ndi imodzi mwama klipfish osagwiritsa ntchito mchere kwambiri komanso njira yodziwikiratu.
- Kusuta kodula — nsomba zokoma... Ichi ndi chinthu chamtengo wapatali chokhala ndi kukoma kosakhwima. Nsomba zotentha sizotchipa - pafupifupi 700 rubles. pa kg.
- Cod chiwindi Ndi chakudya chosatsutsika. Cod ndi nsomba momwe mafuta amapezekera pachiwindi. Cod chiwindi ndi 70% mafuta, kupatula apo, imakhala ndi mafuta ofunikira, mavitamini onse ofunikira. Pakuti mtsuko wa magalamu 120 a chiwindi, muyenera kulipira pafupifupi 180 rubles.
- Malilime ndi masaya a cod ndi mankhwala achikhalidwe ku Norway, ndipo awonekera posachedwa m'mashelufu apakhomo. Ngakhale a Pomors sali oyipa kwambiri kuposa anthu aku Norway, amadziwa momwe angakolole ziwalozi za cod. Phukusi la malilime akuda achisanu olemera 600 g atha kukhala pafupifupi ma ruble 600.
- Cod roe - Chogulitsacho ndichabwino komanso chokoma, pamtengo wokwanira. Chidebe chokhala ndi 120 g ya cod caviar chimawononga ma ruble 80-100.
Nyama ndi zopangidwa kuchokera ku nsomba zambiri zam'nyanja zimakhala ndi kukoma kwabwino komanso mawonekedwe azakudya. Pankhani yothandiza, mnofu wa cod uli m'gulu la khumi. Ndikulimbikitsidwa kwa anthu kuti:
- akudwala nyamakazi, nyamakazi, matenda ena a mafupa ndi mafupa,
- omwe akufuna kukonza kusamvana kwama vitamini,
- amene akufuna kuthandizira ndikuchiritsa mitima yawo,
- kukhala ndi nkhawa yambiri, kugwera m'maiko ovuta,
- omwe akufuna kuwonjezera chitetezo chawo, sinthani moyo wabwino.
Kusodza nsomba
Pokhudzana ndi cod, mitundu itatu yausodzi imapangidwa - kusodza pamalonda, kusaka zomwe munthu angadye komanso kuwedza masewera. Cod — nyanja nsomba zolusa. Izi zimatsimikizira njira zopezera izo.
Asodzi osodza kapena othamanga amapita kunyanja panyanja yabwino yoyandama. Usodzi umachitika m'madzi kapena pansi. Wankhanza amaikidwa - mzere wosodza wokhala ndi katundu, wophatikizira ma leash ndi ngowe.
Kapena gawo - wankhanza wabwino - mzere wosodza wokhala ndi ma leash ndi ngowe, wotambasulidwa pakati pa ma buireps. Buirep - chingwe choloza cha mzere wautali - wokwezedwa ndi kuyandama kwakukulu (buoy) ndikumangirira ndi katundu wolemera.
Mukasodza ndi wankhanza kapena wautali, zidutswa za nsomba zimayikidwa pachikopa, nthawi zina zimangokhala ngati nyambo yachikale, nthawi zina mbedza yopanda kanthu ndiyokwanira. M'madera a m'mphepete mwa nyanja, ntchito yolanda nsomba zamtundu wa cod imasankhidwa kwambiri kuposa nsomba zazikulu panyanja.
M'malo oyandama, cod ikhoza kugwidwa ndi mzere wapansi. Ndodoyo ikhale yolimba, zotsogola zimachotsedwa, mzerewo uyenera kukhala osachepera 0,3 mm. Mukasodza panyanja, nyongolotsi zimatha nyambo. Angapo a iwo akukolezedwera pa mbedza.
Pofuna kupondaponda, asodzi nthawi zambiri amadzipangira okha. Chophweka ichi ndi chubu chodzaza ndi kuwombera komanso chodzaza ndi lead. Mapeto a chubu amakhala osalala komanso ozungulira, ndipo mabowo amapangidwira. Zojambulazo zimamalizidwa ndi ndowe itatu # 12 kapena # 14.
Kumadzulo, ndipo tsopano m'dziko lathu, amagulitsa nyambo zolemera - ma jig. Amayang'ana zochitika zosiyanasiyana zosodza: funde, bata, ndi zina zambiri. Amakhala ndi zolemera zosiyana kuyambira 30 mpaka 500 g.Jigs nthawi zina amagwiritsidwa ntchito molumikizana ndi mbedza pa leash ya mita imodzi. Nyambo yachilengedwe imayikidwa pa ndowe: nkhanu, chidutswa kapena nsomba yonse.
Kuti mugwire cod, gwiritsani ntchito:
- Ma trawls apansi komanso osodza m'madzi ndi pelagic.
- Snurrevody, kapena seines zapansi. Mauna a mauna, omwe ali pakati pakati pa ma trawls ndi seine-ya-mzere.
- Mafinya okhazikika.
- Kutchingira mbedza yayitali.
Padziko lonse lapansi nsomba za cod ndi matani zikwi 850-920. Asodzi aku Russia amatha kupereka zofuna za dzikolo ndi cod. Koma nthawi zina, ogula amakonda nsomba zaku Norway, Chinese, Vietnamese.
Zochitika zamakono zaulimi wa nsomba zakhudza cod. Anayamba kukula mwachinyengo. Cod yopangidwa ndi ukapolo sikulimbana ndi nsomba zaulere. Koma iyi ndi nkhani yanthawi.
Ponena za kusodza nsomba za m'nyanja, anthu nthawi zambiri amakumbukira nkhani yomvetsa chisoni ya Newfoundland Bank. Pafupi ndi chilumba cha Newfoundland, pamalo omwe amasonkhana a Labrador Current ndi Gulf Stream, pali malo abwino okhala ndi mitundu yambiri ya nsomba.
Malo osaya, osakwana 100 m, malowa amatchedwa Newfoundland Bank. Atlantic cod ndi herring zinapanga anthu ambiri. Mitundu ina ya nsomba ndi nkhanu sizinali kumbuyo kwenikweni.
Kuyambira kumapeto kwa zaka za zana la 15, nsomba zakhala zikugwidwa bwino pano. Zokwanira aliyense. Mu theka lachiwiri la zaka zapitazi, gulu la asodzi lidakulitsa zombo zake. Paulendo wina, ma trawler anayamba kukoka matani angapo a nsomba m'ngalawa. Njira yoziziritsa mwachangu yachotsa zoletsa zonse zomwe nsomba zimapha.
Kupita patsogolo kwaukadaulo komanso umbombo wa amalonda adachita zomwe samatha kuzindikira kwazaka mazana angapo: adawononga Newfoundland Bank. Pofika chaka cha 2002, 99% yama cod anali atagwidwa mderali.
Boma la Canada lidagwira, ndikupereka ndalama, koma njira zoletsa sizinabwezeretsere ziweto ku Newfoundland Bank. Akatswiri ena azachilengedwe amakhulupirira kuti izi sizidzachitikanso.
