Kangaude adafotokozedwa koyamba m'mabuku a Karl Linnaeus m'zaka za zana la 18. Tizilombo timeneti timadziwika ndi akazi omwe amatulutsa ndodo. Ndi thandizo lake, amadziteteza okha ndi ana awo kwa adani, kusinthasintha kwa kutentha, fumbi, chinyezi, mphepo yamphamvu. Nthata zimatha kuyendanso mtunda wautali chifukwa cha mphalapala ndi mphepo.
Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera
Chithunzi: Kangaude kangaude
Kangaude ndi wamtundu wa nyamakazi, gulu la arachnid, kalasi yaying'ono. Izi ndizochepa kwambiri (0.2-1mm) arthropods zomwe zimadya zomera. Makina awo ogonana amafotokozedwa bwino: akazi ndi akulu kwambiri kuposa amuna, amakhala ndi thupi lokwanira; Amuna ndi ofanana mofananamo ndipo ali ndi thupi lokulirapo.
Maonekedwe a akulu amadziwika ndi thupi lolimba. Thupi lawo, mosiyana ndi mphutsi ndi nymphs, limagawika pokhapokha, ndipo zotsalira zimangowonekera pokhazikitsa (Ahiti). Mitengoyi imakhala ndi magwiridwe antchito ndipo imakonzedwa m'mizere yopingasa. Zimasiyana mosiyanasiyana, kutengera komwe amapezeka (pa korona, kumbuyo, kumbuyo kwenikweni, pa sacrum, kumchira).
Kanema: Kangaude kangaude
Pali mitundu ingapo ya akangaude:
- wamba - amakhudza pafupifupi mitundu yonse ya zomera;
- wofiira - amadya mbewu zonse za nightshade, komanso zipatso;
- hawthorn - amakhala pamitengo yazipatso, zipatso zamwala ndi zipatso za pome (maula, chitumbuwa, zipatso zokoma, pichesi, blackthorn, mtengo wa apulo, peyala, hawthorn);
- Turkestan ndi tiziromboti tomwe timakhala tambiri tomwe timakhudza zomera za nyemba, zipatso zamiyala ndi mitengo yazipatso za pome;
- cyclamen - amangokhala m'zipinda kapena m'nyumba zosungira, simudzamupeza mumsewu; amakhazikika pa cyclamens, geraniums, chrysanthemums, gloxinia, basamu;
- gallic - imakonda kukhazikika pamasamba achichepere, m'kati mwa moyo wake imapanga ma warts achilendo (galls) pa iwo;
- muzu (bulbous) - amakhala mkati mwa mababu amaluwa, kudyetsa matupi awo;
- lonse - amakonda kukhazikika zipatso za citrus, cacti, ficuses, Saintpaulias, aucuba;
- zabodza - amakhala m'mabuku obiriwira, ochepa kwambiri (0.3 mm), sameta ukonde.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Asayansi apeza mitundu ingapo ya nthata za banja lapamwamba kwambiri, ndipo palibe amuna omwe apezeka pakati pawo.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Momwe kangaude amawonekera
Thupi lonse la kangaude limatsekedwa mu cuticle yopyapyala kapena yochulukirapo yokhala ndi mapanga, madontho kapena ma tubercles. Zophimba pachikuto cha denser cuticle zimatha kupanga mtundu wazishango. Mtundu wa nkhupakupa, kutengera mitundu yawo, imatha kukhala yopepuka, yobiriwira, yobiriwira, yofiira. Mosasamala kanthu za mtundu wa thupi, ziwalo zake zamkati nthawi zonse zimawonekera kudzera pachikuto chakunja cha tizilombo ngati malo akuda.
Akuluakulu a nkhupakupa ndi ma nymph ali ndi miyendo inayi ya miyendo yopyapyala, ndipo mphutsi zili ndi zitatu zokha. Kumapeto kwa miyendo yawo, ali ndi zida zovuta kupanga ngati zikhadabo. Ndi chithandizo chawo, nkhupakupa zimamatira ku zimayambira ndi masamba. Ziwalo zoberekera za nkhupakupa zazimayi zili pamimba, ndipo mwa amuna, kumbuyo kwa thupi. Zipangizo zam'kamwa mwa tizilombo timeneti ndi za mtundu woyamwa womwe umaboola ndipo zimasinthidwa kuti zipyole khungu la zomera mwachangu ndikungoyamwa madzi obisika.
Gland, yemwe amayang'anira kupanga intaneti, ali pamutu (mwa akazi ndi nymphs zokha) ndipo amapezeka mkati mwazigawo zazifupi (pedipalps), zomwe zakula limodzi pakusintha. Pa gawo lachiwiri kuchokera kumutu kwa thupi, nkhupakupa zili ndi maso anayi ofiira ofiira omwe amangoyang'ana kutalika kwa kutalika kwa mawonekedwe ofikira.
Tsopano mukudziwa zomwe mungachite kuti muthane ndi akangaude. Tiyeni tiwone komwe kachilombo kameneka kamapezeka.
Kodi kangaude amakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Kangaude ku Russia
Kangaude amapezeka kulikonse kupatula ku Antarctica. Kupatula apo, malire amalo awo sakhala ochepa ndi nyengo, koma ndi kutentha kwapachaka, komwe kumakhala kuphatikiza 4.5 ° C. Mitundu yoposa zana ya tizilomboti anafotokozedwa ku Russia kokha. Pakakhala kufalikira kwakanthawi kwakanthawi, nkhupakupa zimatha kusamukira kukasaka malo oti azidyera pamtunda wautali. Mwa izi nthawi zambiri amathandizidwa ndi mphepo. Tizilombo tating'onoting'ono timayenda m'mphepete mwa masamba ndikupanga mipira yamoyo yomwe imanyamulidwa ndi mphepo.
Kangaude amakhala ndi nyengo yotentha komanso youma. Nthawi yamvula komanso kuwonjezeka pang'ono kwa chinyezi, amalephera. Chowonadi ndichakuti dongosolo lazowonjezera la arthropods silimapereka kuchotsedwa kwa madzi owonjezera omwe amalowa mthupi lawo ndi chakudya. Chifukwa cha izi, amasiya kudyetsa ndikuchulukirachulukira, chifukwa chakutchedwa kusowa chakudya.
M'dzinja, kutalika kwa nthawi yamasana kumatsika mpaka maola 16, nthata zambiri zazing'onoting'ono zazimayi zimabowola nthaka ndikulowa m'malo apadera - kusintha nthawi. Pakadali pano, njira zawo zonse m'moyo zimachepa. Popeza samasuntha ndipo samadya kalikonse, amamwa mpweya wocheperako kasanu. Pakadali pano, thupi la nkhupakupa limatha kulimbana ndi kusintha kwadzidzidzi kutentha, chinyezi chowonjezera, komanso zovuta za mankhwala ophera tizilombo.
Kodi kangaude amadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Kangaude kambewu pa chomera
Menyu ya kangaude imakhala ndi kuyamwa kwamitundu yazomera zosiyanasiyana. Nthawi zambiri, amalimbana ndi mbewu zazing'ono, ngakhale ndizochepa zochepa (makamaka kumapeto kwa chirimwe kapena koyambirira kwa nthawi yophukira) samanyoza achikulire. Kunsonga kwa miyendo yawo, nkhupakupa zili ndi zikhadabo zapadera zosongoka zomwe zimapanga mabowo ambiri kumbuyo kwa masamba. Utsi wamaselo umatuluka m'mabowo, omwe tizilombo timayamwa ndi zoseweretsa zawo.
Zilonda zamatenda okhala ndi nthata zimakhala ndi enzyme yapadera yomwe imawononga ma chloroplast (maselo obiriwira) azomera ndikumeza pang'ono chakudya chawo. Nthawi zambiri, nyamazi zimadyetsa udzu ndi mitengo yosiyanasiyana, koma nthawi zina pamakhala zokonda za mitengo ya coniferous.
Mitundu ina ya akangaude ndi ma polyphages, ndiye kuti, amatha kudyetsa mitundu yambiri yazomera, ena - ma oligophages (mitundu yochepa yazomera, mwachitsanzo, m'banja limodzi - nightshade, nyemba, mavwende, geraniums, ndi zina zambiri); ena ndi monophage (khalani ndi mtundu umodzi wokha).
Makamaka omwe amatha kugwidwa ndi akangaude:
- thonje;
- mavwende ndi mabala;
- mitengo yazipatso;
- Zomera zokongoletsera zokongoletsera m'malo obiriwira, pamawindo azenera, kutchire.
Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Kangaude m'minda
Ngakhale kukula kwake kangaude kangaude, kangaude ndi tizirombo tangozi tomwe timamera m'nkhalango ndi m'nkhalango. Mu kanthawi kochepa, sangathe kuwononga zokolola zapakhomo zokha, komanso nazale zazikulu zomwe zimagwira ntchito yolima maluwa. Nkhupakupa zazing'ono zili ndi miyendo itatu. Pambuyo ma molts awiri, amapeza gulu lina ndikukhala achikulire - achikulire. Amayi amakhala masiku pafupifupi 5 mpaka 40.
Kutentha kokwanira kwambiri pamoyo ndi chitukuko cha akangaude kumachokera ku 25-30 ° C. Pakadali pano, kukula kwawo kwathunthu (kuyambira dzira mpaka wamkulu) kumatenga masiku 7-8. Kutentha kukatsika, njira yakukula imatenga masiku 28-32. Kangaudeyo amakhala kumbuyo kwa masamba. Kumeneko amakumba timabowo ting'onoting'ono ndikumayamwa madziwo.
Masamba owonongeka motere amataya madzi, kufota komanso kuwuma. Ngakhale kutengeka pang'ono ndi tizirombazi kumakhudza kwambiri kukula kwa mbewu. Zowonadi zake, ndikakhala kuti nkhupakupa katenga nthawi yayitali, chomera cha photosynthesize chimachepa kwambiri. Popanda njira yofunikayi, zomera zimafooka ndipo zimatha kufa.
Ndikuchepa kwa masana mpaka maola 14, tizirombo tachikazi tokha timatha kukula. Chifukwa cha kusintha kwa ntchito, amatha kulekerera kutentha kutsika mpaka 28 ° C.
M'nyengo yamasika, kutentha kwa mpweya kukamakulira mpaka kuphatikiza 12-14 ° C, nkhupakupa zazimayi zimadzuka, zimakwawa kutuluka m'nthaka ndikukhala kumbuyo kwa masamba azomera, ndikuziluka ndi zingwe.
Apa amayikanso mazira, popeza m'nyengo yozizira adasiya kale umuna. Woyamba - kasupe ana a kangaude kukula pa tsekwe, nettle, plantain. Pakatikati mwa Julayi, nyamakazi zimasunthira pang'onopang'ono kuzomera zolimidwa.
Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Tizilombo ta kangaude
Kangaude amatulutsa pokhapokha ngati pali zabwino - kutentha kwa mpweya kumakhala kopitilira 25 ° C komanso chinyezi chochepa (osapitirira 40%). Ndikuchepa kwa kutentha komanso kuwonjezeka kwa chinyezi, nkhupakupa zimakonda (ngakhale sizinali choncho nthawi zonse) kugwera pakanthawi kochepa kapena kukhala olephera komanso olephera. M'madera otentha ndi malo obiriwira, kuberekana kwawo kumatha kuchitika mosalekeza chaka chonse.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Kwa miyezi 12, akangaude amatha kuswana maulendo 20.
Feteleza m'matenda a kangaude amapezeka osayika makapisozi ndi madzi amadzimadzi, koma polowera kumaliseche kwamwamuna ndikutsegula pamimba pa mkazi. Feteleza kawirikawiri imachitika popanda kutenga nawo mbali maselo amphongo amphongo (namwali).
Nkhuku yachikazi imayikidwa mazira m'magulu ang'onoang'ono (1-2-3 pcs.), Kuwayika ndi ziphuphu. Mazira a mite ndi ozungulira, owoneka bwino pansi ndi pamwamba ndi yosalala, yowala pamwamba pa beige wonyezimira. Dzira lirilonse liri ndi mchira woonda pamwamba. Mkazi amatha kuyikira mazira m'malo osiyanasiyana: pamizu ya zomera, pansi pa masamba omwe agwa, pansi, mkati mwa masamba achichepere, komanso pamakoma amiphika yamaluwa.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Pazovuta, mazira amatha kuzizira kwa zaka 3-5, kenako nkuyambiranso kukula.
Pambuyo masiku atatu, mphutsi zimaswa m'mazira, zomwe zimasandulika tsiku limodzi. Zimatenga masiku 3-4 kuti nymphs zisungunuke komanso magawo 1-2 amakulidwe. Pakatha sabata, ma nymphs amatha kusungunuka ndikukhala achikulire komanso okhwima pogonana.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Zatsimikiziridwa kuti m'mitundu yambiri, zazimayi zimaswa kuchokera m'mazira a umuna, kuchokera kwa omwe sanabadwe - amuna.
Kutalika kwa moyo wa kangaude kumadalira kutentha kozungulira. Mwachitsanzo, kuphatikiza 20 ° C, magawo awo onse amakulidwe akudutsa masiku 20, kuphatikiza 25 ° C - m'masiku 10-14, pa 30-33 ° C - m'masiku 5-8 okha. Kuphatikiza apo, kutalika kwa kangaude kumatha kukhala masiku 16-30.
Kutentha kwamasana kukatsika pansi kuphatikiza 18 ° C, nthata za kangaude zimadzifunira malo obisalapo pazokha ndikupita ku hibernation (kusintha nthawi).
Adani achilengedwe a nthata za kangaude
Chithunzi: Momwe kangaude amaonekera
Popeza kangaude ndi kachilombo koyambitsa matenda, kuyankhula za adani ake achilengedwe kumawoneka ngati kosayenera. Komabe, kachilomboka kali ndi adani ambiri achilengedwe. Mwachilengedwe, mdani wofunikira kwambiri wa kangaude ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda a Phytoseiulus persimilis, omwe ndi a banja lapadera la tiziromboti tating'onoting'ono ta Phytoseiidae.
Dziko lakwawo ndi lotentha, komwe adabweretsedwa kumayiko akumpoto kalekale (mu 1963). Imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pothana ndi tizilombo tosungunuka m'mitengo ikuluikulu yamafakitale ndi malo obiriwira. Mitezi yoluma imadetsa thupi la kangaude, ndikumadya wamoyo.
Komanso, nthata za kangaude zimadya mitundu ina iwiri ya nkhupakupa - Amblyseius ndi Metaseiulus occidentalis. Kumpoto kwa kumpoto, nyongolotsi zodziwika bwino za ladybug sizimadana ndi tizirombo tosaka. Osati kale kwambiri, zaka 10-15 zokha zapitazo, mabakiteriya apadera a nthaka Bacillus thuringiensis adapezeka omwe amatha kupha tizilombo tangaude.
Mumikhalidwe yachilengedwe, nthawi zambiri samafika pamlingo womwe ungakhudze nkhupakupa, koma m'malo a labotale, ndizofanana kwambiri. Pamaziko a spores wa bakiteriya, zopangidwa mwazinthu zachilengedwe masiku ano zimathandizira kuthana ndi tizilombo tating'onoting'ono pamlingo wokulirapo komanso wokulirapo.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chithunzi: Kangaude kangaude
Malo omwe amagawidwa ndi akangaude amakhala ndi gawo lalikulu kwambiri: makontinenti onse, kupatula Antarctica. Zonsezi, tizilombo timakhala m'chilengedwe kulikonse komwe kutentha sikutsika pansi kuphatikiza 4.5 ° C. Kuphatikiza apo, m'malo otetezedwa (nyumba zosungira, malo obiriwira, pamawindo), nkhupakayi imapezeka ku Arctic, ku Alaska komanso ku Far North.
Kangaude ndi kakang'ono kwambiri, pafupifupi microscopic arthropod arachnid. Ndi kachilombo koopsa, chifukwa "mndandanda" wake uli ndi mitundu yoposa 200 ya zomera zomwe zimalimidwa. Kuchokera ku zokolola za zipatso ndi mabulosi, zimatha kukhudza pafupifupi mitundu yonse yamiyala ndi yamapome, komanso nyemba ndi mavwende. Miteyi imakonda kwambiri thonje ndipo pachimake pakubereka (kutentha ndi chilala) imatha kuwononga minda yonse ya mahekitala mazana.
Kubereketsa nkhupakupa kumakhala amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, nthawi zina parthenogenetic. Amayi okhaokha omwe amakhala ndi umuna ndi omwe amalowa m'nyengo yozizira, yomwe imalowa mosavomerezeka, akulu onse, kuphatikiza amuna, amafa. Kukula kwa nyamakazi sikokwanira ndipo pansi pazabwino zimatenga nthawi yayifupi - mpaka masiku 8. M'madera osiyanasiyana, kangaude amatha kupereka kuchokera mibadwo eyiti mpaka makumi awiri mchaka chimodzi.
Chimodzi mwa tizirombo tangozi kwambiri pazomera zomwe timalima ndi kangaude... Ndi zazing'ono kwambiri, zimachulukitsa mwachangu ndipo munthawi yochepa zitha kuvulaza mbewu. Mwa tizirombo tonse pakupanga mbewu, nkhupakupa ndizowopsa komanso zovuta kuwongolera, chifukwa chake, njira zachilengedwe zodziletsa sizigwira ntchito ndipo nthawi zambiri zimakhala zofunikira kugwiritsa ntchito fungicides.
Tsiku lofalitsa: 17.10.2019
Tsiku losinthidwa: 08/30/2019 pa 22:08
