Pampas gwape ndi mphalapala za ku South America zomwe zili pangozi. Chifukwa chakusintha kwawo kwakapangidwe kanyama, pampas deer ndi ena mwa zinyama zopangidwa ndi ma polymorphic kwambiri. Chikopa chawo chimakhala ndi ubweya wofiirira, womwe uli wopepuka mkati mwamiyendo yawo komanso pansi pake. Ali ndi mawanga oyera pansi pakhosi ndi pamilomo, ndipo mtundu wawo sukusintha ndi nyengo.
Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera
Chithunzi: Pampas deer
Pampas deer ndi am'banja la New World deer - ili ndi tanthauzo lina la mitundu yonse ya nswala zaku South America. Mpaka posachedwa, magulu atatu okha a pampas deer adapezeka: O. bezoarticus bezoarticus, wopezeka ku Brazil, O. bezoarticus celer ku Argentina, ndi O. bezoarticus leucogaster kumwera chakumadzulo kwa Brazil, kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa Argentina ndi kumwera chakum'mawa kwa Bolivia.
Kukhalapo kwama subspecies awiri osiyana a pampas deer omwe amapezeka ku Uruguay, O. bezoarticus arerunguaensis (Salto, kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa Uruguay) ndi O. bezoarticus uruguayensis (Sierra de Agios, kum'mwera chakum'mawa kwa Uruguay), zafotokozedwa potengera zidziwitso za cytogenetic, molecular and morphometric.
Kanema: Pampas Deer
Amuna amphongo a Pampas amakhala okulirapo kuposa akazi. Amuna otayirira amafika kutalika kwa masentimita 130 (kuchokera kunsonga ya mphuno mpaka kumunsi kwa mchira) ndi kutalika kwa masentimita 75 paphewa ndi mchira kutalika kwa masentimita 15. Amalemera pafupifupi 35 kg. Komabe, zambiri kuchokera kuzinyama zomwe zidagwidwa zikuwonetsa nyama zazing'ono: amuna pafupifupi 90-100 cm kutalika, 65-70 cm kutalika kwa phewa, ndikulemera kwa 30-35 kg.
Chosangalatsa: Nyama zamphongo zamphongo zimakhala ndi chotupa chapadera m'mabondo awo achikazi chomwe chimapereka fungo lomwe limatha kupezeka mpaka 1.5 km kutali.
Mpandamachokero nyerere za pampas deer ndizapakati poyerekeza poyerekeza ndi nswala zina, zolimba komanso zowonda. Nyangazi zimatha kutalika masentimita 30, zimakhala ndi mfundo zitatu, nsidze komanso nsana, komanso nthambi yayitali ya mphanda. Akazi amafika kutalika kwa 85 cm ndi 65 cm kutalika kwa phewa, pomwe thupi lawo ndi 20-25 kg. Amuna nthawi zambiri amakhala akuda kuposa akazi. Amuna ali ndi nyanga, pomwe akazi amakhala ndi ma curls omwe amawoneka ngati ziboda zazing'ono. Dzino lakuthambo la nyanga yamphongo ndi logawanika, koma dzino lakutsogolo ndi gawo limodzi lokhalo lopitilira.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Kodi pampas deer amawoneka bwanji
Mtundu wodziwika bwino wa nsonga ndi miyendo ya pampas deer ndi wofiirira bulauni kapena wachikasu imvi. Mphuno ndi mchira ndi zakuda pang'ono. Mtundu wa malaya kumbuyo ndi wolemera kuposa ziwalozo. Madera owoneka bwino amapezeka m'mapazi, mkati mwa makutu, kuzungulira maso, chifuwa, pakhosi, kumunsi kwa thupi ndi kumunsi mchira. Palibe kusiyana koonekera pakati pa mitundu ya agalu a Pampas yotentha ndi yozizira. Mtundu wa ana obadwa kumene ndi mabokosi okhala ndi mawanga oyera mbali zonse kumbuyo ndi mzere wachiwiri kuchokera pamapewa mpaka m'chiuno. Mawanga amatha pafupifupi miyezi iwiri, ndikusiya kalulu wachinyamata.
Chosangalatsa: Mtundu wofiirira wa pampas deer umalola kuti ugwirizane bwino ndi malo ozungulira. Amakhala ndi zigamba zoyera m'maso, milomo, komanso m'khosi. Mchira wawo ndi wamfupi komanso wonyezimira. Zowona kuti alinso ndi malo oyera pansi pa michira yawo zimafotokozera chifukwa chake nthawi zambiri amasokonezeka ndi nswala zoyera.
Pamas deer ndi mtundu wawung'ono wokhala ndi mawonekedwe ochepa ogonana. Amuna ali ndi nyanga zazing'ono, zopepuka zazitali zitatu zomwe zimatha kutayika pachaka mu Ogasiti kapena Seputembala, ndikukhazikitsidwa kwatsopano mwezi wa Disembala. Dzino lakumunsi lakunja kwa nyanga siligawika, mosiyana ndi chapamwamba. Mwa akazi, kupindika kwa tsitsi kumawoneka ngati ziphuphu zazing'ono za nyanga.
Amuna ndi akazi amakhala ndi maudindo osiyanasiyana pokodza. Amuna ali ndi fungo lamphamvu lomwe limapangidwa ndi tiziwalo tomwe timapanga ziboda zamphongo, zomwe zimatha kupezeka mpaka 1.5 km kutali. Poyerekeza ndi zowotchera zina, amuna amakhala ndi machende aang'ono poyerekeza ndi kukula kwa thupi lawo.
Kodi pampas deer amakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Pampas nswala mwachilengedwe
Pampas deer nthawi ina ankakhala m'malo odyetserako ziweto kum'mawa kwa South America, komwe kumakhala pakati pa 5 ndi 40 madigiri. Tsopano kufalitsa kwake kuli kwa anthu akumaloko. Nyama za Pampas zimapezeka ku South America ndipo zimapezekanso ku Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Paraguay ndi Uruguay. Malo awo amakhala madzi, mapiri ndi udzu wokwera kubisala nswala. Pampas deer ambiri amakhala m'madambo a Pantanal ndi madera ena amadzi osefukira apachaka.
Pali ma subspecies atatu a pampas deer:
- O.b. bezoarticus - amakhala pakatikati ndi kum'mawa kwa Brazil, kumwera kwa Amazon ndi ku Uruguay, ndipo ali ndi utoto wotuwa;
- O.b. leucogaster - amakhala mdera lakumwera chakumadzulo kwa Brazil mpaka kumwera chakum'mawa kwa Bolivia, Paraguay ndi kumpoto kwa Argentina ndipo ali ndi bulauni wachikaso;
- O.b. celer - amakhala kumwera kwa Argentina. Ndi nyama yomwe ili pangozi komanso mbawala za Pampas.
Nyama zotchedwa pampas deer zimakhala ndi malo otsegulira udzu mosiyanasiyana. Malo awa akuphatikizapo madera osefukira kwakanthawi ndi madzi abwino kapena am'mbali mwa nyanja, malo amapiri komanso madera omwe kulibe chilala m'nyengo yozizira komanso opanda madzi okhazikika. Ambiri mwa ma pampas deer choyambirira asinthidwa ndi ulimi ndi zochitika zina za anthu.
Tsopano mukudziwa dziko lomwe pampas deer amakhala. Tiyeni tiwone zomwe amadya.
Kodi pampas deer amadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Nyama za Pampas ku South America
Zakudya za pampas deer nthawi zambiri zimakhala ndi udzu, zitsamba ndi zomera zobiriwira. Samadya udzu wambiri momwe amasanthula, awa ndi nthambi, masamba ndi mphukira, komanso mafoloko, omwe amamera maluwa okhala ndi masamba akuluakulu okhala ndi zimayambira zofewa. Pampas deer nthawi zambiri amasamukira komwe chakudya chimakhala chachikulu.
Zomera zambiri zomwe zimadyedwa ndi pampas deer zimamera m'nthaka yonyowa. Kuti tiwone ngati mphalapala zikulimbana ndi ziweto kufuna chakudya, ndowe zawo zinayesedwa ndikuyerekeza ndi ziweto. M'malo mwake, zimadya zomera zomwezo, zokha mosiyanasiyana. Pampas deer amadya udzu wochepa ndi udzu wambiri (maluwa omwe amatulutsa masamba obiriwira omwe ali ndi zimayambira zofewa), komanso amayang'ana mphukira, masamba, ndi nthambi.
Nthawi yamvula, 20% yazakudya zawo zimakhala ndi udzu watsopano. Amayang'ana kupezeka kwa chakudya, makamaka maluwa. Kupezeka kwa ng'ombe kumakulitsa kuchuluka kwa udzu wophuka womwe amakonda pampas deer, zomwe zimapangitsa kufalitsa lingaliro lakuti nswala sizipikisana ndi ziweto kupeza chakudya. Kafukufuku wotsutsa akuwonetsa kuti pampas deer amapewa madera omwe ng'ombe zimakhalako, ndipo ng'ombe zikakhala kuti sizikhala, zanyumba zimakhala zazikulu kwambiri.
Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Pampas deer
Pampas deer ndi nyama zomwe zimakhala m'magulu. Maguluwa sanasankhidwe pogonana, ndipo amuna amayenda pakati pamagulu. Nthawi zambiri mumangokhala mphalapala 2-6 zokha, koma m'malo odyetsera abwino mumatha kukhala ena ambiri. Alibe okwatirana okhaokha ndipo alibe akazi.
Pampas sateteza madera kapena anzawo, koma ali ndi zizindikilo zolamulira. Amawonetsa kutchuka pakukweza mitu yawo ndikuyesera kuyika mbali yawo patsogolo ndikugwiritsa ntchito mayendedwe pang'onopang'ono. Amuna akamalimbana, amapaka nyanga zawo muudzu ndikuzikanda pansi. Pampas agwape amapaka zonunkhiritsa zawo m'zomera ndi zinthu. Nthawi zambiri samamenya nkhondo, koma amangokangana, ndipo nthawi zambiri amaluma.
M'nyengo yokhwima, amuna achikulire amapikisana okhaokha chifukwa cha zazikazi. Amawononga zomera ndi nyanga zawo ndikupaka zotsekemera m'mitu mwawo, zomera ndi zinthu zina. Kupsa mtima kumaonekera pakukankha nyanga kapena kupeta mawoko akutsogolo. Mikangano pafupipafupi imachitika pakati pa amuna amtundu wofanana. Palibe umboni wokhala, malo okhala kwakanthawi, kapangidwe ka azimayi. Amuna angapo amatha kuthamangitsa akazi omwe atengeke nthawi yomweyo.
Zosangalatsa: Pampas deer akazindikira ngozi, amabisala m'masamba ndikugwiritsabe kenako ndikudumpha mita 100-200. Ngati ali okha, amatha kuthawa mwakachetechete. Zazikazi zimawoneka ngati zopunduka pafupi ndi amuna kuti zisokoneze nyamayo.
Nthawi zambiri mbawala za Pampas zimadyetsa masana, koma nthawi zina zimakhala usiku. Amachita chidwi kwambiri ndipo amakonda kuwunika. Mbawala nthawi zambiri amaima ndi miyendo yawo yakumbuyo kuti apeze chakudya kapena kuti awone china chake. Amangokhala ndipo alibe nyengo kapena kuyenda tsiku lililonse.
Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Pampas Deer Cub
Zing'onozing'ono zimadziwika pokhudzana ndi mating a nswala wa Pampas. Ku Argentina, zimaswana kuyambira Disembala mpaka February. Ku Uruguay, nyengo yawo yokwatirana imayamba kuyambira February mpaka Epulo. Pampas deer amakhala ndi zizolowezi zosangalatsa za chibwenzi zomwe zimaphatikizapo kutambasula pang'ono, kukhwinyata ndi kupinda. Yamphongo imayamba kukondana ndi mavuto otsika ndipo imamveka kaphokoso. Amakanikizira chachikazi ndipo amatha kudina lilime lake ndikuyang'ana kumbali. Amakhala pafupi ndi wamkazi ndipo amatha kumutsata kwa nthawi yayitali, akumununkhiza mkodzo wake. Nthawi zina mkazi amatenga chibwenzi atagona pansi.
Zazimayi zimasiyana pagulu kuti zibereke komanso kubisala anawo. Nthawi zambiri, mphalapala imodzi yokha yolemera pafupifupi makilogalamu 2.2 imabadwa pambuyo pa bere la miyezi yoposa 7. Gwape wobadwa kumene amakhala wocheperako komanso wamawangamawanga ndipo amataya mawanga azaka ziwiri zakubadwa. Pakatha milungu 6, amatha kudya chakudya chotafuna ndikuyamba kutsatira amayi awo. Ana aakazi amakhala ndi amayi awo kwa chaka chimodzi ndipo amafika pofika msinkhu wobereka pafupifupi chaka chimodzi. Kutha msinkhu ukapolo kumatha kuchitika miyezi 12.
Pamas deer ndi obereketsa nyengo. Amuna akuluakulu amatha kuswana chaka chonse. Amayi amatha kubereka pakadutsa miyezi 10. Amayi apakati amatha kusiyanitsidwa miyezi itatu asanabadwe. Ng'ombe zambiri zimabadwa mchaka (Seputembala mpaka Novembala), ngakhale kubadwa kunkalembedwa pafupifupi miyezi yonse.
Adani achilengedwe a pampas deer
Chithunzi: Mphalapala wamwamuna ndi wamkazi
Amphaka akulu monga ankhandwe ndi mikango amasaka nyama m'malo odyetserako pang'ono. Ku North America, mimbulu, mphalapala, ndi ankhandwe amadya mbewa, akalulu ndi mphalapala. Zowonongekazi zimathandiza kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa ziweto kuti abusa asadye udzu ndi zomera zina zonse.
Pampas akuwopsezedwa ndi kufunafuna mopitilira muyeso ndi kupha nyama mosayenera, kuwonongeka kwa malo okhala chifukwa cha matenda a ziweto ndi ziweto zamtchire, ulimi, mpikisano ndi nyama zomwe zangobwera kumene komanso kuzunzidwa mopitirira muyeso. Ochepera 1% yazachilengedwe amakhala.
Pakati pa 1860 ndi 1870, zikalata zapa doko la Buenos Aires zokha zimasonyeza kuti zikopa za nyama zamphongo za pampas miliyoni zidatumizidwa ku Europe. Zaka zambiri pambuyo pake, m'misewu itadutsa madera akumwera kwa South America - pampas - magalimoto zidapangitsa kuti opha nyama mosaka nyama asavutike kupeza agwape. Anaphedwanso chakudya, mankhwala, komanso masewera.
Okhazikikawo adabweretsa kukulitsa kwakukulu kwaulimi, kufunafuna kwambiri matenda ndi matenda ku pampas deer ndikubweretsa nyama zatsopano zoweta ndi zakutchire. Eni malo ena amapatula zina mwa malo awo kuti azisungapo pampas deer komanso amasunga ziweto m'malo mwa nkhosa. Nkhosa zimakonda kudyetsa nthaka ndipo zimawopseza kwambiri pampas deer.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chithunzi: Kodi pampas deer amawoneka bwanji
Malinga ndi IUCN Red List, anthu onse a pampas deer ali pakati pa 20,000 ndi 80,000. Chiwerengero chachikulu kwambiri cha anthu chikupezeka ku Brazil, ndipo pafupifupi 2,000 kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa Cerrado ecosystem ndi 20,000-40,000 ku Pantanal.
Palinso mitundu yodziwika bwino ya mitundu ya nyama zamphongo m'malo awa:
- m'chigawo cha Parana, Brazil - anthu ochepera 100;
- ku El Tapado (Dipatimenti ya Salto), Uruguay - anthu 800;
- ku Los Ajos (department of Rocha), Uruguay - anthu 300;
- ku Corrientes (department of Ituzaingo), Argentina - anthu 170;
- m'chigawo cha San Luis, Argentina - anthu 800-1000;
- ku Bahia de Samborombom (m'chigawo cha Buenos Aires), Argentina - anthu 200;
- ku Santa Fe, Argentina - anthu ochepera 50.
Malinga ndi kuyerekezera kosiyanasiyana, pafupifupi Pampas deer 2,000 amakhalabe ku Argentina. Chiwerengero cha anthuchi chagawika m'magulu asanu akutali omwe amapezeka zigawo za Buenos Aires, San Luis, Corrientes ndi Santa Fe. Chiwerengero cha ma subspecies O.b. Leucogaster, yemwe amapezeka ku Corrientes, ndiye wamkulu kwambiri mdzikolo. Subpecies iyi ili ndi anthu ochepa ku Santa Fe, ndipo sikupezeka m'zigawo zina ziwiri. Pozindikira kufunikira kwake, chigawo cha Corrientes yalengeza kuti pampas deer ndi chipilala chachilengedwe, chomwe sichimangoteteza nyama, komanso kuteteza malo ake.
A pampas deer tsopano amadziwika kuti ali pangozi, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti atha kukhala pangozi mtsogolo, koma pakadali pano pali okwanira kuti asayenerere kukhala pangozi.
Kuteteza kwa pampas deer
Chithunzi: Pampas agwape ochokera ku Red Book
Conservation Team ku Ibera Nature Reserve m'chigawo cha Argentina ku Corrientes ikugwira ntchito yothetsera mikhalidwe yomwe ikupezeka pakuwonongeka kwa malo ndi kuchepa kwa mitundu m'derali posunga ndi kubwezeretsa zachilengedwe zam'deralo komanso zachilengedwe ndi zinyama. Choyamba pamndandanda wazinthu zofunika kwambiri ndikubwezeretsanso kwa Pampas deer wowonongedwa mdera lawo ku madera aku Iberia.
Dongosolo lokonzanso la mphalapala la ku Iberia lili ndi zolinga zikuluzikulu ziwiri: choyamba, kukhazikika kwa anthu omwe ali m'dera la Aguapei, lomwe lili moyandikana ndi nkhalangoyi, ndipo chachiwiri, kukonzanso anthu okwanira okha omwe amakhala mderali, potero amakulitsa mphalapala. Kuyambira 2006, kuwerengetsa kwakanthawi kwa pampas deer kwachitika kuti athe kuyesa kufalitsa ndi kuchuluka kwa zamoyo mdera la Aguapea. Nthawi yomweyo, kukwezedwa pantchito kunkapangidwa, misonkhano ndi eni ng'ombe idapangidwa, timabuku, zikwangwani, ma almanac ndi ma disc ophunzitsira adapangidwa ndikugawidwa, ndipo ngakhale chiwonetsero cha zidole chidakonzedwa kwa ana.
Mothandizidwa ndi zomera ndi zinyama zaku Argentina, malo osungira zachilengedwe a mahekitala 535 akhazikitsidwa kuti asunge ndi kufalitsa nswala za pampas. Malowo adatchedwa Guasutí Ñu, kapena Land of Deer mchilankhulo chaku Guaraní. Awa ndi malo oyamba otetezedwa operekedwa kuti aziteteza nyama za pampas m'dera la Aguapea.
Mu 2009, gulu la akatswiri azachipatala komanso akatswiri a sayansi ya zamoyo ochokera ku Argentina ndi Brazil adamaliza kugwira ndikuchotsa pampas deer ku Corrientes. Izi zathandiza kubwezeretsa mitundu ya zamoyo ku San Alonso Nature Reserve, pamalo a mahekitala 10,000 a msipu wabwino kwambiri. San Alonso ili ku Ibera Nature Reserve. Mbawala ku San Alonso ndi mtundu wachisanu wodziwika mdziko muno. Ndi kuwonjezera kwa San Alonso kudziko lotetezedwa mdzikolo, dera lomwe lidayenera kusungidwa mosamalitsa ku Argentina lachulukanso.
Pampas gwape ankakonda kuchezera madera akumwera kwa South America. M'nthawi zamakono, komabe, agwape osinthasintha, apakatikati amakhala ochepa okha m'magulu ochepa omwe amakhala. Pampas deer amapezeka ku Uruguay, Paraguay, Brazil, Argentina ndi Bolivia. Chiwerengero cha pampas deer chikuchepa, ndipo pazinthu zambiri ndizotheka, kuphatikiza matenda omwe amapezeka ndi ziweto, kufunafuna ndi kuchepetsa malo awo chifukwa chakukula kwaulimi.
Tsiku lofalitsa: 11/16/2019
Idasinthidwa: 04.09.2019 pa 23:24
