Zimphona nkhanu ya kangaude Ndi mitundu yayikulu kwambiri yodziwika ndipo imatha kukhala zaka 100. Dzina lachijapani la mtunduwo ndi taka-ashi-gani, lomwe limatanthauzira kuti "nkhanu yamiyendo yayikulu." Chigoba chake chaphompho chimaphatikizana ndi nyanja yamiyala. Pofuna kulimbikitsa chinyengo, nkhanu ya kangaude imakongoletsa chigoba chake ndi masiponji ndi nyama zina. Ngakhale zolengedwa izi zimawopseza ambiri ndi mawonekedwe awo a arachnid, akadali chodabwitsa chodabwitsa komanso chosangalatsa chobisika munyanja yakuya.
Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera
Chithunzi: Kangaude wa nkhanu
Nkhanu ya ku Japan (タ カ ア シ ガ kapena "nkhanu ya leggy"), kapena Macrocheira kaempferi, ndi mtundu wina wa nkhanu zam'madzi zomwe zimakhala m'madzi ozungulira Japan. Ili ndi miyendo yayitali kwambiri ya nyamakazi iliyonse. Ndi usodzi ndipo zimawoneka ngati zokoma. Anapeza mitundu iwiri yazakale zakale zamtundu umodzi, ginzanensis ndi yabei, zonse mu nthawi ya Miocene ku Japan.
Kanema: Nkhanu ya Kangaude
Panali kutsutsana kwakukulu pakagawidwe ka mitunduyo kutengera mphutsi ndi akulu. Asayansi ena amachirikiza lingaliro la banja losiyana pazinthu zamtunduwu ndipo amakhulupirira kuti kafukufuku wina amafunika. Masiku ano mtunduwo ndi yekhayo amene amadziwika kuti ndi Macrocheira, ndipo amadziwika kuti ndi imodzi mwazinthu zoyambirira zomwe Majidae adachita. Pachifukwa ichi, nthawi zambiri amatchedwa zakale zakufa.
Kuphatikiza pa mtundu umodzi womwe ulipo, zotsalira zakale zimadziwika kuti kale zinali za mtundu wa Macrocheira:
- Macrocheira sp. - Pliocene Takanabe Mapangidwe, Japan;
- M. ginzanensis - Miocene mawonekedwe a ginzan, Japan;
- M. Yabei - Yonekawa Miocene Formation, Japan;
- M. teglandi - Oligocene, kum'mawa kwa Twin River, Washington, USA.
Nkhanu ya kangaude idafotokozedwa koyamba mu 1836 ndi Cohenraad Jacob Temminck dzina lake Maja kaempferi, kutengera zida za Philip von Siebold zomwe adazisonkhanitsa pafupi ndi chisumbu chopanga cha Dejima. Epithet yapaderayi idakumbukiridwa ndi Engelbert Kaempfer, katswiri wazachilengedwe wochokera ku Germany yemwe amakhala ku Japan kuyambira 1690 mpaka 1692. Mu 1839, mitunduyi idayikidwa mu subgenus yatsopano, Macrocheira.
Subgenus uyu adakwezedwa pamtundu wa genus mu 1886 ndi Edward J. Myers. Nkhanu ya kangaude (M. kaempferi) idagwera m'banja la Inachidae, koma siyokwanira mgululi, ndipo kungakhale kofunikira kupanga banja latsopano lokha la mtundu wa Macrocheira.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Kangaude wa nkhanu zanyama
Nkhanu yayikulu kwambiri ku Japan, ngakhale siyomwe imalemera kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi m'madzi, ndiye nyamakazi yayikulu kwambiri yodziwika bwino. Carapace yowerengeka bwino imangokhala pafupifupi masentimita 40, koma kutalika konse kwa achikulire kumatha kukhala pafupifupi mita 5 kuchokera kunsonga imodzi yamakhola (zikhadabo ndi zikhadabo) kupita kumzake akatambasula. Chipolopolocho chimakhala chozungulira, ndipo pafupi ndi mutu chake chimakhala chowoneka ngati peyala. Nkhanu yonse imalemera mpaka 19 kg - yachiwiri kupatula nkhanu yaku America pakati pa nyamakazi zonse zamoyo.
Akazi ali ndi mimba yotakata koma yocheperako kuposa yamphongo. Zotupira ndi ziphuphu zazifupi (zokula) zimaphimba carapace, yomwe imakhala yakuda lalanje mpaka yofiirira. Alibe mitundu yodabwitsa ndipo sangasinthe mtundu. Kupitilira kwa carapace pamutu kuli mitsempha iwiri yopyapyala yomwe imayenda pakati pa maso.
Carapace imakonda kukhalabe yofanana kufikira munthu wamkulu, koma zikhadabo zimatalikitsa kwambiri ngati nkhanu. Nkhanu za kangaude zimadziwika chifukwa chokhala ndi miyendo yayitali, yopyapyala. Monga carapace, imakhalanso ndi lalanje, koma imatha kuyenda: ndi mawanga a lalanje ndi oyera. Zikwangwani zoyenda zimathera ndi ziwalo zokhotakhota zosunthira kumapeto kwa bwalolo. Amathandiza nyamayo kukwera ndi kumamatira pamiyala, koma musalole kuti nyamayo inyamule kapena kugwira zinthu.
Mwa amuna akulu, ma heliped ndi otalikirapo kuposa miyendo yonse yoyenda, pomwe dzanja lamanja ndi lamanzere lokhala ndi zolembera za ma helipeds ndizofanana. Kumbali inayi, azimayi ali ndi ma helpeti ofupikira kuposa ziwalo zina zoyenda. Merus (mwendo wapamwamba) ndiwotalikirapo pang'ono kuposa kanjedza (mwendo womwe uli ndi gawo lokhazikika la claw), koma ndiwofanana mofanana.
Ngakhale miyendo yayitali nthawi zambiri imakhala yofooka. Kafukufuku wina adawonetsa kuti pafupifupi magawo atatu mwa anayi a nkhanuzi akusowa pafupifupi chiwalo chimodzi, nthawi zambiri amakhala mwendo woyamba kuyenda. Izi ndichifukwa choti miyendo ndi yayitali komanso yolumikizana bwino ndi thupi ndipo imakonda kutuluka chifukwa cha nyama zolusa komanso maukonde. Nkhanu za kangaude zimatha kukhala ndi moyo ngati pali miyendo itatu yoyenda. Miyendo yoyenda imatha kubwereranso nthawi zonse.
Kodi nkhanu ya kangaude imakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Nkhanu ya kangaude ku Japan
Malo okhala chimphona cha Japan chimagwira malire ku Pacific pazilumba zaku Japan za Honshu kuchokera ku Tokyo Bay kupita ku Kagoshima Prefecture, nthawi zambiri pamadambo pakati pa 30 ndi 40 madigiri kumpoto. Nthawi zambiri zimapezeka pagombe la Sagami, Suruga ndi Tosa, komanso pagombe la chilumba cha Kii.
Nkhanu inapezeka kumwera kwenikweni monga Su-ao kum'mawa kwa Taiwan. Izi ndizotheka mwangozi. N'kutheka kuti msodzi wopha nsomba kapena nyengo yoipa kwambiri inathandiza anthu awa kupita kutali kwambiri kumwera kuposa kwawo.
Nkhanu zaku Japan nthawi zambiri zimakhala pansi pamiyala yamiyala komanso yamiyala pansi pamakilomita 300. Amakonda kubisala m'maenje ndi maenje akuya kwambiri panyanja. Zokonda kutentha sizidziwika, koma nkhanu za akangaude zimawonedwa pafupipafupi pamtunda wa 300m ku Suruga Bay, komwe kutentha kwamadzi kumakhala pafupifupi 10 ° C.
Ndizosatheka kukumana ndi nkhanu ya kangaude chifukwa imangoyenda mkatikati mwa nyanja. Malingana ndi kafukufuku m'madzi am'madzi, nkhanu za kangaude zimatha kupirira kutentha kwa 6-16 ° C, koma kutentha kwabwino kwa 10-13 ° C. Achinyamata amakonda kukhala m'malo osaya kwambiri.
Kodi nkhanu ya kangaude imadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Kangaude wamkulu wa nkhanu
Macrocheira kaempferi ndi womangirira wonyezimira yemwe amadya zonse zamasamba ndi ziweto. Iye si chilombo cholusa. Mwambiri, nkhandwe zazikuluzikuluzi sizimakonda kusaka, koma zimakwawa ndikutolera zakufa ndi zowola m'mbali mwa nyanja. Ndi chikhalidwe chawo, zimawononga.
Zakudya za nkhanu za akangaude zimaphatikizapo:
- nsomba zazing'ono;
- zovunda;
- nkhanu zam'madzi;
- zamoyo zam'madzi zam'madzi;
- udzu wam'madzi;
- macroalgae;
- kusokoneza
Nthawi zina amadya ndere ndi nkhono zamoyo. Ngakhale kuti nkhanu zazikulu za kangaude zimayenda pang'onopang'ono, zimatha kugwira nyama zazing'ono zam'madzi zomwe zimatha kugwira mosavuta. Anthu ena amalanda zomera zowola ndi ndere kuchokera pansi panyanja, ndi zipolopolo zina zotseguka za molluscs.
M'masiku akale, oyendetsa sitima ankanena nkhani zochititsa mantha za momwe nkhanu ya kangaude imakokera woyendetsa pansi pamadzi ndikudya mozama munyanja. Izi zimawonedwa ngati zabodza, ngakhale zikuwoneka kuti m'modzi mwa nkhanuzi amatha kudya mtembo wa woyendetsa sitima yemwe adamira kale. Crustacean ndiyofewa mwachilengedwe ngakhale amawoneka owopsa.
Nkhanu imadziwika ndi achi Japan kwanthawi yayitali chifukwa cha kuwonongeka komwe imatha kuchita ndi zikhadabo zake zamphamvu. Nthawi zambiri imagwiridwira chakudya ndipo imawerengedwa kuti ndi chakudya chokoma m'malo ambiri ku Japan ndi madera ena padziko lapansi.
Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Kangaude wam'madzi wam'madzi
Nkhanu za akangaude ndi zolengedwa zotekeseka kwambiri zomwe zimakhala masiku awo ambiri kufunafuna chakudya. Amayendayenda m'madzi, akuyenda mwamphamvu pamiyala ndi ziphuphu. Koma chinyama ichi sichimadziwa kusambira konse. Nkhanu za akangaude zimagwiritsa ntchito zikhadabo zawo kung'amba zinthu ndi kuziphatika ku zipolopolo zawo. Akuluakulu akamakula, amakula kukula. Nkhanu za kangaude zimatulutsa zipolopolo zawo, ndipo zatsopano zimakula kwambiri ndi msinkhu.
Chimodzi mwa nkhanu zazikulu za akangaude omwe adagwidwa anali ndi zaka makumi anayi zokha, kotero palibe amene amadziwa kukula kwake atakwanitsa zaka 100!
Zochepa ndizodziwika pokhudzana ndi kulumikizana kwa nkhanu za kangaude wina ndi mnzake. Nthawi zambiri amatenga chakudya chokha, ndipo pamakhala kulumikizana pang'ono pakati pa amtundu uwu, ngakhale atakhala kwayokha komanso m'madzi am'madzi. Popeza nkhanu izi sizosaka mwakhama ndipo zilibe nyama zambiri zowononga, machitidwe awo osamva samakhala akuthwa ngati a ma decapod ena ambiri mdera lomweli. Ku Suruga Bay pakuya mamita 300, komwe kutentha kumakhala pafupifupi 10 ° C, ndi achikulire okha omwe amapezeka.
Mitundu ya nkhanu ku Japan ndi ya gulu lotchedwa nkhanu zokongoletsa. Nkhanuzi zimatchulidwa chifukwa zimasonkhanitsa zinthu zosiyanasiyana m'malo awo ndikuphimba zipolopolo zawo ngati chobisa kapena chitetezo.
Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Kangaude wofiira
Ali ndi zaka 10, nkhanu ya kangaude imayamba kukhwima. Malamulo aku Japan amaletsa asodzi kuti agwire M. kaempferi nthawi yamasamba koyambirira, kuyambira Januware mpaka Epulo, kuti asunge zachilengedwe ndikulola kuti zamoyozo ziswane. Nkhanu zazikuluzikulu zimakumana kamodzi pachaka, nyengo yake. Nthawi yobala, nkhanu zimathera nthawi yawo yambiri m'madzi osaya pafupifupi mamita 50. Mkazi amaikira mazira 1.5 miliyoni.
Pakakudya, zazikazi zimanyamula mazira kumbuyo kwawo ndi kunsi kwa thupi mpaka zitaswa. Mayi amagwiritsira ntchito miyendo yake yakumbuyo kutakasa madzi kuti atulutse mazira. Mazirawo ataswa, chibadwa cha makolo chimakhala kulibe, ndipo mphutsi zimasiyidwa kuti zitheke.
Nkhanu zachikazi zimaikira mazira m'mimba mwa ziwalo zawo m'mimba mpaka mphutsi zazing'ono za planktonic zitaswa. Kukula kwa mphutsi zam'madzi zimadalira kutentha ndipo zimatenga masiku 54 mpaka 72 pa 12-15 ° C. Pakati pa mphutsi, nkhanu zazing'ono sizifanana ndi makolo awo. Ndi zazing'ono komanso zowonekera, ndi thupi lokulungika, lopanda mwendo lomwe limayenda ngati plankton pamwamba panyanja.
Mtundu uwu umadutsa magawo angapo amakulidwe. Mkati mwa molt woyamba, mphutsi zimangoyenda pang'onopang'ono mpaka kunyanja. Kumeneku, anawo amathamangira mbali zosiyanasiyana mpaka atadina paminga pa chipolopolo chawo. Izi zimalola kuti ma cuticles asunthike mpaka atamasuka.
Kutentha kokwanira pakukula kwamatenda onse ndi 15-18 ° C, ndipo kutentha kumakhala 11-20 ° C. Gawo loyamba la mphutsi limatha kutsika pang'onopang'ono, kenako anthu omwe akukula amasamukira kumadzi akuya. Kutentha kwamtundu wamtunduwu ndikokwera kwambiri kuposa mitundu ina ya ma decapod m'derali.
Mu labotale, pakukula bwino, ndi 75% okha omwe amakhala ndi gawo loyamba. M'magawo onse akutukuka, ziweto zomwe zatsala zimatsikira pafupifupi 33%.
Adani achilengedwe a nkhanu ya kangaude
Chithunzi: Nkhanu Yaikulu Yaikulu ku Japan
Nkhanu ya kangaude wamkulu ndi yokwanira kukhala ndi nyama zochepa. Amakhala mozama, zomwe zimakhudzanso chitetezo. Achinyamata amayesa kukongoletsa zipolopolo zawo ndi masiponji, algae kapena zinthu zina zoyenera kubisala. Komabe, achikulire nthawi zambiri sagwiritsa ntchito njirayi chifukwa kukula kwake kumapangitsa adani ambiri kuti asawononge.
Ngakhale nkhanu za kangaude zimayenda pang'onopang'ono, zimagwiritsa ntchito zikhadabo zawo kuzilombo zazing'ono. Zida zankhondozi zimathandiza nyamayo kuti iteteze ku zilombo zazikuluzikulu. Koma ngakhale nkhanu za kangaude zili zazikulu, amafunikirabe kusamala nyama zolusa monga octopus. Chifukwa chake, amafunikiradi kubisa matupi awo akulu bwino. Amachita izi ndi masiponji, kelp ndi zinthu zina. Chigoba chawo chamadzi ndi chosagwirizana chimawoneka ngati thanthwe kapena gawo la pansi panyanja.
Asodzi aku Japan akupitiliza kugwira nkhanu za akangaude, ngakhale kuti kuchuluka kwawo kukucheperako. Asayansi akuopa kuti kuchuluka kwa anthu mwina kwatsika kwambiri pazaka 40 zapitazi. Nthawi zambiri nyama, ikakulirakulira, imakhala ndi moyo wautali. Tangoyang'anani njovu, yomwe imatha kukhala ndi moyo zaka zopitilira 70, ndi mbewa, yomwe imakhala pafupifupi zaka ziwiri. Ndipo popeza nkhanu ya kangaude imatha msinkhu mochedwa, pali mwayi kuti idzagwidwa isanafike.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chithunzi: Kangaude wa nkhanu ndi munthu
Macrocheira kaempferi ndi crustacean wofunikira kwambiri komanso wofunikira pachikhalidwe cha ku Japan. Nkhanuzi nthawi zambiri zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chithandizo munthawi yamisodzi ndipo amadya yaiwisi ndi yophika. Chifukwa chakuti miyendo ya nkhanu ya kangaude ndi yayitali kwambiri, ochita kafukufuku nthawi zambiri amagwiritsa ntchito ma tendon kuchokera kumiyendo ngati phunziro. M'madera ena ku Japan, ndichikhalidwe kutenga ndi kukongoletsa chipolopolo cha nyamayo.
Chifukwa cha nkhanu zochepa, akangaude amapezeka m'madzi. Nthawi zambiri samakumana ndi anthu, ndipo zikhadabo zawo zofooka sizowopsa. Palibe chidziwitso chokwanira pamtundu ndi kuchuluka kwa nkhanu ya kangaude ku Japan. Kugwidwa kwa mitundu iyi kwatsika kwambiri pazaka 40 zapitazi. Ofufuza ena akuti pali njira yodziwikiratu yomwe imaphatikizapo kudzaza nkhokwe ndi nkhanu zazing'ono zomwe zaweto.
Matani okwana 24.7 adasonkhanitsidwa mu 1976, koma matani 3.2 okha mu 1985. Nsombazi zakhazikika ku Suruga. Nkhanu zimagwidwa pogwiritsa ntchito maukonde ang'onoang'ono. Chiwerengero cha anthu chatsika chifukwa cha usodzi wopitilira muyeso, zomwe zimawakakamiza asodzi kusamutsa nsomba zawo kupita m'madzi ozama kuti apeze ndikudya zakudya zokoma. Kusonkhanitsa nkhanu sikuletsedwa nthawi yachisanu ikayamba kuswana m'madzi osaya. Kuyesayesa kambiri tsopano kukuchitika pofuna kuteteza mitundu iyi. Kukula kwapakati pa anthu omwe agwidwa ndi asodzi pakadali pano ndi 1-21 m.
Tsiku lofalitsa: 28.04.2019
Tsiku losinthidwa: 11.11.2019 pa 12:07
