Nangumi kapena monga nyamayi imatchulidwanso mwachikondi, minke yokhala ndi zida zazitali ndi nyama yayikulu yamadzi yomwe imakhala munyanja ndi m'nyanja padziko lonse lapansi. Namgumi wa humpback amadziwika kuti ndi mmodzi mwa anamgumi oyenda kwambiri omwe amapanga ziwonetsero zenizeni, kulumpha kuchokera pagawo lamadzi ndikubwerera m'madzi mokweza. Chifukwa cha zisangalalo zawo, anamgumi amadziwika kuti anamgumi osangalatsa.
Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera
Chithunzi: Nangumi
Megaptera novaeangliae Nangumi kapena humpback whale ndi nyama yayikulu kwambiri yam'madzi yomwe ili m'banja la anangumi, yomwe ili ndi kagulu kakang'ono ka anangumi. Mtundu wa Humpback. Anangumi ndi nyama zoyamwitsa, ndipo nyama zoyambilira zamatsenga-mesonychia amadziwika kuti ndi makolo awo. Nyamazo ndizofanana mofanana ndi mimbulu yokhala ndi ziboda ndi zikhadabo zakuthwa. Chifukwa chake achibale oyandikira kwambiri a anamgumi mdziko lamakono angawoneke ngati osodza, koma mvuu.
M'masiku akale, zinyama zochokera kubanja la Protocetid zimawerengedwa kuti ndizofanana kwambiri ndi anamgumi amakono, omwe amatsogolera moyo wama amphibiotic, koma m'mapangidwe anali kale ofanana ndi anamgumi amakono. Kutseguka kwammphuno kwa nyama izi kunasunthidwira mmwamba, ndipo nyamazi zinali kale ndi nsomba.
Kanema: Whale Wankhono
Gawo lotsatira pakusintha kwa anamgumi anali ma basilosaurs - zolengedwa izi zidakhala zaka pafupifupi 38 miliyoni zapitazo. Anali pafupifupi kukula kwa anamgumi amakono ndipo anali ndi mafuta owonekera kutsogolo omwe anali ndi vuto la kutsegulira. Kuwonongeka kwa malekezero kunadziwika mu nyama izi chifukwa cha kusintha kwawo kwathunthu kukhala moyo wam'madzi. Miyendo ikukula bwino, koma ndi yaying'ono kwambiri ndipo singagwiritsidwe ntchito poyenda.
Gawo lotsatira pakusintha kwa ma cetaceans anali anamgumi okhala ndi mano, omwe amakhala m'madzi am'madzi athu kuchokera ku Middle Oligocene mpaka pakati pa Miocene. Pafupifupi zaka 34-14 miliyoni zapitazo, zolengedwa izi zimagwiritsa ntchito echolocation, zimasambira bwino m'madzi ndipo sizinayanjane ndi nthaka. Mitundu yakale kwambiri ya anangumi, Megaptera miocaena, idakhala padziko lathuli kumapeto kwa Miocene.
Zotsalira za nyama izi zimadziwika mu Pleistocene ndi Late Pliocene. Gorbach adafotokozedwa koyamba ndi Maturin Jacques Brisson ngati "baleine de la Nouvelle Angleterre" kutanthauza "Whale waku New England" mu 1756 m'buku lake "The Animal Kingdom". Pambuyo pake a Georgia Barovski adasinthanso dzina la nyamayo, kutanthauzira dzina lake m'Chilatini Baleana novaeangliae.
Katswiri wazachipatala waku France Bernard Germain Hélien de la Ville, Count Laceped adasintha mtundu ndi dzina la mtundu wa chinsombochi. Adafotokozanso imodzi mwazinyama zakale kwambiri za Megaptera miocaena, zomwe zimakhala kumapeto kwa Miocene.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Kodi namgumi wa humpback amawoneka bwanji
Minke wokhala ndi zida zazitali ndi chimodzi mwazinthu zazikulu kwambiri padziko lapansi. Kulemera kwakukulu kwa munthu wamkulu kuli pafupifupi matani 30. Kutalika kwa thupi kuli pafupifupi mamitala 15 mwa akazi ndi 12.5-13 mwa amuna. Komabe, pali anthu akuluakulu makamaka omwe kutalika kwake kumafika mamita 19 ndikulemera matani 50. Kuperewera kwakugonana mokomera akazi. Kunja, akazi amasiyana ndi amuna okha kukula ndi kapangidwe ka dera lomwe latsika. Thupi la nangumi ndilolimba komanso lalifupi. Thupi limakulitsidwa kutsogolo, thupi limakhuthala kumbuyo ndikukakamira pang'ono m'mbali.
Mutu ndi waukulu ndipo umatha ndi mphuno yozungulira. Nsagwada zakumunsi ndizabwino, zolimba komanso zotsogola. Chigaza chili ndi masaya otakasuka. Maso ndi ochepa. Mphuno zamtunduwu zili pamwamba pamutu ndikupanga chowombelera. Pamutu pake, kuyambira pachimake mpaka pamphuno, pali mizere inayi yaziphuphu zakhungu zofanana ndi njerewere.
Mzere wapakati pali zokula 6-8, mbali kuchokera 6 mpaka 15. Kutsogolo kwa nsagwada, pali kukula kwakukulu m'mimba mwake mpaka masentimita 32. Zotupa zonse ndizosintha tsitsi laubweya, kuchokera pachilichonse, kuchokera pazophuka zimamera limodzi ndi tsitsi. Kukula ndi kukula kwa zophukirazo, komanso mtundu wa anamgumi, ndizokha. Nangumi ali ndi mimba yayikulu ikutha.
Mimba ili ndi khola lalitali lomwe limayambira pachibwano mpaka kumchombo. Mukamadya, makola amenewa amakula kwambiri, chifukwa nsomba imatha kumeza madzi ambiri. Pali makutu pafupifupi 20 athunthu, mapangidwe oyera.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Namgumi wa humpback ali ndi mafuta osanjikiza kwambiri, omwe amalola kuti nyamayo isakhale ndi chakudya kwa nthawi yayitali ndikukhala m'madzi ozizira.
Zipsepse pachifuwa ndizitali kwambiri; kutalika kwake ndikofanana ndi 30% yamtambo wa nangumi. Chifukwa cha zipsepse zazitali chonchi, namgumi amatha kusambira bwino ndikudumpha pamwamba pamadzi. Chinsalu chomwe chili kumbuyo kwake ndi chaching'ono, chimangokhala masentimita 32. M'mphepete mwake mwa chimaliziro nthawi zambiri mumakhota ngati chikwakwa. Mphepete mwakumapeto kwa chimbudzi ndi chosazama.
Mchira uli ndi chinsomba chachikulu komanso chachikulu cham'mbali. Anangumi akhungu akhoza kukhala ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana. Kumbuyo ndi mbali za nangumi nthawi zambiri zimakhala zakuda kapena zakuda. Pali mizere yoyera pachifuwa ndi mbali. Zipsepse zomwe zili pachifuwa pamwambapa ndi zakuda kapena zowoneka, nthawi zambiri zimakhala zoyera kapena zoyera pansipa. Mchirawo ndi wakuda kuchokera kumwamba, kuchokera pansi pake ukhoza kukhala wowala kapena wowoneka bwino.
Pali pali 7 vertebrae pa khosi. Ziwalo zamkati zimateteza mafinya a 14 a thoracic, 10 lumbar vertebrae ndi 21 caudal vertebrae. Nangumi wamphongo amatulutsa kasupe wamkulu wooneka ngati v, kutalika kwa kasupeyo kumatha kufika mamita atatu.
Kodi namgumi wa humpback amakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Whale wambiri ku Dominican Republic
Anangumi a humpback ndiomwe akuyenda kwenikweni. Amakhala m'nyanja zonse zapadziko lapansi komanso m'nyanja zoyandikira. Amasunthika mosalekeza ndikukhala makamaka m'malo okhala ndi krill. Komanso kusamuka kwakanthawi kumadziwika. Nyama zam'madzi izi sizimapezeka m'madzi akuya okha.
M'nyanja zapadziko lonse lapansi, akatswiri amatchula kuchuluka kwa anthu atatu komanso mitundu ingapo 10 ya anamgumi omwe nthawi zonse amasamuka. Anthu akumadzulo amasamuka ku Iceland ndi Labrador kupita kumadzi a New England ndi zilumba za Antian.
Anthu akum'maŵa amakhala m'nyanja ya Barents, m'madzi a Norway, ndi kumadzulo kwa Africa. Ziweto zakumadzulo komanso kum'mawa zimatha kupezeka nthawi yosamukira. Amatha kubisala m'gulu limodzi pafupi ndi Antilles. Nyanja yakumpoto ya Pacific ilinso ndi gulu la ziweto zobalalika zomwe zimachoka ku Chukotka kupita pagombe la California, gombe la Mexico, Hawaii ndi Japan. Ng'ombe zambiri 5 zasankha madzi ozizira a Arctic aku Southern Hemisphere kukhala kwawo.
Kukhazikitsidwa kwa ng'ombe izi ndi izi:
- ng'ombe yoyamba ili kunyanja ya South America kuchokera kumadzulo;
- gulu lachiwiri limakhala m'madzi a m'mbali mwa gombe la South America kum'mawa;
- lachitatu lili m'madzi a East Africa komanso pafupi ndi chilumba cha Madagascar;
- wachinayi amakhala m'madzi aku Western Australia;
- gulu lina limakhala kufupi ndi gombe la Kum'mawa kwa Australia.
M'madera adziko lathu, anamgumi amtunduwu amakhala munyanja zaku Japan, Chukchi, Berengovo, ndi Barents. Zowona, posachedwa kuchuluka kwa anamgumi a mitundu iyi kwatsika kwambiri, m'malo okhala nyama izi zikuchepa. Pali anangumi ochepa okha amene anatsalira m'nyanja ya Barents.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Kuti adzipulumutse ku tiziromboti, anamgumi am'madzi nthawi zambiri amalowa mkamwa mwa mitsinje yamadzi amchere, komwe amamasulidwa ku tiziromboti tomwe timakhala munyama ya namgumiyo. Tizilombo toyambitsa matenda sitingathe kukhala m'madzi atsopano ndi kufa.
Tsopano mukudziwa komwe kumakhala namgumi wamtundu wa humpback. Tiyeni tiwone chomwe nyamayi idya.
Kodi anangumi amadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Nangumi wamkulu
Anangumi ndi nyama zomwe zimadya nyama zina ndipo zimadyetsa makamaka nyama zazing'ono, krill ndi nsomba.
Zakudya zodziwika bwino mwazinthu izi zimaphatikizapo:
- kupha;
- zing'onoting'ono zazing'ono;
- nkhono;
- nkhanu ndi plankton;
- hering'i;
- capelin;
- kodula;
- chum;
- pinki nsomba ndi mitundu ina ya nsomba;
- udzu wanyanja.
Zobwezeretsa zimadyetsa kusefera. Nyamazi zili ndi mafupa akuluakulu a anangumi, ofanana ndi sefa, yomwe imakula kuchokera pachibwano chapamwamba. Mbale izi zimasonkhanitsa plankton, algae ndi nsomba zazing'ono. Chilombocho chimangotsegula pakamwa pake ndipo chimayamwa madzi ochuluka pamodzi ndi nyama zam'madzi zomwe zili mmenemo.
Namgumi atatseka pakamwa pake, madzi amasankhidwa pakati pa mbale za anangumi. Pakhosi loyikapo kale limakanikizidwa, lilime la nangumi limakwera. Chakudya chimatsalira pamiyendo yomwe ili m'mphepete mwamkati mwa ankhandwe ndipo kenako imamezedwa. Madzi amatuluka.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Nangumi ndi cholengedwa chachikulu kwambiri ndipo chimafunikira chakudya chambiri. M'mimba mwa nsomba mungakwanitse kugwira makilogalamu 850 a nsomba.
Anangumi amapeza chakudya chawo m'njira zosiyanasiyana. Nthawi zina anamgumi amapha nsomba limodzi. Anangumi angapo nthawi imodzi amasambira mozungulira ndi kukwapula madzi ndi zipsepse zawo amapanga mphete ya thovu, pomwe nsomba sizimatha kusambira ndikusochera pasukulu imodzi yolemera.
Poterepa, anamgumi amasinthana kusinthana mwamphamvu pakatikati pa sukulu ya nsomba ndikuyesera kugwira nyama zambiri momwe angathere. Mukasaka nsomba zapansi ndi nkhanu, zovuta, kutulutsa madzi, kupanga mtambo wa thovu m'madzi kuchokera pachombocho, izi zimagwetsera nsomba pansi. Pambuyo pake, namgumiyo amalumphira pansi, kumeza chakudya.
Nthawi zina anamgumi okhaokha amadodometsa nsomba ndikumenyetsa mchira pamwamba pamadzi, pomwe namgumi amasambira mozungulira. Nsomba yomwe idadabwitsidwayo samvetsa komwe imayenera kusambira komanso imasochera kupita kusukulu, pambuyo pake namgumiyo mwamphamvu agwira nyamayo.
Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Anangumi a humpback m'nyanja
Moyo wa zovuta zimadalira kwambiri kusamuka kwawo kwa nyengo. Nyengo ikukwerana komanso m'malo awo okhala, anamgumi amayesetsa kukhala m'mphepete mwa nyanja mwakuya pang'ono. Amakhala pafupipafupi m'malo okhala ndi krill. Pamalo omwewo, nyama zimanenepa ndikupanga mafuta osanjikiza. M'nyengo yozizira, anamgumi amadya pang'ono kwambiri ndipo amataya kulemera kwawo mpaka 30%.
Kwa nyengo yozizira, anamgumi amasamukira kumadera otentha. Nthawi zambiri anamgumi amapitilira nyanja ya Mexico, Japan ndi Colombia. Pakusamuka, anamgumi amasambira makilomita masauzande ambiri, pomwe anamgumiwo amakhala molunjika. Nangumi zimayenda pang'onopang'ono, pa nthawi ya kusamuka liwiro la humpback ndi za 10-15 km / h.
Anangumi akale amati ndi oseketsa kwambiri komanso oseweretsa kwambiri. Zobwezera nthawi zambiri zimapanga zisudzo zonse ndikudumphira m'madzi mamitala angapo ndikubwerera m'madzi mosangalala. Pa nthawi imodzimodziyo, zovuta zimazunguliridwa ndi mitambo ya kutsitsi. Khalidwe ili munyama silili chifukwa cha kusewera kwawo. Anangumi samasangalala mwanjira imeneyi, koma amangotaya tiziromboti tomwe timakhala mthupi mwawo. Anangumi sangakhale pansi pa madzi nthawi zonse momwe amapumira mpweya.
M'chilimwe, anamgumi amamiza kwa mphindi 5-8. M'nyengo yozizira, pofika 10-15 nthawi zina, amatha kukhala m'madzi kwa theka la ora. Zokhumudwitsa nthawi zonse zimatulutsa akasupe amadzi osasunthika pamwamba pamasekondi 5-17. Akasupe opangidwa ndi V mpaka 5 mita kutalika. Anamgumi a humpback amakhala odekha, ochezeka. Khalidwe la anangumi silikukula; anamgumi nthawi zambiri amakhala m'magulu ang'onoang'ono kapena osagwirizana. Mabanja sanapangidwe ndi anamgumi, ndi wamkazi yekha amene amasamalira ana. Nthawi yayitali yokhala ndi anamgumi okhala ndi nkhonozi imakhala zaka 40-50.
Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Whale wamphuno kuchokera ku Red Book
Nyengo ya namgumi ya nkhandwe imagwera m'nyengo yozizira. Nthawi yonse yakumasirana, kuimba kwamphamvu kwamphongo kumamveka. Chifukwa chake amakopa akazi, ndikulemba malire azinthu zawo kwa amuna ena. Nthawi zina kuimba kumakhala njira wamba yolumikizirana.
Nthawi yokolola, anamgumi amapitilira nthawi yotentha m'madzi ofunda, pomwe akazi okonzeka kukwatirana amakhala m'madzi odekha, otetezedwa ku mphepo m'madzi osaya. Amuna amakhala pafupi. Posankha chachimuna, chachimuna chimamutsata, osalola amuna ena kumuyandikira. Nthawi zambiri pamakhala mikangano pakati pa amuna omwe akumenyera akazi. Wamphongo samakhala ndi wamkazi nthawi yayitali, ndipo akakwatira, nthawi yomweyo amapuma kubwerera kwa amuna ena.
Kumapeto kwa nyengo ya kukwatira, anamgumi amabwerera kumalo odyetserako ziweto. Kumeneko, anamgumiwo akunenepa kwambiri kwa miyezi itatu. Akadzanenepa, anamgumiwo amabwerera kumadzi ofunda. Ndiko komwe, pafupifupi chaka chathunthu cha bere, mwana m'modzi amabadwa mwa akazi. Whale watsopano akulemera pakati pa 700 kg ndi 1.5 matani. Kukula kwa mwana pakubadwa pafupifupi 5 mita. Mkazi amadyetsa anawo ndi mkaka mchaka choyamba.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Anangumi achikazi ndiwo nyama zokhazokha zomwe zimatha kunyamula ndikudyetsa mwana ndi mkaka panthawi yomwe iye alibe chakudya. Nthawi yozizira kumadera otentha, anamgumi samadya, ndipo akazi amadyetsa ana awo mkaka, womwe umapangidwa kuchokera kumalo osungira mafuta.
Mwana wamphongo amakula mwachangu kwambiri, ndipo kumapeto kwa kudyetsa amakhala pafupifupi mamita 9. Nthawi imeneyi, mkazi amataya pafupifupi nkhokwe zonse ndipo amachepetsa kwambiri. Pakusamuka, mwana amasambira pafupi ndi amayi ake. Anangumi amatha kufika pofika zaka 6. Mkazi amabala mwana mmodzi kamodzi zaka zingapo zilizonse. Nthawi zina akazi amatha kutenga pakati pa nthawi yoyamwitsa, koma izi zimangokhala bwino.
Adani achilengedwe a anangumi
Chithunzi: Nangumi
Nangumi, chifukwa cha kukula kwake kwakukulu, alibe adani kuthengo. Mwa adani achilengedwe a anamgumi, ndi whale wokha wakupha yemwe angadziwike, yemwe amatha kuwukira ana anangumi. Komabe, zolengedwa zazikuluzikuluzi zili ndi poizoni kwambiri ndi tiziromboti tating'onoting'ono.
Tizilombo toyambitsa matenda omwe amapezeka m'nkhalango ndi awa:
- zokopa;
- nsabwe;
- ma baleen crustaceans;
- mphutsi zozungulira;
- mankhwala;
- nematodes, side-scrapers, ndi zina.
Koma mdani wamkulu wa zolengedwa zazikuluzikulu anali ndipo amakhalabe munthu. Anangumi akhala akukwapulidwapo kwa nthawi yayitali, ndipo m'zaka za zana la 20, pafupifupi 90% ya nyamazi zidathetsedweratu, tsopano posaka, chiletso chaperekedwa kwa anamgumi. Koma mpaka pano, anamgumi angapo amaphedwa chaka chilichonse. Nyama ya nsomba ndi yamtengo wapatali, ndipo whalebone imakhalanso yamtengo wapatali, yomwe imapangidwira zinthu zambiri.
Pakukhazikitsidwa lamulo loletsa kusaka, nsomba zam'madzi zayamba kuchira pang'onopang'ono. Masiku ano, nkhawa yayikulu imayambitsidwa ndi kuipitsa matupi am'madzi momwe anamgumi amakhala. Chifukwa cha kusintha kwa nyengo ndi kuipitsidwa kwa madzi, kulowa kwa mankhwala owopsa m'madzi, nsomba ndi tizinthu tating'onoting'ono tomwe timadya. Kuphatikiza apo. Zinyalala zopanda biodegradable zimakanirira m'matumbo a anamgumi ndipo chinyama chitha kufa.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chithunzi: Kodi namgumi wa humpback amawoneka bwanji
Chifukwa choti kwanthawi yayitali anthu akhala akusaka mwankhanza ankhandwe, anthu okhala ndi zodabwitsazi ali pangozi yakutha. Ziwerengerozo ndizomvetsa chisoni: mwa anthu 150-120 zikwi, pali 30 mpaka 60 anthu masauzande okha omwe atsala padzikoli. Panthaŵi imodzimodziyo, anamgumi akum'mwera a Atlantic anagwa kuchoka pa 15,000 kufika pa 700.
Chiwombankhanga ku North Pacific poyamba chinali pafupifupi anthu 15,000, koma pofika 1976 chiwerengerochi chinali chitatsika kufika 1,500, ngakhale kuti pofika 1997 anthu anali atawonjezeka mpaka 6,000. Kummwera kwa dziko lapansi mu 1965, panali anthu 100,000, pakadali pano pali mitu 20,000. Ku North Indian Ocean mzaka za m'ma 80s. panali anthu 500 okha.
Pambuyo poletsa kusodza, anthu omwe anali kumbuyo kwa nkhonozi adayamba kuchira pang'onopang'ono. Mu 1990, mtundu uwu unali ndi chiopsezo ku Red Book - zamoyo zomwe zatsala pang'ono kutha zidasinthidwa kukhala Zowopsa (mitundu yomwe anthu ake ali pachiwopsezo).
Choopsa chachikulu kwa anamgumi pakadali pano chikuchitika chifukwa cha zovuta zachilengedwe, kuwonongeka kwa madzi ndi kusintha kwa nyengo. Komanso, anamgumi amtundu wina amakhala kumapeto kwa maukonde, pomwe samatha kutuluka, ndikumana ndi zombo. M'malo oswanirana a anamgumi, pali zinthu zambiri zomwe zimalepheretsa kuti ziwetozi ziziberekana mwaufulu, kuphatikiza zombo zochuluka, ndi mabwato ndi mabwato ambiri.
Chitetezo cha anamgumi
Chithunzi: Whale wamphuno kuchokera ku Red Book
Njira yayikulu yotetezera anamgumi amtundu wa humpback, zomwe zadzetsa kuchuluka kwa anthu, ndikuletsa kuwimbidwa kwa nkhono m'maiko onse padziko lapansi. Pakadali pano, ndi anthu ochepa okha omwe amaloledwa kusakidwa pachaka.
M'madera angapo am'madzi, pamalamulo, amachepetsa kuthamanga komwe zombo zimatha kuyenda, amasintha mayendedwe azombo zina kuti njira zang'ombe zikamayenda zisadutsane ndi zombo, ndipo anamgumi asadagweremo. Magulu apadera apangidwa kuti athandize anamgumi kutuluka mu maukondewo.
M'dziko lathu, anangumi a humpback amalembedwa mu Red Book. Pakakhala kuwonongeka kwa nsomba, kugwidwa kwa nyamazi kumapangitsa kuti ma ruble 210 zikwizikwi abwezeretse boma.
Malo osungira akukhalanso m'chigawo cha Nyanja ya Okhotsk ndi Islands Islands. Kusamala kwa nyama zamtundu wa humpback ndikofunikira kwambiri posamalira zamoyo zosiyanasiyana.
Namgumi amatenga gawo lofunikira pakugwira ntchito kwa nyama zosiyanasiyana komanso kayendedwe ka zinthu zachilengedwe. Kuphatikiza apo, anamgumi amawongolera kuchuluka kwa mitundu yambiri ya nsomba ndi zolengedwa zina zam'madzi, kuti zisawonjezeke. Kupulumutsa anamgumi ali m'manja mwathu, anthu ayenera kusamala ndi chilengedwe, kupanga malo osungira zinyalala, ndikuwunika ukhondo wamadzi.
Nangumi Ndi cholengedwa chodabwitsa kwambiri. Masiku ano, ofufuza akuyesera kuti adziwe zambiri momwe zamoyozi zimakhalira. Kupatula apo, m'mbuyomu zidachitika zochepa pankhaniyi. Onani machitidwe awo osangalatsa omwe anthu samvetsa. Ndani akudziwa, mwina mtsogolomo tidzazindikira zomwe anangumi amaimba?
Tsiku lofalitsa: 08/20/2019
Tsiku losintha: 11.11.2019 nthawi 12:01
