Anthu ambiri amakumbukira mzere wa nyimbo yotchuka kuchokera mufilimu yodziwika bwino "Amphibian Man": "Tsopano ndimakonda mdierekezi wam'nyanja ...". Koma kodi aliyense amadziwa chomwe cholengedwa chiri - mdierekezi wam'nyanja, kupatula chachikulu, kwenikweni? Komabe, chinyama choterocho chilipo, icho manta ray... Kukula kwa chilombochi kumafikira mamita 9 m'lifupi, ndipo chimalemera matani atatu.
Kunena zowona, mawonekedwe ake ndiabwino. Chodabwitsa kwambiri ndikuti amatanthauza nsomba. Kukhala olondola kwambiri - gulu la nsomba zamatenda, mkombero woboola pakati, banja lowala la chiombankhanga, mtundu wamatsenga. Ndikosavuta kufotokoza chifukwa chake amatchedwa "manta". Zachidziwikire, kuchokera ku liwu lachilatini "mantium", lomwe limatanthauza "chovala, chophimba." Zowonadi, nyama yachilendo iyi imawoneka ngati bulangeti lalikulu "likulendewera" pamadzi.
Kufotokozera ndi mawonekedwe
Ngati mukusuntha, ndipo muwona stingray ikukwera kuchokera pansi pa nyanja, zikuwoneka ngati kite wamkulu ngati diamondi. Zipsepse zake zam'mimba, limodzi ndi mutu, zimapanga mtundu wa ndege yomwe yatchulidwa pamwambapa, yomwe ndi yayitali kuposa kawiri m'lifupi kuposa kutalika kwake.
Manta ray kukula kwake amatsimikizika ndi kutalika kwa "mapiko", ndiye kuti, ndi mtunda kuchokera kunsonga za zipsepse pakati pawo, komanso unyinji wa nyama. Ngwazi wathu imatengedwa chimphona nyanja, iye ndi stingray waukulu kwambiri kudziwika.
Mazira a Manta ndi mitundu yayikulu kwambiri ya cheza, kulemera kwake kumatha kufikira matani awiri
Ambiri ndi anthu otchedwa sing'anga-kakulidwe, imene zipsepse kufika 4.5 m, ndi misa - za 1.5-2 matani. Koma palinso mitundu yayikulu kwambiri, ili ndi mtunda pakati pa malekezero a zipsepse ndipo thupi lawo limakula kuposa kawiri.
Gawo lamutu la zipsepse za pectoral limawoneka ngati ziwalo zoyimira za thupi. M'malo mwake, ngati zipsepse zosiyana. Amapezeka molunjika pakamwa pa nyama, ndipo amawoneka ngati mbale zazitali zotalika, kutalika kwake ndikokulirapo kawiri m'mbali mwake. Nthawi zambiri mantasi amawazungulira mozungulira, ndikupanga mtundu wa "nyanga".
Mwinanso, ndi omwe adalimbikitsa lingaliro lotcha cholengedwa ichi "mdierekezi." Komabe, palibe cholakwika ndi zipsepse za mutu. Ali ndi ntchito inayake - kudyetsa chakudya pakamwa. Amakankhira madziwo limodzi ndi plankton kupita pakamwa. Pakamwa pamawala a manta ndikotakata kwambiri, pafupifupi mita imodzi m'mimba mwake, yomwe ili kutsogolo kwa mutu, osati pansipa.
Ma stingray, monga mitundu yambiri yazinyama zakuya, akhala nawo squirt... Awa ndi malo otseguka m'maso. Tumikirani kuti muzitsuka komanso kusefa pang'ono kwamadzi operekedwa m'mitsempha. Pamenepo, mpweya wofunikanso "umachotsedwa" mmenemo. Ngati madzi amayamwa mkamwa, zodetsa zambiri zitha kulowa m'malo opumira.
M'mazira athu a manta, ma squidron awa amakhala limodzi ndi maso m'mbali mwa mutu, mosiyana ndi kuwala kwina. Awo ali nawo kumbuyo kwawo. Gill slits mu kuchuluka kwa awiriawiri asanu ali pansi pamutu. Nsagwada imodzi yokha yakumunsi ndiyo ili ndi mano.
Kutalika kwa mchira wa cholengedwa cham'nyanja pafupifupi pafupifupi kutalika kwa thupi. Ili ndi mphindikati ina yaying'ono kumapeto kwa mchira wake. Koma msana kumchira, monga ma stingray ena, kulibe manta cheza. Mitundu yakuthupi imakonda kupezeka m'madzi - gawo lakumtunda ndi lakuda, pafupifupi lakuda, m'munsi mwake ndi loyera ngati chipale chofewa mozungulira mozungulira.
Uku ndikudzibisa kwina, "mbali" ya "harlequin". Mumayang'ana kuchokera pamwambapa - imaphatikizana ndi gawo lamadzi akuda, mukayang'ana kuchokera pansi pamakhala kosawoneka bwino. Kumbuyo kwake kuli yoyera yoyera ngati mbedza yotembenukira kumutu. M'mimbamo ya mkamwa imawonetsedwa mumdima wakuda kapena wakuda.
Mwachilengedwe, pali zoyera kwathunthu (albino), komanso kwathunthu wakuda manta ray (woyimba nyimbo). Otsatirawa ali ndi mawanga oyera oyera okha pansi (wamkatimbali ya thupi. Pamalo onse awiri amthupi (amatchedwanso chimbale) pali ma tubercles ang'onoang'ono opangidwa ndi ma cones kapena mapiri otukuka.
Maye a Manta amawerengedwa kuti atsala pang'ono kutha
Mtundu wa mtundu uliwonse wa mawonekedwe ndiwosiyana kwambiri. choncho manta ray pachithunzipa - uku ndikudziwika, pasipoti ya nyama. Zithunzizo zimasungidwa kwanthawi yayitali pazosungidwa, zomwe zimakhala ndi nkhokwe ya zolengedwa zodabwitsa izi.
Mitundu
Mzukulu wa manta kunyezimira ndi nkhani yosavumbulutsidwa komanso yosokoneza. Stingray wathu amatchedwa Manta birostris ndipo ndiye woyambitsa mtundu uwu (kholo). Mpaka posachedwapa, amakhulupirira kuti ali yekha mwa njira yake (monotypic). Komabe, mu 2009 wachibale wapamtima wachiwiri adadziwika - stingray Manta alfredi. Anawerengedwa ngati osiyanasiyana pazifukwa izi:
- Choyambirira, kutengera mtundu wakumtunda kwa disc, mawanga omwe ali pathupi amakhala mosiyana ndipo ali ndi mawonekedwe osiyana;
- Ndege yakumunsi komanso malo ozungulira pakamwa amakhalanso amitundu yosiyanasiyana;
- Mano ali ndi mawonekedwe osiyana ndipo aima mosiyana;
- Kutha msinkhu kumawonetsedwa ndi matupi ena;
- Ndipo, potsiriza, kukula kwathunthu kwa chinyama - magawo a disc mu kholo ndi pafupifupi 1.5 nthawi zokulirapo.
Zimapezeka kuti pakati pa zimphona izi pali cheza chachikulu cha manta, koma pali ang'onoang'ono. Nthawi zina kuwala kwa manta kumasokonezeka ndi mobules.
Mobules, kapena mbawala zazing'ono, ndi za banja lofanana la Mobulinae lokhala ndi cheza cha manta. Kunja kofanana kwambiri, alinso ndi magulu awiri a miyendo yogwira ntchito. Mwanjira imeneyi, iwo, pamodzi ndi ziwanda zam'madzi, zimaimira zokhazokha zomwe zili ndi khalidweli.
Komabe, amakhalanso ndi zosiyana. Choyambirira, alibe zipsepse zam'mutu - "nyanga", pakamwa pake pamakhala pamunsi pamutu, palibe malo amdima padziko "m'mimba" la thupi. Kuphatikiza apo, mchira wolumikizana ndi kutalika kwa thupi ndiwotalikirapo m'mitundu yambiri kuposa kunyezimira kwakukulu. Pali munga kumapeto kwa mchira.
Stingray mobula "m'bale wamng'ono" manta
Ndikufuna kunena za wachibale wosowa kwambiri wa ngwazi yathu, osakhalitsa wokhala m'madzi - chimphona chamadzi. Amakhala m'mitsinje yotentha ku Thailand. Kwa zaka mamiliyoni ambiri, mawonekedwe ake asintha pang'ono. Wofiirira pamwamba ndi wotumbululuka pansipa, thupi limawoneka ngati mbale yayikulu mpaka 4.6 m kutalika mpaka 2 mita mulifupi.
Ili ndi mchira wonga chikwapu ndi maso ang'onoang'ono. Chifukwa cha mawonekedwe a mchira pamtengo, adalandira dzina lachiwiri stingray stingray. Amadzibisa yekha mumtsinje wa mtsinje ndikupuma kumeneko kudzera m'mitsinje yomwe ili kumtunda kwa thupi. Amadyetsa nkhanu, nkhono ndi nkhanu.
Ndiwowopsa, chifukwa ali ndi chida chakupha - zisonga ziwiri zakuthwa kumchira. Imodzi imagwira ngati nyele, mothandizidwa ndi yachiwiri imabaya poizoni wowopsa. Ngakhale samenya munthu popanda chifukwa. Wakale wakaleyu m'mitsinje yam'malo otentha samaphunziridwa pang'ono ndipo sadziwika.
Kujambula ndi stingray yayikulu yamadzi
Pomaliza, za nthumwi ina yosangalatsa ya ma stingray - otsetsereka magetsi... Nyamayi imatha kupanga magetsi a 8 mpaka 220 volts, yomwe imapha nyama zazikulu. Nthawi zambiri kutulutsa kumangodutsa mphindi, koma njira yolumikizirana imatulutsa kutulutsa konse kochuluka.
Ma stingray ambiri amakhala ndi ziwalo zamagetsi kumapeto kwa mchira wawo, koma mphamvu yazida izi ndiyamphamvu kwambiri. Ziwalo zamagetsi zimapezeka m'mbali mwa mutu wake, ndipo zimapangidwa ndi minofu yosinthidwa. Amakhala m'madzi otentha m'nyanja zonse.
Moyo ndi malo okhala
Wokonda kutentha manta ray amakhala m'madzi onse otentha a World Ocean. Amalima kukula kwake, ndikusambira mothandizidwa ndi zipsepse zazikuluzikulu, ngati "akuuluka pamapiko." Ali kunyanja, akuyenda molunjika, amakhala ndi liwiro losafanana la 10 km / h.
Pamphepete mwa nyanja, nthawi zambiri amasambira mozungulira, kapena "amangoyimilira" pamwamba pamadzi, kupumula ndikusangalala. Amatha kuwoneka m'magulu azinthu mpaka 30, koma palinso anthu osambira osiyana. Nthawi zambiri kuyenda kwawo kumatsagana ndi "kuperekeza" kwa nsomba zazing'ono, komanso mbalame ndi nyama zam'madzi.
Pamalo akulu azimba za stingray thupi, zamoyo zosiyanasiyana zam'madzi, monga ma copepods, zimawonongeka. Kuti muwachotse, ma mantana amasambira m'masukulu akulu a nsomba ndi nkhanu. Omwe amatsuka mwakhama ziphona. Njirazi nthawi zambiri zimachitika pakakhala mafunde ambiri. Mantas nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi malo amadzi m'madzi kapena pamwamba pa nyanja. Zamoyo zoterezi zimatchedwa nyanja.
Ndi olimba, amapanga maulendo ataliatali komanso ataliatali mpaka 1100 km. Amadumphira pansi mpaka 1 km. Miyezi ingapo yophukira ndipo nthawi yachilimwe amamatira kugombe, m'nyengo yozizira amapita kunyanja. Masana amakhala pamwamba, usiku amalowa m'mbali yamadzi. Ma stingray awa alibe otsutsana nawo achilengedwe chifukwa cha kukula kwawo kwakukulu. Ndi sharki zazikulu zokha zokha ndi anamgumi opha omwe amayesera kuzidya.
Panali nthano kuti ma manta ndi owopsa... Akuti, nyamazi "zimakumbatirana" mosiyanasiyana ndikuzikokera pansi panyanja. Kumeneko amamupondereza mpaka kufa ndikumudya. Koma iyi ndi nthano chabe. The stingray siziika pachiwopsezo chilichonse kwa anthu. Ndiwochezeka komanso amafuna kudziwa zambiri.
Vuto lokhalo lingabwere chifukwa chofalitsa zipsepse zake zazikulu. Kwa anthu, sicholinga cha usodzi wamalonda. Nthawi zambiri zimathera mu maukonde ngati zododometsa. Posachedwa, kuchuluka kwawo kwatsika kwambiri chifukwa cha "kuwundana" koteroko kwausodzi, komanso chifukwa cha kuwonongeka kwachilengedwe kwa nyanja.
Komanso, nsombazi zimakhala ndi nthawi yayitali yobereka. Nyama yawo imawerengedwa kuti ndi yokoma komanso yathanzi kwa anthu ambiri m'mphepete mwa nyanja, ndipo chiwindi chimadziwika kuti ndi chokoma. Kuphatikiza apo, osaka nyama moyenera amawapeza chifukwa cha ma still still, omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati mankhwala achi China.
Zonsezi zidapangitsa kuti malo ena okhala zolengedwa zakunja adanenedwa kuti ndi nkhokwe zam'madzi. M'maboma ambiri omwe amapezeka kumadera otentha komanso okhala ndi nyanja, kuletsedwa kusaka ndi kugulitsa nyama izi kwalengezedwa.
Zakudya zabwino
Momwe amadyera, amatha kutchedwa "zosefera" zazikulu. Ali ndi mbale zansalu zotuwa zapinki pakati pamiyala yamiyala, zomwe ndizosefera. Chakudya chawo chachikulu ndi zooplankton ndi mazira a nsomba. Nsomba zazing'ono zitha kukhalanso mu "capture". Amayenda maulendo ataliatali kukafunafuna malo amitengo yoyenera kupezako zakudya. Amapeza malowa mothandizidwa ndi kuwona ndi kununkhiza.
Mlungu uliwonse, kuwala kwa manta kumatha kudya chakudya chomwe chili pafupifupi 13% ya kulemera kwake. Ngati nsomba yathu ikulemera matani 2, ndiye kuti imatenga makilogalamu 260 a chakudya sabata iliyonse. Imazungulira chinthu chomwe wasankhacho, ndikuchiphatikiza pang'onopang'ono kukhala chotupa, kenako imathamanga ndikupanga kusambira komaliza ndikamwa kotseguka.
Pakadali pano, zipsepse zenizeni pamutu zimathandizira kwambiri. Nthawi yomweyo amatambasula kuchokera ku nyanga zazingwe kupita m'masamba ataliatali ndikuyamba "kubisalira" chakudya pakamwa pa wolandirayo. Nthawi zina amasaka ngati gulu lonse. Poterepa, pakupeza chakudya, ali ndi mphindi yabwino kwambiri.
Mazira a Manta amadya plankton ndipo amatha kudya makilogalamu 17 patsiku.
Gulu la ma stingray limalumikiza ndi unyolo, kenako nkutseka mozungulira ndikuyamba kuzungulira mozungulira carousel, ndikupanga "chamvula" chenicheni m'madzi. Nyuzi iyi imatulutsa plankton m'madzi ndikuisunga "ndende". Kenako ma stingray adayamba phwando, ndikumira chakudya mkati mwa fanilo.
Kubereka ndi kutalika kwa moyo
Kubereka kwawo kumakhala kosangalatsa kwambiri. Manta ray ndi ovoviviparous. Amuna amatha kubereka mwa kutambasula "mapiko" awo ndi mamita 4. Akazi panthawiyi amakhala ndi kutalika pang'ono, mpaka mamita 5. Msinkhu wa kuwala kwa manta pofika nthawi ya kutha msinkhu ndi pafupifupi zaka 5-6.
"Maukwati" amayamba mu Novembala ndikupitilira mpaka Epulo. Mphindi yosangalatsa ya chibwenzi. Poyambirira, "msungwanayo" amatsatiridwa ndi amuna, popeza amasangalala ndi ochita nawo ntchito nthawi imodzi. Nthawi zina chiwerengero chawo chimatha kufika khumi ndi awiri.
Pafupifupi mphindi 20-30, amayenda mozungulira pambuyo pake, ndikubwereza mayendedwe ake onse. Kenako womenyera wolimbikira kwambiri amamugwira, namugwira m'mphepete mwake ndikumutembenuza. Njira yopangira umuna imatenga masekondi 60-90. Koma nthawi zina wachiwiri amabwera, ndipo womupemphayo wachitatu amamutsatira, ndipo amatha kuchita mwambowu ndi mkazi yemweyo.
Ma stingray amakhala mozama ndipo ndi ovuta kuwawona ndikuwerenga.
Ntchito yobereka mazira imachitika mkati mwa thupi la mayi. Amamenyedwanso kumeneko. Poyamba, mwana wosabadwayo amadyetsa kuchokera mu zomwe zimapezeka mu yolk sac, kenako amapita kukadyetsa ndi odzola achifumu kuchokera kwa kholo. Ma fetus amakula m'mimba kwa miyezi 12.
Nthawi zambiri mwana mmodzi amabadwa, kawirikawiri kawiri. Kutalika kwa thupi la ana obadwa kumene ndi 110-130 cm, ndipo kulemera kwake ndi kwa 9 mpaka 12 kg. Kubadwa kumachitika m'madzi osaya. Amatulutsa m'madzi khanda lokulungika mu mpukutu, womwe umafalitsa zipsepse zake ndikutsatira amayi ake. Kenako ana amakulira kwa zaka zingapo pamalo omwewo, kudera lakuya la nyanja.
Mayi amakhala wokonzeka kupanga mwana wotsatira mchaka chimodzi kapena ziwiri, iyi ndi nthawi yochuluka yotenga kuti thupi libwezeretse thupi. Zaka za moyo za zimphona izi zimatha zaka 20.
Zosangalatsa
- Nthawi zina kuthawa kwamadzi kwa stingray wamkulu kumatha kukhala mpweya weniweni. Imakakwera pamwamba pa nyanja, ndikupanga china chake ngati kulumpha mpaka kutalika kwa mita 1.5 Sizikudziwika chifukwa chake izi zikuchitika, koma chiwonetserochi ndi chowoneka bwino kwambiri. Pali malingaliro angapo: umu ndi momwe amayesera kuchotsa tiziromboti m'thupi lake, kapena kusinthana chizindikiro ndi anthu ena, kapena kudabwitsa nsomba pomenya thupi lamphamvu pamadzi. Pakadali pano, sikofunikira kukhala pafupi naye, amatha kutembenuza bwatolo.
- Ngati kuwala kwa manta kukufuna, imatha kukumbatirana ndi whale shark, nsomba yayikulu kwambiri padziko lapansi, ndi zipsepse zake. Kukula ndi zipsepse zotere, zimawerengedwa kuti ndi stingray yayikulu kwambiri munyanja.
- Osiyanasiyana omwe amakhala nthawi yayitali munyanja ya Indian adalankhula zakomwe adakumana ndi zokometsera. Mbalame yamphongo yayikulu idasambira, idachita chidwi ndi thovu lamadzi lochokera pazida zosambira, ndikuyesera kukweza pamwamba. Mwina adafuna kupulumutsa "kumira"? Ndipo adakhudzanso munthuyo ndi "mapiko" ake, ngati kuti akumupempha kuti aphule thupi lake poyankha. Mwinamwake iye ankakonda kukondweretsedwa.
- Mazira a Manta ali ndi ubongo waukulu kwambiri kuposa nsomba zilizonse zomwe zimadziwika masiku ano. Ndizotheka kuti ndi nsomba "zopambana kwambiri" padziko lapansi.
- Padziko lapansi, ndi ma aquariums asanu okha omwe amatha kudzitama ndi kupezeka kwa kunyezimira kwa manta ngati gawo la ziweto zam'madzi. Ndi chachikulu kwambiri moti chimatenga malo ambiri kuti chikhalemo. M'modzi mwamabungwewa omwe akugwira ntchito ku Japan, nkhani yokhudza kubadwa kwa stingray yaying'ono mu ukapolo idalembedwa.
- Pakatikati mwa Meyi 2019, manta ray yayikulu idatembenukira kwa anthu kuti athandizidwe pagombe la Australia. Osiyanasiyana adawona stingray yayikulu, yomwe imakopa chidwi chawo, ndikusambira mozungulira iwo. Pomaliza, mmodzi mwa osambirawo anawona mbedza itakakamira mthupi la nyama. Anthu amayenera kudumphira m'madzi maulendo angapo, nthawi yonseyi kholalo lidali likuwayembekezera modekha kuti atulutse mbedza. Pomaliza zonse zidatha mosangalala, ndipo nyama yoyamayo idadzilola kuti isisitidwe pamimba. Kanema yemwe anali naye adatumizidwa pa intaneti, ngwaziyo idatchedwa Freckle.
