Moyo wamakono umalumikizidwa kwambiri ndi zochitika za makampani opanga mankhwala. Kupaka, zokongoletsa, zinyalala zopanga - zonsezi zimafunikira kutaya koyenera. "Zinyalala" zopezedwa ndi mankhwala zimadziwika ndi nthawi yayitali yowonongeka, ndipo nthawi zina, zimawononga chilengedwe.
Kodi amatchedwa zinyalala zamankhwala?
Zinyalala zamankhwala ndi "zinyalala" zosiyanasiyana zomwe zimapangidwa ndi ntchito za makampani ogwira ntchito. Zinyalala muzolemba, kuphatikiza pazinthu zolimba, pakhoza kukhala zakumwa. Choyambirira, izi ndi zinyalala zochokera kumafakitale amagetsi omwe amapanga ma reagents ndikukonzekera kuti adzagwiritsenso ntchito.
Kupanga kwa zinthu zopakira, mankhwala, mafuta onyamula, feteleza waulimi ndi zinthu zina zimaphatikizaponso kupanga zinyalala zosiyanasiyana zomwe zingawononge chilengedwe komanso anthu.
Kodi pali zinyalala zamtundu wanji zomwe zilipo?
Zinyalala zamtundu wamankhwala zomwe zitha kutayidwa zimagawika m'magulu angapo: zidulo, ma alkalis, mankhwala ophera tizilombo, zotsalira zamafuta, maelekitirodi, mafuta ndi mankhwala. Mafuta a zinyalala amapangidwa pakupeza mafuta, mafuta a dizilo, palafini, mafuta amafuta ndipo sangagwiritsidwenso ntchito nthawi zonse. Ma acid ndi alkalis amagwiritsidwanso ntchito mobwerezabwereza, koma amafunikiranso kutayidwa kwambiri m'malo otaya zinyalala apadera.
Mpaka kumtunda, zinthu zapakhomo zomwe zapezeka chifukwa cha kupanga mankhwala zitha kuwerengedwa ngati zinyalala zamankhwala. Choyambirira, izi ndi mitundu yonse yazolongedza. Nthawi zomwe chakudya ndi zida zapanyumba zidadzazidwa m'mapepala zidapita kale ndipo tsopano kukulunga kwa pulasitiki kumalamulira pano. Matumba, zikwama zamagolosale, makadi apulasitiki, ziwiya zotayidwa - zonsezi zimaponyedwa m'malo obowolera nthaka, koma zimakhala ndi nthawi yayitali kwambiri. Ngati palibe chomwe chatsalira m'bokosi la pepala chaka chimodzi kapena ziwiri, ndiye kuti chidebe cha pulasitiki chidzatsalabe pompopompo pazaka 30. Zinthu zambiri zapulasitiki sizimaola mpaka chaka cha 50.
Kodi chimachitika ndi chiyani ndi zinyalala zamankhwala?
Zinyalala zamankhwala zimatha kusandulika kukhala zinthu zina zopangira, kapena kuzitaya. Kutengera mtundu wa zinyalala komanso kuchuluka kwa zoopsa zake kuzomwe zikuzungulira, pali matekinoloje osiyanasiyana: kutaya, kuthira mafuta ndi makutidwe ndi okosijeni, mowa, njira yotenthetsera, distillation, njira yachilengedwe. Njira zonsezi zimapangidwa kuti zichepetse poizoni wa mankhwala, ndipo nthawi zina kuti apeze zina zofunika kusungamo.
Zinyalala zambiri zomwe zimapangidwa ndi mankhwala ndizowopsa komanso zowopsa. Chifukwa chake, kutaya kwawo kumayandikira moyenera komanso momveka bwino. Nthawi zambiri mabungwe apadera amatenga nawo mbali pazolinga izi. Kwa mitundu ina ya zinyalala, mwachitsanzo, zotsalira za distillation yamafuta, ma landfills apadera amapangidwa - malo osungira sludge.
Kubwezeretsanso zinyalala zamankhwala nthawi zambiri kumafuna kukonzanso. Kuphatikiza apo, nthawi zambiri, zinyalala zapakhomo, zomwe zimawononga chilengedwe, zitha kupangidwanso m'malo mokhala ndi zinyalala. Pachifukwa ichi, kusonkhanitsa zinyalala ndi kusanja mbewu zapangidwa.
Chitsanzo chabwino chobwezeretsanso zinyalala zapanyumba ndikuphwanya mapulasitiki ndikupanga misa yoponyera zatsopano. Matayala amtundu wamagalimoto amatha kugwiritsidwa ntchito bwino popanga mphira wa zinyenyeswazi, womwe ndi gawo la zokutira m'mabwalo amasewera, phula, pansi poyenda bwino.
Mankhwala owopsa m'moyo watsiku ndi tsiku
Izi zimachitika kuti m'moyo watsiku ndi tsiku, munthu amakumana ndi mankhwala omwe amabweretsa ngozi. Mwachitsanzo, ngati mutaswa kachipangizo kakang'ono ka mankhwala, ndiye kuti mercury imatsanulira. Chitsulo ichi chimatha kukhala nthunzi ngakhale kutentha kwapakati, ndipo nthunzi zake zimakhala ndi poyizoni. Kusamalira mankhwala a mercury kumatha kubweretsa poyizoni, chifukwa chake ndi bwino kuyika nkhaniyi kwa akatswiri ndikuyimbira Unduna wa Zadzidzidzi.
Aliyense atha kupereka thandizo losavuta koma lothandiza kwambiri pakuwononga zinyalala zapakhomo zomwe sizili zofunika kuzachilengedwe. Mwachitsanzo, ponyani zinyalala m'makontena osiyana, ndipo perekani mabatire (ali ndi maelekitirodi) kuzipangizo zapadera zosonkhanitsira. Komabe, vuto panjira iyi sikungokhala kusowa kofuna "kuvutitsa", komanso kusowa kwa zomangamanga. M'matauni ang'onoang'ono ku Russia, mulibe malo osonkhanitsira mabatire ndi zonyamula zonyansa.
