Koala - "samwa", ndi momwe dzina lanyama iyi limamasulidwira kuchokera ku chimodzi mwazilankhulo zakomweko ku Australia. Zinatenga zaka zambiri akatswiri asayansi asanazindikire kuti izi zimangokhalapo nthawi zina, komabe amamwa madzi.
Kufotokozera kwa koala
Woyambitsa wa zamoyozi anali msilikali wapamadzi Barralier, yemwe mu 1802 adapeza ndikutumiza zotsalira za koala mowa kwa kazembe wa New South Wales. Koala wamoyo adagwidwa pafupi ndi Sydney chaka chotsatira, ndipo miyezi ingapo pambuyo pake owerenga nyuzipepala ya Sydney adawona tsatanetsatane wake. Kuyambira 1808, koala amadziwika kuti ndi wachibale wapamtima wa wombat, kukhala m'gulu lomwelo la ma marsupial okhala naye awiri, koma kukhala yekhayo woyimira banja la koal.
Maonekedwe
Kuphatikiza koseketsa kwa mphuno yathyathyathya ya khungu, maso akhungu ochepa komanso omveka, makutu otakata ndi ubweya wotuluka m'mphepete mwake kumapangitsa chidwi.
Kunja, koala imafanana pang'ono ndi wombat, koma, mosiyana ndi yotsirizayi, imapatsidwa ubweya wosangalatsa, wandiweyani komanso wofewa mpaka 3 cm wamtali ndi mikono yayitali... Nyama zakumpoto ndizocheperako (akazi nthawi zina samafika makilogalamu 5), akumwera amakhala ochulukirapo katatu (amuna amalemera pafupifupi 14 kg).
Ndizosangalatsa! Ndi anthu ochepa okha omwe amadziwa kuti ma koala ndizinyama zosawerengeka (pamodzi ndi anyani), omwe nsonga zawo zimakopa ndimitundu yapapapadera, monga mwa anthu.
Mano a koala amasinthidwa kuti azidya zomera ndipo amafanana ndi mano a ma marsupial ena (kuphatikiza ma kangaroo ndi ma wombat). Ma incisors akuthwa, omwe nyama imadulapo masamba, ndikukukuta mano kumasiyanitsidwa ndi diastema.
Popeza kuti koala amadyetsa mitengo, chilengedwe chimamupatsa zikhadabo zazitali, zolimba pamiyendo yake yakutsogolo. Dzanja lililonse lili ndi zida ziwiri (zopatulidwa) za biphalangeal zotsutsana ndi zala zitatu (ndi ma phalanges atatu).
Miyendo yakumbuyo yakonzedwa mosiyana: phazi limakhala ndi chala chimodzi chachikulu (chopanda chikhomera) ndi zina zinayi zokhala ndi zikhadabo. Chifukwa cha zikoka zake zogwira, nyama imakakamira mwamphamvu pantambizo, kutseka manja ake loko: pamalo amenewa, koala amamatira mayi ake (kufikira atakhala odziyimira pawokha), ndipo itakhwima, imadya, imapachika pa khasu limodzi ndikugona.
Chovala chachikulucho ndi chaimvi, koma mimba nthawi zonse imawoneka yopepuka. Mchira umafanana ndi chimbalangondo: ndi wamfupi kwambiri kwakuti suthanso kuwonekera kwa akunja.
Khalidwe ndi moyo
Moyo wonse wa koala umachitikira munkhalango yolimba ya bulugamu: masana amagona, atakhala pa nthambi / foloko munthambi, ndipo usiku amakwera korona kufunafuna chakudya.
Azimayi amakhala okha, osasiya kawirikawiri malire a ziwembu zawo, zomwe nthawi zina (nthawi zambiri m'malo okhala ndi chakudya) zimagwirizana... Amuna samakhazikitsa malire, koma samasiyana paubwenzi mwina: akakumana (makamaka nthawi yamkuntho), amamenya nkhondo mpaka atavulala kwambiri.
Koala amatha kuzizira pamalo amodzi kwa maola 16-18 patsiku, osawerengera kugona. Dzanzi, amakhala pansi osayenda, akumata thunthu kapena nthambi ndi ziwongo zake. Masambawo atatha, koala imadumphira mosadukiza ndi mtengo wotsatira, kutsikira pansi pokhapokha ngati chandamale chili kutali kwambiri.
Ngati pangakhale zoopsa, koala yoletsedwa iwonetsa kuthamangira mwamphamvu, chifukwa chake imafika msanga pamtengo wapafupi ndikukwera. Ngati ndi kotheka, iwoloka choletsa madzi.
Ndizosangalatsa! Koala ndi chete, koma ikachita mantha kapena ikavulala, imalira mwamphamvu kwambiri, modabwitsa chifukwa cha kamangidwe kake kakang'ono. Pa kulira uku, monga adafufuza akatswiri a zinyama, zingwe zamawu (zowonjezera), zomwe zimakhala kuseri kwa kholingo, ndizomwe zimayambitsa.
M'zaka zaposachedwa, kontinenti ya Australia yamanga misewu yayikulu yodutsa m'nkhalango za eucalyptus, ndipo ma koala aulesi, owoloka msewu, nthawi zambiri amafera pansi pamawilo. Nzeru zochepa za koala zimakwaniritsidwa chifukwa chaubwenzi wawo wodabwitsa komanso kusadukiza kwawo: ali mu ukapolo, amalumikizana ndi anthu omwe amawasamalira.
Utali wamoyo
Kumtchire, koala amakhala ndi zaka pafupifupi 12-13, koma m'malo osungira nyama mosamala, zitsanzo zina zidapulumuka mpaka zaka 18-20.
Malo okhala, malo okhala
Monga chofala ku kontrakitala ya Australia, koala amapezeka kokha kuno osati kwina kulikonse. Mtundu wachilengedwe wa marsupial umaphatikizapo zigawo za m'mphepete mwa nyanja kum'mawa ndi kumwera kwa Australia. Kumayambiriro kwa zaka zapitazi, ma koala adabweretsedwa ku Western Australia (Yanchep Park), komanso kuzilumba zingapo (kuphatikiza Chilumba cha Magnitny ndi Chilumba cha Kangaroo) pafupi ndi Queensland. Tsopano chilumba cha Magnitny chimadziwika kuti ndiye kumpoto kwambiri kwamasiku ano.
Mu theka loyambirira la zaka zapitazi, opha nyama omwe amakhala m'chigawo cha South Australia adaphedwa ambiri. Ziweto zinayenera kubwezeretsedwa ndi ziweto zomwe zinatengedwa kuchokera ku Victoria.
Zofunika! Masiku ano, malo onsewa, omwe akuphatikizapo madera 30 a biogeographic, ali pafupifupi 1 miliyoni km². Malo okhala a koala ndi nkhalango zowirira za bulugamu, zomwe zili mumtolo wa chakudya chambiri ndi marsupials awa.
Zakudya za Koala
Nyamayo ilibe opikisana nawo pachakudya - kokha gologolo wam'madzi wam'madzi wam'madzi wam'mimba ndi azibale ake amiyendo yamiyendo ndi omwe amawonetsa zomwe amakonda. Mphukira zokoma ndi masamba a bulugamu (okhala ndi zinthu zambiri za phenolic / terpene) ndi zomwe koala amadya chakudya cham'mawa, chamasana ndi chamadzulo... Mulibe mapuloteni pang'ono m'zomera izi, ndipo prussic acid imapangidwanso mu mphukira zazing'ono (poyandikira nthawi yophukira).
Koma nyamazi, chifukwa cha fungo lawo labwino, zaphunzira kusankha mitundu yocheperako yamitengo ya bulugamu, yomwe nthawi zambiri imamera panthaka yachonde m'mbali mwa mitsinje. Masamba awo, monga anapezeka, ndi owopsa poyerekeza ndi a mitengo yomwe imamera m'malo osabereka. Akatswiri a sayansi ya zamoyo akuti mitundu 120 yokha mwa mitundu eyiti ya eucalyptus ndi yomwe imaphatikizidwamo chakudya cha marsupials.
Zofunika! Zakudya zopatsa mphamvu zochepa zimafanana ndi mphamvu yogwiritsira ntchito mphamvu ya nyama ya phlegmatic, chifukwa kagayidwe kake kakang'ono kwambiri poyerekeza ndi kameneka. Ponena za kuchuluka kwa kagayidwe kachakudya, koala amafananitsidwa ndi sloth ndi wombat.
Masana, nyama imatenga ndi kutafuna masamba a 0,5 mpaka 1.1, ndikuyika chisakanizocho mu thumba lake. Magawo am'mimba amasinthidwa kukhala chimbudzi cha ulusi wazomera: microflora yapadera yokhala ndi mabakiteriya omwe amawononga cellulose yosalala imathandizira kutsata kwawo.
Njira yopangira chakudya imapitilira mu cecum (mpaka 2.4 mita kutalika), kenako chiwindi chimatengedwa kukagwira ntchito, kuthana ndi poizoni yemwe amalowa m'magazi.
Nthawi ndi nthawi, ma koala amatengedwa kuti azidya nthaka - chifukwa chake amapangira kusowa kwa michere yamtengo wapatali. Marsupial awa amamwa pang'ono: madzi amawoneka muzakudya zawo pokhapokha akadwala, komanso munthawi ya chilala chotalika. Nthawi zonse, koala imakhala ndi mame okwanira omwe amakhala pamasamba, komanso chinyezi chomwe chili m'masamba a bulugamu.
Kubereka ndi ana
Koala sali achonde makamaka ndipo amayamba kuswana zaka ziwiri zilizonse. Munthawi imeneyi, yomwe imayamba kuyambira Okutobala mpaka Okutobala, azimuna amapaka mabere awo ku mitengo ikuluikulu (kusiya zilembo) ndikufuula mokweza, kuyitanitsa wokwatirana naye.
Amayi amasankha wopempha kuti amve kulira kopweteketsa mtima (komveka pa kilomita) ndi kukula (kukulira kwabwino). Ma koala amuna nthawi zonse amakhala osowa (ochepa aiwo amabadwa), choncho mmodzi wosankhidwa amadzipangira akwatibwi awiri kapena asanu pa nyengo.
Ndizosangalatsa! Amuna ali ndi mbolo yolekana, mkazi amakhala ndi nyini 2 ndi chiberekero chodziyimira pawokha: umu ndi momwe ziwalo zoberekera za ma marsupial onse zimakonzedwa. Kugonana kumachitika pamtengo, kumatenga pafupifupi masiku 30-35. Koala nthawi zambiri samabala mapasa, nthawi zambiri mwana wamaliseche ndi pinki amabadwa (mpaka 1.8 masentimita m'litali ndikulemera 5.5 g).
Mwana wamwamuna amamwa mkaka kwa miyezi isanu ndi umodzi ndipo amakhala mchikwama, ndipo kwa miyezi isanu ndi umodzi yotsatira akukwera mayi (kumbuyo kapena m'mimba), akugwira ubweya. Ali ndi zaka 30 zakubadwa, amayamba kudya chimbudzi cha amayi - phala lochokera m'masamba osakidwa theka. Amadya chakudyachi kwa mwezi umodzi.
Zinyama zazing'ono zimalandira ufulu wodziyimira pawokha pafupifupi chaka chimodzi, koma amuna nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi amayi awo mpaka zaka 2-3, pomwe akazi azaka chimodzi ndi theka amatuluka mnyumba kufunafuna ziwembu zawo. Chonde mwa akazi chimachitika pa zaka 2-3, mwa amuna azaka 3-4.
Adani achilengedwe
Mwachilengedwe, ma koala alibe adani.... Zotsatirazi zikuphatikizapo agalu achilengedwe a dingo ndi agalu oweta oweta. Koma zolusa izi zimangolimbana ndi nyama zoyenda pang'onopang'ono, kukana nyama zawo chifukwa cha fungo labwino la bulugamu.
Matenda monga cystitis, conjunctivitis, periostitis ya chigaza ndi sinusitis imawononga kwambiri ziweto. Mu koalas, kutupa kwa ma sinus (sinusitis) nthawi zambiri kumathera chibayo, makamaka nyengo yozizira. Amadziwika, mwachitsanzo, kuti epizootic of sinusitis yovuta, yomwe idachitika mu 1887-1889 ndi 1900-1903, idapangitsa kuchepa kwakukulu kwa kuchuluka kwa ma marsupials.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Ma Epizootic, amathandizidwanso kuti ndi omwe amachititsa kuti ma koala atheretu, koma asanafike anthu okhala ku Europe, omwe adayamba kuwombera nyama chifukwa cha ubweya wawo wokongola. Koalas adadalira anthu ndipo chifukwa chake adasanduka nyama yawo - mu 1924 mokha, alenje akumayiko akummawa adakonza zikopa zokongola za 2 miliyoni.
Kutsika kwakukulu kwa anthu kudapangitsa boma la Australia kuchitapo kanthu mwachangu: kusaka ma koala poyamba kunali kocheperako, ndipo kuyambira 1927 kwaletsedwa kotheratu. Pafupifupi zaka 20 pambuyo pake, ndipo pofika 1954 yokha, kuchuluka kwa marsupials kudayamba kuchira pang'onopang'ono.
Tsopano m'madera ena muli ma koala ochulukirapo - pafupifupi. Achuluka kwambiri ngati ma kangaroo kotero kuti amadya kwathunthu mitengo ya bulugamu pachilumbachi, ndikumachepetsa chakudya chawo. Koma pempholo loti awombere 2/3 la ziweto lidakanidwa ndi akuluakulu aku South Australia, chifukwa izi zikadadetsa mbiri yaboma.
Ndizosangalatsa! Boma la Victoria silinachite mantha kuwononga chithunzi cha dzikolo ndipo linalamula kuti achepetse kuchuluka kwa anthu, omwe kuchuluka kwawo kunali mitu 20 pa hekitala. Mu 2015, ma koala pafupifupi 700 adaphedwa m'bomalo, kuteteza omwe adatsala ndi njala.
Masiku ano mitunduyi ili ndi "chiopsezo chochepa", koma koala akuwopsezedwabe ndi kudula nkhalango, moto ndi nkhupakupa... Bungwe lapadziko lonse la Australia Koala Foundation, komanso malo osungira nyama amodzi "Lone Pine Koala" (Brisbane) ndi "Coneu Koala Park" (Perth) amatenga nawo gawo posungira anthu komanso malo okhala ma marsupials.
