Kodi biocenosis ndi chiyani?
Tiyerekeze kuti pali kampani yayikulu. Amagwiritsa ntchito anthu ambiri. Ndipo makompyuta, osindikiza, magalimoto ndi zida zina zikugwiranso ntchito. Chifukwa cha zochita zosinthika, mayendedwe amayenda ngati wotchi. Makina omwewo alipo m'chilengedwe.
Chithunzichi chonse chikuwonekeratu kuti ndi biocenosis... Kokha m'malo mwa anthu ndi makina - nyama, zomera, komanso zamoyo zazing'ono kwambiri komanso bowa. Ndipo m'malo mwa kampani - gawo losankhidwa la dera linalake (ndi nyengo ina, zigawo za nthaka).
Amatha kukhala mwina malo ochepa kwambiri, mwachitsanzo, chitsa chowola, kapena steppe yayikulu. Kupitiliza kufananizira, tiyerekeze kuti makompyuta onse pachomera ichi ndiwosagwirizana. Zichitika ndi chiyani? - Ntchito idzaima.
Ndizofanana mwachilengedwe - chotsani zamoyo zamtundu uliwonse m'derali - ndipo ziyamba kugwa. Kupatula apo, aliyense amachita ntchito yake, ndipo zimakhala ngati akuyika njerwa kukhoma wamba. Chiwerengero cha mitundu yolumikizana mu biocenosis chimatchedwa biodiversity.
Mawu akuti biocenosis anawonekera m'zaka za zana la 19. Wasayansi wina waku Germany adatsata mosamalitsa machitidwe a bivalve molluscs. Atakhala nthawi yayitali pantchitoyi, adazindikira kuti nyama zopanda mafupa zitha kukhala ndi moyo wathanzi, ali ndi "gulu lozungulira": starfish, plankton, corals.
Ndipo sangakhale popanda wina ndi mnzake. Kupatula apo, "abwenzi" onsewa samangodyerana wina ndi mnzake, komanso amathandizira kukhala ndi moyo wabwinobwino. Kotero nthawi ina, biocenosis - uku ndiko kukhalako kwa anthu okhala ndi zamoyo zosiyanasiyana.
Anthu - gulu la zamoyo zamtundu womwewo zomwe zimakhala m'dera lomwelo. Itha kukhala gulu la mbalame, gulu la njati, banja la mimbulu. Pali mitundu iwiri yolumikizirana pakati pawo: ndi phindu pagulu lililonse, ndi mpikisano. Komabe, nthawi zambiri, mgwirizanowu umakhala ndi maubwino ena.
Ndipo koposa zonse, mwayi wopulumutsa moyo m'malo owopsa ukuwonjezeka. Kupatula apo, mnzake amatha kuchenjeza za zoopsa ndikupita kunkhondo ndi mdani wa membala wake. Ponena za mpikisano, izi zimakupatsani mwayi wokhala ndi anthu ambiri mgululi, kupewa kubereka kosalamulirika.
Anthu onse alibe chisokonezo, ali ndi dongosolo lina. Awo. chiŵerengero cha anthu malinga ndi kugonana, zaka, thupi. mphamvu, komanso momwe amagawidwira kudera lomwe lasankhidwa.
Zizindikiro zoyambira kuchuluka kwa amuna ndi akazi ndi 1 mpaka 1. Komabe, m'mitundu yambiri ya nyama m'moyo, kuchuluka kumeneku kumasintha chifukwa cha zinthu zakunja. Zomwezo zimapita kwa munthu.
Poyamba, payenera kukhala amuna ochulukirapo kuposa akazi, komabe, kugonana kwamphamvu kumanyalanyaza thanzi lawo komanso moyo wawo. Zotsatira zake, pofika zaka zaunyinji, chiwerengerocho chimakhala chofanana, ndipo amuna akula amakhala ocheperako poyerekeza ndi akazi.
Pali chikwangwani chapadera chomwe chimapangitsa kuti kumveke kuti kudzikundikira kwa anthu kumatanthauza makamaka kuchuluka kwa anthu - kuthekera kosunga manambala, omwe amapezeka mdera limodzi, mwa kubereka kokha (osalandira mamembala atsopano mgululi). Ndipo tsopano zambiri pazomwe zili zigawo zikuluzikulu za biocenosis:
- Zinthu zachilengedwe. Izi zikuphatikizapo madzi; zigawo zikuluzikulu zomwe zimapanga mpweya; mchere wamchere.
- Zonse zomwe zimapangitsa nyengo mderali. Apa tikukamba za zizindikiro za kutentha; momwe mpweya ulili wamanyazi; komanso, kuchuluka kwa kuwala kwa dzuwa.
- Zachilengedwe. Chem. chophatikizana ndi kaboni (mapuloteni, mafuta, chakudya).
- Zamoyo.
Pankhaniyi, pali mayendedwe a:
1. Opanga. Ndiopanga magetsi. Tikulankhula za zomera zomwe, chifukwa cha malo awo, zimasinthira kunyezimira kwa dzuwa kukhala zinthu zachilengedwe. Pambuyo pake, anthu ena ammudzimo amatha kupindula ndi "zinthu" zoterezi.
2. Zogwiritsira ntchito. Awa ndi ogula omwewo, i.e. nyama ndi tizilombo. Kuphatikiza apo, samadyetsa mbewu zokha, komanso thupi la wina. Munthu amathanso kutumizidwa bwinobwino pano.
3. Ochepetsa. Osakulolani kuti musinthe malo anu akhale manda. Zotsalira za zamoyo zomwe zatha kale ntchito, chifukwa cha chikoka chawo, zimadutsa muzinthu zazing'ono kwambiri, kapena zinthu zachilengedwe. Ndi m'manja mwa mabakiteriya, komanso bowa.
Nthawi yomweyo, zolengedwa zonse zogwirizana mdera liyenera kumva bwino munthawi zomwe zanenedwa biotope (malo osankhidwa). Pamalo amenewa, madzi, kapena mpweya, ayenera kuti amatha kudyetsa ndi kuberekana. Biotope ndi biocenosis pamodzi amapanga biogeocenosis... Ndizosatheka kutchula zomwe biocenosis zikuchokera:
- Gawo lofunikira kwambiri pamgwirizanowu ndi gulu lazomera zomwe zimapezeka m'derali. Zimatengera pa iwo momwe "kampani" yonseyo idzakhalire. Mgwirizano wawo umatchedwa phytocenosis... Ndipo, monga lamulo, komwe malire a phytocenosis imodzi amatha, katundu wa gulu lonse amatha.
Palinso malo ena osinthira (pambuyo pake, malamulowa sali owongoka), amasankhidwa ndi mawuwa ecotones... Chitsanzo ndi nkhalango - malo osonkhanira nkhalango ndi steppe. Zigawo zochokera kumadera oyandikana nawo zimapezeka m'malo amenewa. Chifukwa chake, kuchuluka kwa mitundu yawo ndikokwera kwambiri.
- Zoocenosis - ili kale gawo lanyama la thupi limodzi lalikulu.
- Microcenosis - gawo lachitatu, lopangidwa ndi bowa.
- Chigawo chachinayi ndi tizilombo, gulu lawo limatchedwa microbiocenosis.
Mwachidziwikire, mwakhala mukumva kangapo mfundo ngati zachilengedwe... Komabe, izi sizofanana ndi biocenosis, yomwe ndi chidutswa chazithunzi chachikulu chomwe chimayimira chilengedwe.
Ilibe malire ofotokozedwa bwino ndi zomera, koma ili ndi zigawo zitatu: biocenosis + biotope + dongosolo lolumikizana pakati pa zamoyo (nyerere, famu, kapena mzinda wonse, mwachitsanzo). Ndicholinga choti biocenosis ndi chilengedwe ndi zinthu zosiyana.
Mitundu ya biocenosis
Taganizirani izi mitundu biocenosis... Pali mfundo zingapo zowerengera. Mmodzi wa iwo ndi wamkulu:
- Microbiocenosis. Ili ndi dziko lapadera, lopangidwa pamiyeso ya duwa limodzi, kapena chitsa.
- Mesobiocenosis. Mitundu ikuluikulu, mwachitsanzo, dambo, nkhalango.
- Macrobiocenosis. Nyanja zazikulu, mapiri, ndi zina zambiri.
Komanso, pali gulu potengera mtundu wa biocenosis: madzi oyera, nyanja, ndi lapadziko lapansi.
Komabe, nthawi zambiri timamva malingaliro monga:
- Zachilengedwe. Amapangidwa ndimagulu okonzeka amitundu yosiyanasiyana ya moyo. Mitundu ina imatha kusinthidwa ndi zina zofananira popanda zotsatirapo. Magulu onse amakhala olingana m'deralo, amalumikizana ndikuwalola kuti akhale "pamwamba".
- Amapanga. Ichi ndi chilengedwe chaumunthu (lalikulu, aquarium). Mwa iwo pali ma agrocenoses (opangidwa kuti atenge phindu lililonse): mayiwe, malo osungira, msipu, minda yamasamba. Popanda Mlengi wake, gulu loterolo likhoza kugwa. Imayenera kusamalidwa nthawi zonse ndi kuthirira ndi kuwononga namsongole, mwachitsanzo.
Dongosolo Biocenosis
Kenako, tiyeni tikambirane zomwe zimachitika dongosolo la biocenosis:
- Mitundu
Izi zikutanthauza mawonekedwe am'magawo, i.e. zomwe zamoyo zimakhala mmenemo (mitundu biocenosis). Mwachilengedwe, m'malo abwino kwa zolengedwa zambiri, chizindikirochi chidzakhala chokwera kwambiri kuposa komwe kumakhala kovuta.
Ndiwosowa kwambiri m'zipululu komanso m'malo ozizira kwambiri a Arctic. Kumbali ina - kotentha ndi miyala yamchere yamchere ndi okhala nawo ambiri. M'madera achichepere kwambiri mudzakhala mitundu yocheperako, pomwe mwa okhwima, mitundu ya zamoyo imatha kufikira zikwi zingapo.
Mwa mamembala onse a gululi pali olamulira. ambiri a iwo. Zitha kukhala nyama zonse (miyala yamchere yofanana) ndi zomera (thundu la oak). Palinso mabungwe omwe alibe chilichonse mwa zigawo za biocenosis. Koma izi sizikutanthauza kuti anthu ammudzi sangakhaleko, atha kukhala kaphokoso m'thanthwe, momwe dziko lopanda zomera lidapangidwa.
- Malo
Nthawi ino, zikutanthauza momwe ndege zina zimapezeka. Zikafika ku ofukula dongosolo, ndiye magawano amapita magawo. apa ndikofunikira kutalika kwake komwe chidwi chimakhala. Kuganizira nkhalango biocenosis, kenako moss ndi ndere - umodzi wosanjikiza, udzu ndi kukula pang'ono - wina, masamba a zitsamba - wina, nsonga za mitengo yotsika - yachitatu, mitengo yayitali - yachinayi. Mukamakula, mitengo yaying'ono imakhala pamalo apamwamba kwambiri ndipo imatha kusintha kapangidwe ka biocenosis.
Biocenoses komanso tiers mobisa. Pofuna kuti asasiyidwe opanda michere, mizu yamtundu uliwonse yazomera imadzisankhira kukula kwake. Zotsatira zake, mizu imagawa nthaka pakati pawo. Zomwezi zimachitikanso munyama. Nyongolotsi zomwezi zimapanga njira zawo zapansi mozama mosiyanasiyana kuti zisadutsane ndikusokoneza kukhalapo kwa wina ndi mnzake.
Momwemonso nyama ndi mbalame. pansi pake pamakhala pothawirapo zokwawa. Pamwambapa pali malo okhala tizilombo komanso nyama. Mbalame zimakhala pamwamba kwambiri. Kugawikana koteroko sikachilendo kwa anthu okhala m'madamu. Mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya nsomba, molluscs ndi zokwawa zina zam'nyanja zimayendanso munthawi imodzi yokha.
Pali mtundu wina wa magawano a biocenosis - yopingasa... Kugawidwa koyenera kwa zinthu zamoyo kudera limodzi sikupezeka. Nthawi zambiri biocenosis nyama khalani m'magulu, ndipo moss amakula pakama. Izi ndizofanana zojambulajambula.
- Zachilengedwe
Apa tikulankhula za gawo lomwe mtundu uliwonse umagwira mu biocenosis imodzi. Kupatula apo, zamoyo m'madera osiyanasiyana zimatha kukhala zosiyana, ndipo chiwembu chothandizana nacho chimafanana. Omwe ali ndi vicarious ndi omwe amapatsidwa ntchito zofananira, koma aliyense amawachita mu "banja" lake. Komanso, magwero ambiri amatsindika ndi trophic dongosolo (trophic biocenosis) kutengera unyolo wazakudya.
Dongosolo lonse la biocenosis limapotozedwa chifukwa chakuti mphamvu (zinthu zakuthupi) imazungulira mmenemo, imadutsa kuchokera kwa wina ndi mnzake. Zimachitika mophweka - mwa kudya nyama zina kapena zomera zosadya nyama zolusa. Njirayi imatchedwa chingwe cha trophic (kapena chakudya).
Monga tanenera kale m'nkhaniyi, zonsezi zimayamba ndi mphamvu yakumwamba, yomwe mitundu yonse yazitsamba, udzu, mitengo imasinthidwa kukhala "mtengo" wopezeka wamba. Pazonse, kulipiritsa komweku kumadutsa maulalo pafupifupi 4. Ndipo ndi gawo lililonse latsopano amataya mphamvu.
Kupatula apo, cholengedwa chomwe chidalandira chimagwiritsa ntchito izi pantchito yofunikira, kugaya chakudya, kuyenda, ndi zina zambiri. Chifukwa chake wogwiritsa ntchito unyolo amalandila mankhwala ochepa.
Anthu omwe amadyetsa malingana ndi chiwembu chomwecho, ndipo ali olumikizana omwewo munyolo yotere, amakhalanso chimodzimodzi msinkhu wa trophic... mphamvu ya dzuwa idzawafika, itadutsa masitepe omwewo.
Chithunzi cha unyolo wazakudya Kodi ichi ndi:
- Autotrophs (greenery, zomera). Ndiwo oyamba kulandira "chakudya cha dzuwa".
- Phytophages (nyama zomwe zimadya zakudya)
- Onse omwe saopa kudya nyama ya wina. Izi zimaphatikizaponso ziweto zomwe zimadyetsa ziweto.
- Zowononga zazikulu, zimawononga "anzawo" ocheperako komanso ofooka.
Ndipo momveka bwino, ndiye: phytoplankton-crustaceans-whale. Palinso anthu otere omwe samanyoza udzu, osati nyama, ndiye kuti amalowa m'magulu awiri a trophic nthawi imodzi. Udindo wawo pamenepo udalira kuchuluka kwa chakudya chamtundu wina chosakanikirana.
Kodi chimachitika ndi chiyani mutatulutsa chingwe chimodzi? Tiyeni tifufuze pamutuwu pogwiritsa ntchito chitsanzo cha nkhalango biocenosis (zilibe kanthu ngati ndi nkhalango wamba ya paini, kapena nkhalango yodzaza ndi mipesa). Pafupifupi chomera chilichonse chimafunikira wonyamula, i.e. tizilombo, kapena mbalame, ameneyo adzakhala mthenga wa mungu wake.
Ma vekitalawa, nawonso, sangathe kugwira bwino ntchito popanda mungu. Izi zikutanthauza kuti pamene mtundu, mwachitsanzo, shrub, wayamba kufa mwadzidzidzi, mnzake amene amamuyendetsa adzafulumira kuchoka m'deralo.
Nyama zomwe zimadya masamba amtchire sizikhala ndi chakudya. Atha kufa kapena kusintha malo awo okhala. Zomwezi zimawopsezanso zilombo zomwe zimadya zodyetsazi. Kotero biocenosis idzangowonongeka.
Madera atha kukhala okhazikika, koma osakhala kwamuyaya. chifukwa kusintha kwa biocenosis Zitha kuchitika chifukwa cha kusintha kwa kutentha kozungulira, chinyezi, kukhathamira kwa nthaka. Tiyerekeze kuti chilimwe ndi chotentha kwambiri, ndiye kuti zomera zimatha kuuma, ndipo nyama sizingakhale ndi moyo wopanda madzi. Zidzachitika kusintha kwa biocenosis.
Nthawi zambiri munthu amadzipangira yekha ndalama, kuwononga mabungwe omwe akhazikitsidwa.
Njira zonsezi zimatchedwa kutsatizana... Nthawi zambiri, ndondomeko yosintha biocenosis kupita kwina imachitika bwino. Mwachitsanzo, nyanja ikasanduka dziwe laphompho. Ngati tilingalira mudzi wopangidwa mwaluso, ndiye kuti munda wolimidwa wopanda chisamaliro choyenera umadzala ndi namsongole.
Palinso milandu pamene gulu limapangidwa kuchokera pachiyambi, kuyambira pachiyambi. Izi zitha kuchitika pambuyo pamoto waukulu, chisanu chachikulu, kapena kuphulika kwa mapiri.
Biocenosis idzasintha kapangidwe kake mpaka ikadzakhala yoyenera kwa biotope yomwe yasankhidwa. Pali mitundu mulingo woyenera biocenoses kwa madera osiyana. Zimatenga nthawi yayitali kwambiri kuti apange dera labwino m'derali. Koma masoka osiyanasiyana samapereka mwayi kuti chilengedwe chikwaniritse izi.
Pali magawano ena amtundu wa chakudya m'mitundu:
- Malo odyetserako ziweto. Ichi ndi chithunzi chosonyeza kulumikizana mu biocenosis... Zonsezi zimayamba ndi zomera ndipo zimathera ndi zolusa. Nachi chitsanzo: ngati mutenga dambo wamba, ndiye kuti maluwawo amatenga kuwala kwa dzuwa, ndiye gulugufe amadyetsa timadzi tokoma timene timakhala tambiri tosusuka. Chimenecho, chimakumana ndi njoka, yomwe imasandulika nyama yodyedwa.
- Kuthamangitsa. Unyolo wotere umayamba ndi nyama zakufa kapena zinyalala. Nthawi zambiri pano tikukamba za magulu a benthic omwe amapangidwa mozama kwambiri m'madzi.
Ndi zopereka ndi kuwala kwa dzuwa, zonse sizophweka pamenepo, ndikosavuta kupeza mphamvu kuchokera pakuwonongeka kokhazikika kuchokera kumtunda wapamwamba wamadzi. Ndipo ngati mawonekedwe amtunduwu am'mbuyomu omwe akutenga nawo mbali amakula kukula ndi ulalo uliwonse, apa, monga lamulo, zonse ndizosiyana - zonse bowa, kapena bakiteriya, zonse.
Amasintha chakudya kukhala zinthu zosavuta kumva, pambuyo pake chimatha kugayidwa ndi mizu yazomera. Chifukwa chake bwalo latsopano limayamba.
Mitundu yolumikizirana ndi interspecies
Mogwirizana ndi biocenosis chomwecho akhoza kukhala osiyana kachulukidwe:
1. Kusalowerera ndale. Zamoyo ndi gawo limodzi, koma sizigwirizana. Tiyerekeze kuti akhoza kukhala agologolo ndi mphamba patali. Koma kulumikizana kotere kumatha kulembedwa m'mitundu yambiri ya biocenoses.
2. Amensalism. Uwu ndi mpikisano wovuta kale. Poterepa, anthu amtundu womwewo amatulutsa zinthu zomwe zingakhudze mdani wanu. Izi zitha kukhala ziphe, zidulo.
3. Kudyetsa. Pali kulumikizana kolimba apa. Anthu ena amakhala chakudya chamadzulo cha ena.
4. Parasitism. Pochita izi, munthu m'modzi amakhala ngati wina kwa wina wocheperako. "Wokhala nayeyu" onse amadyetsa komanso amakhala moyo mopweteketsa "womunyamulira". Kwa omalizirawa, nthawi zambiri izi sizimachitika, koma zimapweteka kwambiri. Komabe, sizingayambitse imfa mphindi iliyonse.
Pali mitundu ya majeremusi omwe amafunika wokhala nawo kwamuyaya. Ndipo pali ena omwe amapita kukathandizidwa ndi cholengedwa china pokhapokha ngati kuli kofunikira, mwachitsanzo, kusintha zinthu zachilengedwe, kapena kudyetsa (udzudzu, nkhupakupa).Tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tikhoza kukhazikika pamwamba pa thupi la wolandirayo ndi mkati mwake (bovine tapeworm).
5. Symbiosis. Mkhalidwe womwe aliyense amakhala wokondwa, i.e. mbali zonse zimapindula ndi kulumikizana. Kapena njira yotere ndiyotheka: chamoyo chimodzi chili chakuda, ndipo kulumikizana koteroko sikukhudza moyo wa wina. Ndi momwe zimakhalira kuti timawona pomwe nsombazi zimatsagana ndi mtundu winawake wa nsomba, pogwiritsa ntchito chitetezo cha chilombo.
Kuphatikiza apo, omasukirawa amadya chakudya chomwe chatsalira atadya chilombo cha m'nyanja. Momwemonso afisi amatola zotsalira za mikango. Njira ina yolumikizirana ndi kugawana.
Ngati titenga okhala m'madzi omwewo, ndiye kuti, nsomba zomwe zimakhala pakati pa minga ya zikopa zam'nyanja. Pamtunda, amakhala ofewa, amakhala m'makola a nyama zina.
Komanso zimachitika kuti anthu awiri sangakhale popanda wina ndi mnzake. Koma chifukwa chake sichachikondi. Mwachitsanzo, ngati tikulankhula za chiswe, ndikukhala ndi ma unicellular m'matumbo mwawo. Omwewa amakhala omasuka kumeneko, pali china choti adye, ndipo palibe chowopsa chilichonse.
Tizilombo toyambitsa matendawa sitingathe kugwiritsira ntchito mapulogalamu a m'mimba omwe amalowa m'mimba, zomwe ndizo zomwe amathandiza. Zikupezeka kuti palibe amene watsalira.
Udindo wa biocenosis
Choyamba, chiwembu chotere chokhala ndi zinthu zonse zamoyo chimapangitsa kuti zisinthe. Kupatula apo, zamoyo zimafunikira kusinthasintha zinthu zosintha mdera lawo, kapena kuyang'ana chatsopano.
Komanso udindo wa biocenosis chifukwa limasamalira kuchuluka kwa zolengedwa zachilengedwe, kuwunika kuchuluka kwake. Izi zimathandizidwa ndi kulumikizana kwa chakudya. Kupatula apo, ngati adani achilengedwe a cholengedwa chilichonse atha, nyama zakuthambo zimayamba kuchulukana mosalamulirika. Izi zitha kukhumudwitsa zomwe zikuyenda ndikubweretsa tsoka.
Zitsanzo za biocenosis
Mwachidule nkhaniyi, tiyeni tione zitsanzo za biocenoses. Tiyeni titenge nkhalango zamitundu yosiyanasiyana monga maziko. Inde, ndikumadera otere kumene kuli anthu ambiri, ndipo zotsalira zazomera zili pamwambapa.
Nkhalango ya Coniferous
Nkhalango ndi chiyani? Uku ndikudzala kwa zomera kudera linalake lolamulidwa ndi mitengo yayitali. Nthawi zambiri, malo okhala ma spruces, mapaini ndi zina zobiriwira nthawi zonse ndi madera akumapiri. Kuchuluka kwa mitengo m'nkhalango ngati imeneyi ndikokwera kwambiri. Ngati tikukamba za taiga, ndiye kuti sizingadzitamande ndi mitundu yambiri yamitengo yayikulu - yochepera 5. Ngati nyengo siyovuta kwambiri, ndiye kuti chiwerengerochi chitha kufikira 10.
Tiyeni tikambiranenso za taiga. Chifukwa chake, mitundu isanu ya ma conifers ndi awa: spruce, pine, fir, sitima. Chifukwa cha singano zawo zotulutsa utomoni, mitengoyo imapulumuka nyengo yozizira yaku Siberia. Kupatula apo, utomoniwu umakhala ngati chitetezo ku chisanu chowawa. Njira ina yoti "tiwotchere" ndi kukhala pafupi kwambiri momwe tingathere wina ndi mnzake. Ndipo kotero kuti mapaundi achisanu asaswe nthambi, amakula kutsika.
Kuchokera pachimake choyamba, ma conifers amayamba kuyambitsa photosynthesis, omwe anzawo olimba, opanda greenery, sangathe kuchita. Zinyama za m'nkhalango ya coniferous: kuchokera kwa agologolo agalu, hares, mbewa, nswala ndi akalulu, kuchokera ku mbalame ndi mpheta, ma hazel grouses. Palinso nyama zambiri zolusa: lynx, mink, nkhandwe, mphalapala, chimbalangondo, kadzidzi, khwangwala.
Nkhalango zowuma
Chifukwa chake kapangidwe kake kazomera ndi kotere: gawo loyamba - mitengo yayitali kwambiri: linden, kapena thundu. Gawo pansipa mungapeze apulo, elm, kapena mapulo. Komanso pali tchire la honeysuckle ndi viburnum. Ndipo udzu umamera pafupi ndi nthaka. Opangawo ndi mitengo yawo, tchire, zinyalala, udzu. Consumables - herbivores, mbalame, tizilombo. Ochepetsa - mabakiteriya, bowa, zopanda mafupa.
Malo osungira biocenosis
Ma Autotrophs (accumulator zomera) m'madzi ndi algae ndi udzu wakunyanja. Kusamutsa kwa dzuwa kuzinthu zina zamoyo kumayamba nawo. Zogwiritsa ntchito ndi nsomba, nyongolotsi, molluscs, tizilombo tosiyanasiyana. Mabakiteriya osiyanasiyana ndi kafadala amagwira ntchito ngati zowola, zomwe sizimadetsa nkhawa kudya nyama yakufa.
