Mawu apakamwa kwa iwo alibe chilungamo. Kuyambira kalekale, anthu akhala akufalitsa mphekesera zoti chidolechi ndi cholengedwa choopsa komanso chowopsa, kuti kukhudza kwake kumadzaza ndi khunyu komanso, kufa. Pakadali pano, ndizovuta kupeza amphibian Padziko Lapansi omwe angabweretse madalitso owonekera kwa anthu monga mphonje yadothi.
Kufotokozera kwadothi lachitsulo
Chifukwa cha kufanana kwa chule, chinsalu chimasokonezeka nthawi zonse.... Kuphatikiza apo, m'zilankhulo za anthu ena, oimira mabanja awiriwa amasankhidwa ndi liwu limodzi, osapanga kusiyana kwamadikishonale.
Ndi zamanyazi, komabe! Kupatula apo, mphonje, ndiyonso tovu yeniyeni, ndi ya gulu la amphibiya, dongosolo la opanda zingwe, banja la zisoti ndipo ili ndi mitundu yoposa 500. Onsewa adagawika m'magulu 40, gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu aliwonse amapezeka m'dera la Europe.
Maonekedwe
Chikhochi chimakonzedwa momwe ziyenera kukhalira ndi amphibiya wopanda mchira - thupi lotayirira, lopanda mizere yoyera, mutu wosalala, maso otupa, nembanemba pakati pa zala, khungu lanthaka, losagwirizana, lonse lokutidwa ndi ma tubercles ndi njerewere. Osati cholengedwa chokongola kwambiri!
Mwina chifukwa cha izi, munthu wakale samakonda mwana? Komabe, si achule onse omwe ndi makanda. Atakula, amatha kukula mpaka masentimita 53 ndikulemera kilogalamu imodzi. Achule ali ndi miyendo yochepa yokwanira thupi lolemera chonchi. Pachifukwa ichi, achule sangadumphe ngati achule ndipo samasambira bwino.
Makhalidwe apadera a zidole zadothi ndi monga:
- kusowa kwa mano pachibwano chapamwamba;
- kupezeka kwa ma tubercles pa miyendo yamwamuna - "maukwati apabanja", mothandizidwa nawo omwe amakhala mthupi la mkazi nthawi yokwatirana;
- ma gland akulu otchedwa parotids.
Zofunika! Izi zimafunikira ndi mphonje kuti apange chimbudzi chomwe chimapangitsa khungu kusungunuka. Mu mitundu ina ya zisoti zapansi, chinsinsi ichi chimakhala ndi zinthu zakupha ngati chida choteteza. Kwa munthu, chinsinsi ichi sichikuwopseza moyo. Zitha kungoyambitsa kutentha. Chokhacho ndi mphaka umodzi wakupha padziko lapansi - eya.
Mwa genera 40 zadothi zadothi, mitundu isanu ndi umodzi imatha kupezeka ku Russia ndi mayiko akale a CIS. Onse ndi amtundu wa bufo.
- Chotupa chadothi, iye ndi mphamba wamba. Mitundu yayikulu kwambiri m'banja (7x12 cm) ndi imodzi mwazofala kwambiri. Ngakhale dzinalo, silimangokhala imvi yokha, komanso azitona, bulauni. Msana ndi wakuda kuposa pamimba. Kutalika kwake, tozi iyi ndi yocheperako kamodzi ndi theka kuposa m'lifupi. Ku Russia, mphika wadothi wakuda ungapezeke ku Far East ndi Central Asia. Amakonda malo opanda chinyezi, posankha nkhalango.
- Chikwawa chakum'mawa, M'malo mwake, imakonda malo onyowa - madambo osefukira, mitsinje yamadzi osefukira. Chikhalidwe cha mtundu uwu ndi utoto - mawanga owala akuda-bulauni kumbuyo kwake. Komanso, ku zoseweretsa zakum'mawa kwa Far, chachikazi nthawi zonse chimakhala chachikulu kuposa champhongo. Izi zitha kupezeka ku Far East, Sakhalin, Transbaikalia, Korea ndi China.
- Chofunda chobiriwira idatchedwa ndi mtundu wakumbuyo - mawanga obiriwira mdera la azitona. Kubisa kwachilengedwe koteroko kumamugwirira ntchito bwino, kumamupangitsa kukhala wosawoneka komwe amakonda kukhala - m'mapiri ndi m'mphepete mwa mitsinje. Chinsinsi cha tozi wobiriwirawo ndi poizoni kwa adani achilengedwe, siowopsa kwa anthu. Amapezeka m'dera la Volga, Asia, Europe ndi North Africa.
- Chisoti cha ku Caucasus amapikisana kukula ndi mphanda wamba. Ndi kutalika kwa 12.5 cm. Akuluakulu nthawi zambiri amakhala ofiira kapena otuwa mdima, koma "achichepere" ndi achikasu, omwe pambuyo pake amada. Chule wa ku Caucasus, monga dzina limatanthawuzira, amakhala ku Caucasus. Amakonda nkhalango ndi mapiri. Nthawi zina amapezeka m'mapanga onyowa komanso onyowa.
- Toad toad, iye ndi wonunkha. Chimawoneka ngati chinsalu chobiriwira. Chomwecho chachikulu - mpaka 8 cm kutalika, chimakondanso bango komanso malo onyowa. Mbali yapadera ya mitunduyi ndi yotulutsa pakhosi pakatikati mwa yamphongo, yomwe imagwiritsa ntchito nthawi yokwatirana. Mutha kumva ndi kuwona zoseweretsa izi ku Belarus, kumadzulo kwa Ukraine komanso kudera la Kaliningrad.
- Chidole cha ku Mongolia ili ndi thupi lalikulu, mpaka 9 cm, lokutidwa ndi njerewere ndi minga. Mtunduwo umatha kuyambira imvi mpaka beige komanso bulauni. Pazomwezi, mawanga amitundu yosiyanasiyana akudziwika. Kuphatikiza pa Mongolia, zitsambazi zakhala zikupezeka ku Siberia, Far East, Western Ukraine ndi ku Baltics.
Ndizosangalatsa! Chikho chachikulu kwambiri padziko lapansi ndi tozi ya Blumberg. Chiphona chili ndi thupi masentimita 25 mulibe vuto lililonse. Anthu ake okha amatha kupezeka kumadera otentha a ku Colombia ndi Ecuador, koma okhaokha, chifukwa mtundu uwu watsala pang'ono kutha.
Chikho chaching'ono kwambiri padziko lapansi ndi Kihansi Archer Toad, kukula kwa ndalama ya 5-ruble: 1.9 cm (yamwamuna) ndi 2.9 cm (ya mkazi) kutalika. Komanso chule wamkulu kwambiri, watsala pang'ono kutha. M'mbuyomu, imatha kupezeka ku Tanzania, kudera lochepa kwambiri pafupi ndi mathithi, m'chigawo cha Mtsinje wa Kihansi.
Moyo
Zidole zapadziko lapansi zimakhala moyo wopuma masana ndipo "amakhala otakataka" usiku... Pofika madzulo, amapita kukasaka. Amatuluka, osokonekera komanso osakhazikika, samalumpha ngati achule, koma "amayenda pang'onopang'ono." Pakadumpha kamodzi, amatha kukwiyitsidwa ndi ngozi. Koma pakadali pano, amakonda kugwedeza misana yawo, posonyeza chitetezo chokwanira kuchokera kwa mdani. Achule samachita izi.
Ngakhale anali ovuta komanso akuchedwa, zisoti zadothi ndizosaka bwino. Kususuka kwawo ndi mawonekedwe achilengedwe zimawathandiza kutaya lilime lawo ndi liwiro la mphezi, kugwira tizilombo pa ntchentche. Achule sangachite zimenezo. Pofika nyengo yozizira, achule amagwera makanema ojambula, atapeza kale malo obisika - pansi pa mizu ya mitengo, m'mabowo osiyidwa a makoswe ang'onoang'ono, pansi pa masamba omwe agwa. Achule amakhala okha. Amasonkhana m'magulu kungosiya ana, kenako "kumwazikana", kubwerera kumalo awo omwe amawakonda.
Kodi mphanda wautali amakhala nthawi yayitali bwanji
Nthawi yayitali yazamoyo zadothi ndi zaka 25-35. Pali zochitika pomwe ena mwa omwe amawaimira amakhala zaka 40.
Malo okhala, malo okhala
Pokhala, zitsamba zadothi zimasankha malo onyowa, koma osati pafupi ndi matupi amadzi. Amangofunika madzi kuti akokere mazira.
Zofunika! Chifukwa cha kusiyanasiyana kwa mitundu ya zachilengedwe, kupezeka kwa zisoti zadothi kumakhala ponseponse. Amphibiya awa amapezeka m'makontinenti onse. Chokhacho, pazifukwa zomveka, ndi Antarctica.
Nthawi yotsala, azisala amakonda malo osungira zonyowa, omwe amakumbidwa kumene, akadali chinyezi, mapiri, mapiri, udzu m'mitsinje, nkhalango zamvula. Koma! Pali mitundu yomwe imakhala m'mapiri ndi m'chipululu chouma.
Zakudya zadothi
Chakudya chachikulu pazakudya zadothi wamba ndi tizilombo... Amawonjezera mokondwera nkhono, nyongolotsi, mbozi, ziphuphu kwa iwo. Sichipewa mphutsi za tizilombo ndi akangaude. Wosusuka wosadya kwambiri ameneyu samasokonezedwa ndi mitundu yowala, yochenjeza ya tizilombo tina kapena mawonekedwe achilendo. Cholembachi ndichothandiza kwambiri komanso chothandiza kwambiri kwa anthu polimbana ndi tizirombo taulimi.
Mbewu yeniyeni mwadongosolo, mlonda usiku wokolola. Kwa tsiku limodzi, mphonje imodzi yadothi imadya mpaka 8 g ya tizilombo m'munda! Mitundu ikuluikulu ya zitsamba zadothi zimatha kudzipezera chakudya komanso buluzi, njoka, mbewa zazing'ono. Mitu imachita zinthu mosunthika pazinthu zosuntha, koma zimasiyanitsa mayendedwe mu ndege imodzi, monga kugwedezeka kwa udzu.
Adani achilengedwe
Chidebe chakazunguliridwa ndi adani ochokera mbali zonse. Zimbalangondo, adokowe, ibise amawasamalira kuchokera kumwamba komanso kutalika kwa miyendo yawo yayitali. Pansi, agwidwa ndi otter, minks, nkhandwe, nguluwe zakutchire, ma raccoon. Ndipo palibe chipulumutso kwa njoka. Osati nthumwi iliyonse ya amphibians iyi imapanga chinsinsi chakupha. Ndipo kubisa kokha kungapulumutse izi, makamaka, amphibiya wopanda chitetezo, komanso kubereka kwakukulu komwe kungateteze kuti zisawonongeke.
Kubereka ndi ana
Pamene masika amabwera, komanso kumadera otentha - nyengo yamvula, nyengo yoswana imayamba ndi zisoti zadothi... Ndipo amasonkhana m'magulu akulu mosungira madzi. Kukhalapo kwa madzi ndikofunikira kwambiri - zisoti zidzabala mmenemo. M'madzi, mphutsi zimaswa kuchokera m'mazira, zomwe zidzasanduke tadpoles. Tadpoles amakhala m'madzi kwa miyezi iwiri, akudya algae ang'onoang'ono ndi zomera, mpaka atasandulika timisoti tating'onoting'ono, kuti athe kukwawa kumtunda ndikubweranso posungira chaka chimodzi. Tovi caviar sikuwoneka ngati caviar wa chule.
Mwa iyo ili ngati mapangidwe a gelatinous, ndipo mu toads - mu zingwe za gelatinous, kutalika kwake komwe kumatha kufikira mamita 8. Chowombera chimodzi - zingwe ziwiri, kuphatikiza mazira 7,000 athunthu. Zingwezo ndizoluka, kuti zikhale zodalirika, pakati pa algae. Kuchuluka kwa kubadwa kwa tadpoles kumadalira mtundu wa zisoti komanso kutentha kwa madzi, ndipo kumatha kuyambira masiku 5 mpaka miyezi iwiri. Zitsamba zazimayi zimabwera padziwe kuti ziziswana pambuyo pa amuna, kutsatira kuyimba kwawo. Mkaziyo akafika kwa chachimuna, iye amakwera pamsana pake ndikuthira mazirawo mazira, amene amatulutsa panthawiyo. Mkazi akamaliza kubereka, amapita kumtunda.
Ndizosangalatsa! Pali mitundu ya zisoti zadothi momwe mwamuna amakhala ngati wantchito. Imakhala pansi ndikulondera matepi omanga pamiyendo yake, kudikirira kuti tadpoles atuluke.
Pali zitsamba za azamba. Amayikira mazira kumbuyo kwawo ndipo amawanyamula mpaka mphutsi ziwonekere. Ndipo ntchitoyi imaseweredwa ndi amuna! Ndipo pali tochi yodabwitsa kwambiri - viviparous. Amakhala ku Africa. Chimbalangondo ichi sichimaikira mazira, koma chimanyamula mkati mwake - miyezi 9! Ndipo chule chotere sichimabala ana, koma ndi zisoti zonse. Ndizodabwitsa kuti njirayi imachitika mu tozi kawiri kokha m'moyo wake, ndipo imabereka ana osaposa 25 nthawi imodzi. Kodi ndizodabwitsa kuti mtundu uwu watsala pang'ono kutha ndipo ukutetezedwa.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Pali mitundu ya achule yosowa yomwe ili pachiwopsezo - toviviparous African toad, theed toad, the Kihansi pang'ono. Onsewa adalembedwa mu Red Book. Zachisoni, koma nthawi zambiri munthu amaika dzanja lake pamfundo iyi, mopanda manyazi kuwononga chilengedwe cha amphibians... Chifukwa chake, Kihansi adatsala pang'ono kutha anthu atamanga dziwe pamtsinje pomwe amakhala. Damu lidadula madzi ndikulanda Kihansi malo awo achilengedwe. Masiku ano mitunduyi imapezeka kumalo osungira nyama okha.
