Leopard (lat. Animal ndi mmodzi mwa oimira anayi ophunzira kwambiri a mtundu wa Pantherа kuchokera kubanja laling'ono la amphaka.
Kufotokozera kwa kambuku
Akambuku onse ndi amphaka akulu okwanira, komabe, ndiocheperako poyerekeza ndi akambuku ndi mikango.... Malinga ndi zomwe akatswiri apeza, nyalugwe wamphongo wokhwima nthawi zonse amakhala pafupifupi gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu amakulu kuposa wamkazi wamkulu.
Maonekedwe, kukula kwake
Akambuku amakhala ndi matupi otalikirana, aminyewa, opanikizika pambuyo pake, opepuka komanso owonda, osinthasintha. Mchira umaposa theka la kutalika kwa thupi lonse. Zingwe za Leopard ndi zazifupi, koma zopangidwa bwino komanso zamphamvu, zamphamvu kwambiri. Misomali ndiyopepuka, yopepuka, yopanikizika pambuyo pake komanso yokhota kumapeto. Mutu wa nyama ndi waung'ono, wozungulira mozungulira. Dera loyang'ana kutsogolo ndilokhazikika, ndipo mbali yakutsogolo yamutu imakulitsidwa pang'ono. Makutu ndi ang'onoang'ono kukula kwake, atazunguliridwa, ndi gulu lonse. Maso ndi ochepa kukula kwake, ndi mwana wokulirapo. Vibrissae amawoneka ngati tsitsi lotanuka lakuda, loyera ndi lakuda-ndi-loyera, osapitilira 11 cm.
Kukula kwa chinyama ndi kulemera kwake zimasiyanasiyana kwambiri ndipo zimadalira momwe dera limakhalira. Akambuku a nkhalango amakhala ocheperako komanso opepuka kuposa akambuku otseguka. Kutalika kwa thupi la munthu wamkulu wopanda mchira ndi 0.9-1.9 m, ndipo kutalika kwa mchira kumakhala mkati mwa mita 0.6-1.1. Kulemera kwa mkazi wamkulu ndi 32-65 kg, ndipo wamwamuna ndi 60-75 kg. Kutalika kwamwamuna pakufota ndi 50-78 masentimita, ndipo chachikazi - masentimita 45-48. Palibe zisonyezo zakugonana motere, chifukwa chake, kusiyana kwakugonana kumatha kuwonetsedwa kokha ndi kukula kwa munthuyo komanso kumasuka kwa chigaza.
Ubweya wokwanira bwino komanso wamfupi kwambiri wa nyama ndiwofanana mthupi lonse, ndipo sumakhala wokongola ngakhale m'nyengo yozizira. Chovalacho ndi chosalala, chakuda komanso chachifupi. Maonekedwe a ubweya wachilimwe ndi dzinja ndiosiyana pang'ono muma subspecies osiyanasiyana. Komabe, utoto wakumbuyo waubweya wachisanu ndiwopepuka komanso wofewa poyerekeza ndi mtundu wa chilimwe. Mtundu wa ubweya wamtundu wa subspecies wosiyanasiyana umatha kusiyanasiyana ndi udzu wotumbululuka komanso imvi mpaka kumayimba ofiira. Ma subspecies aku Central Asia amakhala amchenga wamtundu wa imvi, ndipo ma subspecies aku Far East ndi ofiira-achikaso. Akambuku aang'ono kwambiri ndi owala kwambiri.
Mtundu wa ubweya, womwe umasinthika malinga ndi malo komanso mawonekedwe ake, umasinthanso kutengera nyengo. Tiyenera kudziwa kuti mbali yakutsogolo ya nkhope ya kambuku ilibe mawanga, ndipo pamakhala timizindikiro tating'ono kuzungulira vibrissae. Pamasaya, pamphumi, pakati pa maso ndi makutu, mbali yakumtunda komanso mbali za khosi, pali mabala olimba, akuda pang'ono.
Pali mtundu wakuda kumbuyo kwamakutu. Mawanga amtundu ali kumbuyo ndi m'mbali mwa nyama, komanso pamwamba pamapewa ndi ntchafu. Miyendo ndi mimba ya nyalugwe zaphimbidwa ndi mawanga olimba, ndipo kumtunda ndi kumunsi kwa mchira kumakongoletsedwa ndi mphete yayikulu kapena mawanga olimba. Chikhalidwe ndi kuchuluka kwa mawonedwe ndizosiyana kwambiri ndikusiyana ndi nyama iliyonse yodya nyama.
Ingwe za Melanistic zomwe zimapezeka ku Southeast Asia nthawi zambiri zimatchedwa "ma panther akuda". Khungu la nyama yotereyi silimuda kwenikweni, koma ubweya wakuda ngatiwu umakhala ngati chinsinsi chobisalira nyama m'nkhalango zowirira. Jini yochulukirapo yomwe imayambitsa matenda a melanism imapezeka kwambiri mu akambuku a m'mapiri ndi m'nkhalango.
Ndizosangalatsa! Anthu omwe ali ndi utoto wakuda amatha kubadwa mumwana womwewo wokhala ndi ana omwe ali ndi mitundu yabwinobwino, koma ndi ma panther omwe, monga lamulo, amadziwika ndiukali komanso mawonekedwe amachitidwe.
Kudera la Malay Peninsula, kupezeka kwa mtundu wakuda ndi pafupifupi pafupifupi theka la akambuku onse. Kusakwanira kapena kusakhulupirika kwa melanism sikwachilendo ku akambuku, ndipo mawanga akuda pano amakhala otakata kwambiri, pafupifupi kulumikizana.
Khalidwe ndi moyo
Akambuku ndi zinyama zomwe zimakhala zobisika komanso zokhazokha.... Nyama zotere zimatha kukhazikika osati m'malo akutali, komanso kutali ndi komwe anthu amakhala. Amuna a kambuku amakhala okhaokha gawo lalikulu la miyoyo yawo, ndipo akazi amatsagana ndi ana awo kwa theka la moyo wawo. Kukula kwa gawo limodzi kumatha kukhala kosiyana kwambiri. Mkazi nthawi zambiri amakhala pamtunda wamakilomita 10-2902, ndipo gawo lamwamuna limatha kukhala 18-1140 km2... Nthawi zambiri, madera oyandikana ndi amuna kapena akazi okhaokha amapezeka.
Kuti asonyeze kupezeka kwake m'derali, nyamazi zodya nyama zogwiritsira ntchito zimagwiritsa ntchito zipsera zosiyanasiyana ngati kuchotsa makungwa pamitengo ndi "kukanda" padziko lapansi kapena pachipale chofewa. Ndi mkodzo kapena chimbudzi, nyalugwe amawonetsera malo opumulirako kapena malo ogona okhazikika. Nyama zambiri zomwe zimadya nyamazi zimakhala pansi kwambiri, ndipo zina, makamaka zazimuna kwambiri, nthawi zambiri zimangoyendayenda. Akambuku amasintha njira zawo nthawi zonse. M'malo amapiri, nyama zolusa zimayenda m'mphepete mwa mitsinje komanso m'mbali mwa mtsinjewo, ndipo zotchinga zamadzi zimagonjetsedwa ndi zomera zomwe zagwa.
Zofunika! Kukwanitsa kwake kambuku kukwera mitengo sikungothandiza chinyama kupeza chakudya, komanso kumachilola kupuma panthambi masiku otentha, komanso kubisala kuzilombo zazikuluzikulu.
Khola la kambuku nthawi zambiri limakhala m'malo otsetsereka, omwe amapatsa nyama yowonayo malo owonera bwino.... Pogona, zinyama zimagwiritsa ntchito mapanga, komanso mizu m'mitengo, miyala yamiyala ndi zopumira, m'malo mwamiyala yayikulu. Phazi lokhazika mtima pansi lopepuka komanso losangalatsa lingasinthidwe ndi phazi la chilombo, ndipo liwiro lalikulu mukamathamanga ndi 60 km / h. Akambuku amatha kuchita zodumpha zazikulu mpaka 6 mpaka 7 mita kutalika mpaka mita zitatu. Mwazina, nyama zolusa zoterezi ndizabwino kusambira, ndipo, ngati kuli kofunikira, zimatha kuthana ndi zopinga zamadzi zovuta.
Nyalugwe amakhala nthawi yayitali bwanji
Nthawi yayitali ya kambuku kuthengo imatha zaka khumi, ndipo ali mu ukapolo nthumwi zoyimira nyama zochokera ku banja la Feline zitha kukhala zaka makumi angapo.
Malo okhala, malo okhala
Pakadali pano, akuwerengedwa kuti ndi okhaokha pafupifupi mitundu isanu ndi inayi ya akambuku, omwe amasiyana mosiyanasiyana komanso malo okhala. Akambuku aku Africa (Panthera parardus rardus) amakhala ku Africa, komwe samangokhala m'nkhalango zamvula zokha, komanso m'mapiri, m'chipululu komanso m'zipululu zochokera ku Cape of Good Hope kupita ku Morocco. Zowononga zimapewa malo ouma ndi zipululu zazikulu, chifukwa chake sizimapezeka ku Sahara.
The subspecies Indian leopard (Panthera parardus fusca) amakhala ku Nepal ndi Bhutan, Bangladesh ndi Pakistan, kumwera kwa China ndi kumpoto kwa India. Amapezeka m'nkhalango zotentha komanso zopanda mitengo, kumpoto kwa nkhalango za coniferous. Akambuku a Ceylon (Panthera pardus kotiya) amangokhala pachilumba cha Sri Lanka, ndipo ma subspecies aku North Chinese (Panthera pardus jaronensis) amakhala kumpoto kwa China.
Malo omwe amagawidwa ku Far Eastern kapena Amur leopard (Pantherа pardus orientalis) akuyimiridwa ndi Russia, China ndi Korea Peninsula, ndipo anthu omwe ali pachiwopsezo cha Central Asia leopard (Pantherа pardus ciscaucasica) amapezeka ku Iran ndi Afghanistan, Turkmenistan ndi Azerbaijan, ku Abkhazia ndi Armenia, Georgia ndi Turkey, Pakistan, Pakistan. , komanso ku North Caucasus. Nyalugwe waku South Arabia (Pantherа pardus nimr) amakhala ku Arabia Peninsula.
Zakudya za kambuku
Oyimira onse amtundu wa Panther ndi Leopard ndi omwe amadya nyama, ndipo chakudya chawo chimaphatikizapo makamaka ungulates ngati antelopes, deer and roe deer. Nthawi yakusowa chakudya, nyama zodya nyama zimatha kusintha makoswe, mbalame, anyani ndi zokwawa. M'zaka zina, anyalugwe amenya ziweto ndi agalu.
Zofunika! Popanda kusokonezedwa ndi anthu, kambuku samakonda kuwukira anthu. Milandu yotere imalembedwa nthawi zambiri chilombo chovulala chikakumana ndi msaki yemwe akuyandikira mosazindikira.
Mimbulu ndi nkhandwe nthawi zambiri zimakonda kudya nyama zikuluzikulu, ndipo ngati kuli kotheka, akambuku samanyoza nyama zakufa ndipo amatha kuba nyama zina zolusa. Monga mitundu ina yamphaka yayikulu, akambuku amakonda kusaka okha, kudikirira nyama yomwe abisalira kapena kuzembera pa iyo.
Kubereka ndi ana
Kudera lakumwera komwe kumakhala, anyani amtundu wina wa kambuku amatha kubereka chaka chonse.... Ku Far East, akazi amayamba estrus mzaka khumi zapitazi komanso koyambirira kwachisanu.
Pamodzi ndi amphaka ena, nyengo yoswana ya nyalugwe imatsagana ndi kubangula kwamphongo kwamphongo komanso ndewu zingapo za anthu okhwima.
Ndizosangalatsa! Akambuku achichepere amakula ndikukula msanga kwambiri kuposa ana, motero amakula msinkhu ndi kukhwima pogonana ali ndi zaka pafupifupi zitatu, koma zazikazi zimakhwima msanga kuposa abambo akambuku.
Njira yoti mayi atenge mimba ya miyezi itatu imatha ndikubadwa kwa mwana m'modzi kapena awiri. Nthawi zina, ana atatu amabadwa. Ana obadwa kumene amakhala akhungu komanso alibe chitetezo chilichonse. Pokhala phanga, anyalugwe amagwiritsira ntchito ming'alu ndi mapanga, komanso maenje akukulira mokwanira, olinganizidwa pansi pa mizu yopindika ya mitengo.
Adani achilengedwe
Mimbulu, yomwe imakonda kucheza komanso kuti imadya nyama zambiri, imawopseza akambuku, makamaka m'malo omwe mulibe mitengo yokwanira. Pali zolimbana ndi zimbalangondo, mikango ndi akambuku, komanso afisi. Mdani wamkulu wa akambuku ndi munthu.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chiweto chonse chambiri cha akambuku chikuchepa, ndipo chiwopsezo chachikulu chakuwononga chilombocho ndikusintha kwa malo achilengedwe komanso kuchepa kwa chakudya. Subpecies a Javan leopard (Panthera rardus melas), omwe amakhala pachilumba cha Java (Indonesia), akuwonongedwa tsopano.
Mitundu yomwe ili pachiwopsezo lero ikuphatikizanso Ceylon leopard (Panthera rardus kotiya), subspecies East Siberian kapena Manchurian leopard (Panthera rardus orientalis), kambuku ka Near East (Panthera rardus cisauvidus naravansa) ndi South Pacific
