Madera omwe amachitika zivomerezi, pomwe zivomerezi zimachitika pafupipafupi, amatchedwa lamba wa zivomerezi. Pamalo oterowo, pali mayendedwe azipangizo zambiri za lithospheric, chomwe ndi chifukwa chake mapiri amaphulika. Asayansi akuti 95% ya zivomerezi zimachitika m'malo ena azisangalalo.
Padziko lapansi pali malamba akulu akulu awiri, omwe afalikira makilomita masauzande ambiri pansi panyanja komanso pamtunda. Awa ndi madera ozungulira Pacific komanso otalikirana ndi Mediterranean-Trans-Asia.
Lamba la Pacific
Lamba lakutali la Pacific likuzungulira Nyanja ya Pacific kupita ku Indonesia. Zivomezi zoposa 80% za padziko lapansi zimachitika mdera lake. Lamba uyu amadutsa kuzilumba za Aleutian, ndikuphimba gombe lakumadzulo kwa America, Kumpoto ndi Kummwera, kukafika kuzilumba za Japan ndi New Guinea. Lamba la Pacific lili ndi nthambi zinayi - kumadzulo, kumpoto, kum'mawa ndi kumwera. Zomalizazi sizinaphunzire mokwanira. M'malo awa, zochitika zam'mlengalenga zimamveka, zomwe zimabweretsa masoka achilengedwe.
Gawo lakummawa limaonedwa ngati lalikulupo. Iyambira ku Kamchatka ndipo imathera ku South Antilles loop. Kumpoto, pali zochitika zina zivomerezi, zomwe anthu aku California ndi madera ena aku America amavutika.
Lamba la Mediterranean-Trans-Asia
Chiyambi cha lamba lozungulira mu Nyanja ya Mediterranean. Imadutsa m'mapiri akumwera kwa Europe, kudutsa kumpoto kwa Africa ndi Asia Minor, ndikufika kumapiri a Himalaya. Mu lamba uyu, zigawo zomwe zikugwira ntchito motere ndi izi:
- Aromani Carpathians;
- gawo la Iran;
- Baluchistan;
- Hindu Kush.
Ponena za zochitika zapansi pamadzi, zidalembedwa munyanja za Indian ndi Atlantic, ndikufikira kumwera chakumadzulo kwa Antarctica. Nyanja ya Arctic imalowanso m'nyanjayi.
Asayansi adatcha lamba la Mediterranean-Trans-Asia "latticinal", popeza limayandikira kufanana ndi equator.
Mafunde achilengedwe
Mafunde amanjenje ndi mitsinje yomwe imachokera pakuphulika kapena komwe kunachitika chivomerezi. Mafunde amthupi ndi amphamvu ndipo amayenda mobisa, koma kugwedezeka kumamvekanso kumtunda. Amathamanga kwambiri ndipo amadutsa munthawi yamagetsi, yamadzi komanso yolimba. Ntchito yawo ikukumbutsa mafunde amawu. Pakati pawo pali mafunde akumeta ubweya kapena ena achiwiri, omwe amayenda pang'ono pang'ono.
Pamwamba pa kutumphuka kwa dziko lapansi, mafunde akumwamba akugwira ntchito. Kuyenda kwawo kumafanana ndi kuyenda kwa mafunde pamadzi. Ali ndi mphamvu zowononga, ndipo kunjenjemera kochokera m'zochita zawo kumamveka bwino. Pakati pa mafunde akumwamba pali zowononga makamaka zomwe zimatha kukankha miyala.
Chifukwa chake, pali madera azisangalalo padziko lapansi. Ndi chikhalidwe cha malo awo, asayansi apeza malamba awiri - Pacific ndi Mediterranean-Trans-Asia. Kumalo komwe zimachitikira, malo osangalatsa kwambiri azindikirika, komwe kuphulika kwa mapiri ndi zivomezi zimachitika nthawi zambiri.
Mabotolo ang'onoang'ono ovomerezana ndi zivomezi
Malamba akulu azisangalalo ndi Pacific ndi Mediterranean-Trans-Asia. Amazungulira gawo lalikulu la dziko lathu lapansi, amakhala ndi kutalika. Komabe, sitiyenera kuyiwala za chodabwitsa ngati malamba achi sekondale. Zigawo zitatu zotere zimatha kusiyanitsidwa:
- dera la Arctic;
- m'nyanja ya Atlantic;
- m'nyanja ya Indian.
Chifukwa cha kusuntha kwa mbale zamtunduwu m'malo amenewa, zochitika monga zivomezi, tsunami ndi kusefukira kwamadzi zimachitika. Pankhaniyi, madera oyandikana nawo - makontinenti ndi zisumbu - amakhala masoka achilengedwe.
Chifukwa chake, ngati madera ena zochitika za zivomerezi sizimamveka, m'malo ena zimatha kufika pamlingo waukulu pa Richter. Malo ovuta kwambiri nthawi zambiri amakhala pansi pamadzi. Pakufufuza kudapezeka kuti kum'mawa kwa dziko lapansi kuli malamba ena achiwiri. Kuyamba kwa lamba kutengedwa ku Philippines ndikutsikira ku Antarctica.
Zivomezi m'nyanja ya Atlantic
Asayansi adapeza malo azisangalalo m'nyanja ya Atlantic mu 1950. Dera limeneli limayambira kugombe la Greenland, limadutsa pafupi ndi Mid-Atlantic Submarine Ridge, ndipo limathera kuzilumba za Tristan da Cunha. Zochitika za zivomerezi pano zikufotokozedwa ndi zolakwika zazing'ono ku Middle Ridge, popeza mayendedwe amalo opangira miyala akupitilizabe pano.
Zochitika zivomerezi m'nyanja ya Indian
Zidutswa zam'madzi mu Indian Ocean zimayambira ku Arabia Peninsula kumwera, ndipo zimafika ku Antarctica. Madera azisangalalo pano amalumikizidwa ndi Mid Indian Ridge. Zivomezi wofatsa ndi kuphulika kwa mapiri zimachitika pansi pa madzi, malo ozamawo sakhala ozama. Izi ndichifukwa cha zolakwika zingapo za tectonic.
Malamba azisangalalo amapezeka mu ubale wapafupi ndi mpumulo womwe uli pansi pamadzi. Pomwe lamba wina amapezeka mdera lakum'mawa kwa Africa, lachiwiri limafikira ku Mozambique Channel. Mitsuko yam'nyanja yamchere ndi aseismic.
Zivomezi zone ya Arctic
Zivomezi zimawonedwa mdera la Arctic. Zivomezi, kuphulika kwa mapiri amatope, komanso njira zingapo zowononga zimachitika pano. Akatswiri amayang'anira komwe kumachitika zivomezi m'derali. Anthu ena amaganiza kuti zivomezi zikuchitika pano, koma sizili choncho. Mukamakonzekera zochitika zilizonse pano, nthawi zonse muyenera kukhala tcheru ndikukhala okonzekera zochitika zosiyanasiyana zamatsenga.
Zivomezi mu Arctic Basin zikufotokozedwa ndi kupezeka kwa Lomonosov Ridge, komwe ndikupitiliza Mid-Atlantic Ridge. Kuphatikiza apo, madera a Arctic amadziwika ndi zivomerezi zomwe zimachitika m'malo otsetsereka a Eurasia, nthawi zina ku North America.
