Ma charadriiformes ndi gulu lalikulu kwambiri la mbalame zomwe zimakhala mdera lam'madzi kapena lamadzi. Izi zikuphatikiza banja la Plover ndi ma Plover plover. Anthu omwe ali mgululi adayamba kuwonekera pafupifupi zaka 36 miliyoni zapitazo. Akatswiri odziwa za mbalame akupitirizabe kuphunzira za mbalamezi, moyo wawo komanso malo okhala.
Kufotokozera ndi mawonekedwe
Dongosolo la ma Charadriiformes limadabwitsa ndi kusiyanasiyana kwa anthu. N'zovuta kutchula mbali zazikulu zakunja kwa mbalame. Koma pali zinthu zingapo zomwe zimadziwika kwa mamembala onse a gululi. Mbalamezi zimaphatikizidwa ndi malo okhala m'madzi. Izi zimalumikiza mbalame zonse. Kusiyanasiyana kwawo kuchokera kumalo ofunda kupita kuzizira kumawonjezeka. Chifukwa chake, titha kunena kuti izi ndi mbalame zakumpoto.
Mnyamata amakonda kukhala m'madzi osaya. Mbalame zonse zam'banja zimadziwika ndi kukula kwa thupi, mlomo wofupikitsidwa wokhala ndi thwii kumapeto. Ma plove ena ndi amtundu wina, ndiosangalatsa kukula kwake.
Mtundu wonse wamakolo amadziwika ndi kupezeka kwa mabala owala kapena agolide pa thupi lakuda. Kutalika, mapiko akusesa, osiyana ndi nsonga zakuthwa, amathandizira kupanga maulendo ataliatali. Mu suti yokhala ndi thupi lonse, mlomo komanso ngakhale matupi amaso ali ndi mthunzi wakuda.
Oimira dongosolo lonse la ma Charadriiformes ndi ochepa. Kuphatikiza pa kukula komanso pafupi ndi madzi nthawi zambiri malo okhala ozizira, amafanana pang'ono. Pali kusiyana kwakukulu pamakhalidwe, kubereka, malo okhala.
Chifukwa chake, asayansi aphatikiza kuwuluka m'magulu ambiri, pomwe pali ma plovers. Komabe, mawonekedwe apadera amapezekanso pakati pa mitundu yosiyanasiyana yamtunduwu. Msuweni wakale wa wolandila anali ndi mawonekedwe abakha ndi ibise.
White plover ndi banja lomwe limaphatikizapo mitundu iwiri. Mbalamezi zimakhala ndi nthenga zoyera. Kutalika kwa thupi kumakhala masentimita 40 okha. Poterepa, amuna amakula kukula kuposa akazi. Mapikowo ndi ochepa, kutalika kwake kumafikira masentimita 84. Mbalameyi imayenda mwachangu, kugwedeza mutu, komwe kumakhala nkhunda, kumatha kukhala chifukwa cha mawonekedwe ake.
Unyinji wa Golden Plover sukupitilira 220 ga. Thupi lakelo ndi 29 sentimita. Mapiko a mapiko ake ndi ocheperako poyerekeza ndi omwe amaimira ma Charadriiformes akale - mpaka masentimita 76 okha. Mwambiri, mawonekedwe ake ndi ovuta. Mutu uli ndi utoto wotuwa, mawonekedwe ozungulira. Nthawi yosintha nthenga imasintha amuna. Mzere wowonekera umawoneka pa bere lakuda ndi khosi.
Mapiko a bulauni wokonda ali ndi mtundu wakuda ndi magawo ang'onoang'ono kuposa Zolotistaya. Pansi pa phiko ndi imvi, pomwe mbalame zina zimakhala ndi utoto wakuda m'malo oyera.
Tules - woimira wokulirapo wa ma Charadriiformes polemera - amafikira magalamu 320. Koma mapiko ndi kukula kwa plover wonyozeka.
M'nyengo yokhwima, yamphongo imadzitama ndikuthyola kwakuda pakhosi, mbali zamutu, pamphumi, ndi kumbuyo. Ndipo pansi pa mchira - zoyera. Akazi kuchokera kumbuyo amakhala ndi zofiirira. Ma specks oyera amawoneka pansipa. Chimodzi mwazinthu zofunikira pa Bingu ndi kupezeka kwa chala chachinayi, chomwe sichipezeka m'ma charadriiformes ena.
Ma Crayfish plovers amakhala ndi thupi mpaka masentimita 40 kutalika. Akazi ndi abambo ali ofanana. Chosiyanacho ndi mlomo, womwe ndi wokulirapo pang'ono mwa amuna. Miyendo ndi khosi zimawonekera, milomo ndi yolemera, ndichifukwa chake voliyumu yamutu imasiyananso.
Ndi yamphamvu kwambiri moti mlenje amatha kuthyola zipolopolo za nsomba zazinkhanira. Nthengayo ndi yopepuka pansipa. Koma kumbuyo ndi mapiko pamwamba ndi amdima wakuda. Mwa anthu okhwima, utoto umakhala wakuda kuposa nyama zazing'ono. Ndipo palibe chojambula pamutu. Mbalame sizimathamanga kwambiri, koma miyendo yawo ndi yayitali komanso imakhala ndi utoto wabuluu.
Mitundu
Ma Plovers ndi gulu la banja lokonda, dongosolo la omwe amakonda. Ornithologists anaphatikizapo mitundu inayi yokha pakupanga kwake:
- Plover wagolide;
- Tules;
- Mapiko a bulauni.
- Mbalame yofiirira yaku America.
White plover imasiyanitsidwa ndi banja la White plover, lomwe limaphatikizaponso mitundu iwiri. Rachya plover imayenera kusamalidwa mwapadera. Ndi za mitundu yofanana, mtundu, banja.
Moyo
Moyo wamomwe pafupifupi mamembala onse amtunduwu amatha kutanthauziridwa kuti ndi atsamunda. Mbalamezi zimakhala m'magulu angapo. Pangani maulendo apandege. Komabe, pali osungulumwa, alipo ochepa. Kuyika zisa, makulitsidwe, komanso kusamuka, kumachitika m'midzi.
Oyang'anira mbalame akuwona banja la Charadriifida m'mbali mwa Nyanja ya Wadden, komanso ku Semangeum. Dera lake limalola mitundu 30 yamatumba kuti ikhazikike. Malire a m'mphepete mwa nyanja ndi malo okhala ndi zisa ndi malo okhala nthawi yachisanu.
Plover wagolide ali ndi chitetezo chokhala ndi chiopsezo chochepa. Izi zimakhudzanso ma plover ena. Mbalamezi zimazolowera malo awo, madera okhala ndi nyengo yovuta samayambitsa kuchepa kwa mitundu ya zamoyo.
Munthuyo amapulumuka nthawi yodzala ndi malo okhawo onyowa. Awa ndi madambo, madambo, komanso madambo. Ngakhale amatetezedwa, akatswiri odziwa za mbalame amati mbalameyi sipezekanso ku Central Europe.
Mapiko a bulauni amakonda mapiko owuma kuti aberekane komanso azikhalamo. Pamtunda, oimira amapezeka pamapiri. Ndi amodzi mwa ma Charadriiformes ochepa omwe amakonda kupewa madera am'mbali mwa nyanja, mwina akupikisana ndi Golden Plovers.
Khalidwe la a Youles ndi losiyana kwambiri ndi anthu ena onse amtundu umodzi komanso banja lokonda. Mbalameyi imayenda mwachangu, panthawiyi imayimilira mwadzidzidzi kuti igwire nyama yomwe ikupezeka mosavuta. Zakudya zake mulinso okhala m'madzi, zomwe sizinganenedwe za Plover wamapiko a Brown.
Anthu a Crustaceans amakhala m'magulu akulu, kuchuluka kwa anthu komwe kumatha kufikira 1000. Zikatero, kukaikira mazira kumachitika. Ma Plovers amakhala ndi moyo wokangalika usiku komanso m'mawa.
Chikhalidwe
Malo okhala gulu la ma Charadriiformes ndiwambiri. Amapezeka makamaka kumadera akumpoto. Anthu ena amauluka pakati pazilumba za Arctic Ocean ndi Antarctica. Zachilengedwe zikukula pang'onopang'ono kuchokera kumadera otentha kupita kumadera akumpoto. Ndi osmoregulation yomwe idapangitsa kuwonjezeka kotere kwa mbalamezi.
Mbalame za Plover zimatha kupezeka pagombe la Denmark, Germany, North Sea, Netherlands, ndi Peninsula yaku Korea. Mtundu wa Plovers umakhala m'malo otentha komanso nkhalango ku Eurasia ndi North America. Kuchuluka kwa nyengo yozizira kumachitika ku South America, Australia, New Zealand, komanso zilumba zotentha za Pacific.
Choyera choyera imagawidwa ku Antarctica ndipo imazolowera nyengo yovuta. Zisa zomwe zimauluka ku South Georgia Island, Antarctic Peninsula, Shetland Islands, ndi Orkney.
Malo okhala Golden Plover amayambira ku Iceland ndi Great Britain mpaka pakatikati pa Siberia. Kumpoto chakumpoto, awa ndi malire a Arctic tundra. Mosiyana ndi Central Europe, mbalame zodabwitsa zimapezeka kumadera akumpoto. Kumadzulo ndi kumwera kwa Europe, makamaka malo okhala - madambo, minda.
Mapiko a Brown amakonda hummocky ndi moss-lichen tundras. Mbalame zinachuluka kwambiri kumapiri a Taimyr. Mndandanda wa malo okhalamo mulinso malo otsetsereka a zitunda, madera akumapiri a tundra, shrub tundra. Pamalire a shrubland, Plovers okhala ndi mapiko a Brown amakumana ndi Golden Plovers.
Makulitsidwe ndi malo okhala ku Tules amachitikira ku Arctic tundra of Eurasia. Awa ndi malo ochokera ku Kanin kupita ku Chukotka. Central Europe imangoyang'ana momwe ndegezi zimayendera. Kudikira m'nyengo yozizira kumachitika ku Africa, South Asia, Australia, America.
Crayfish plover amakhala m'maiko a Nyanja Yofiira, Persian Gulf. Pali madera asanu ndi anayi ku Abu Dhabi, Iran, Oman, Saudi Arabia, Somalia. Pali madera 30 komanso anthu opitilira 10,000 omwe amakhala pagombe la Eritrea.
Kuphatikiza apo, mutha kukumana ndikuuluka ku Madagascar, Seychelles, India, Sri Lanka, Tanzania, Thailand. Mbalamezi nthawi zambiri sizimayenda mtunda wopitilira 1000 mita kuchokera m'madzi. Malo omwe amapezeka ndi mathithi, magombe, mitsinje ya deltas.
Zakudya zabwino
Zakudya za nthumwi zonse za ma Charadriiformes zimasiyana malinga ndi zikhalidwe ndi malo okhala. Zitha kukhala zopanda mbewa zam'madzi zopanda pake, algae, crustaceans, mbewu za mbewu, tizilombo. Oimira amtunduwu makamaka amaphatikizapo tizilombo ndi mollusks mu zakudya zawo. Chakudyacho chimaphatikizapo zipatso, mbewu za zomera zomwe zili m'malo okhalamo.
Mitengo ya golide imakonda tizilombo, nyongolotsi, ndi nkhono. Mbalame zimayang'ana nyama zonse pakupezeka pansi. Gulugufe, mphutsi, nsikidzi komanso dzombe zimatha kugwidwa pakamwa. Ma Crustaceans samapezekanso pamndandanda, kutengera dera lomwe amakhala.
Chakudya chodzala ndi gawo la zakudya. Mapiko a bulauni amathanso kudya tizilombo. Koma amakonda kupeza zipatso, kubzala ziwalo. Makamaka, awa ndi lingonberries ndi crowberries. Zakudya za a Youles zilibe kusiyana kulikonse. Koma amakonda kudya nyama zazing'ono zam'madzi. Zakudya za Crayfish plover ndizosiyana. Pomwe limatchedwa dzina lake.
Mbalame zimayendera madzi osaya pofunafuna chakudya. Chinyama chachikulu ndi nkhanu. Mbalameyo imagwira ntchito mofulumira. Chifukwa cha kamwa lake, ili ndi mphamvu zowononga nkhono zomwe amateteza. Nthawi zina kuukira Mudskippers - ray-finned nsomba. Njira yodyetsera White Plover imayenera kusamalidwa mwapadera. Amatenga nyama kuchokera kwa ena okhala m'mphepete mwa nyanja.
Kubereka
Plover - mbalame kukhala ndi mkazi m'modzi. Mbalamezi zimakhala ziwiriziwiri kwa nyengo zingapo. Sikuti aliyense amachita nawo zisa. Izi zitha kukhala zofunda zochepa kapena chisa chotengedwa kuchokera ku mbalame ina. Koma ma Golden Plovers amapanga malo ozama m'nthaka, ikani mzere poyikapo.
Kawirikawiri mazira 4 amaswa, osati azimayi okha, komanso abambo amachita nawo makulitsidwe. Mtundu wa chipolopolocho ndimdima wachikaso ndipo umakutidwa ndi ma splash. Anapiye amawona kuwala pakatha mwezi. Pambuyo pake, amatha kudya nthawi yomweyo.
Mapiko obiriwira abuluu amapangitsa chisa kukhala chocheperako pang'ono, komanso amaswa mazira anayi. Mtundu wa chipolopolocho ndi chimodzimodzi. Onse m'banjamo amateteza chisa ndikupewa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda. Anapiye amathyola chigobacho pakati pa Julayi, posakhalitsa amayamba kuwuluka, ndipo patatha mwezi umodzi amafikira kukula kwa achikulire.
Mtundu wa mazira a Tulesa ndi pinki, bulauni, maolivi. Chifukwa chake, kusiyanitsa dzira ili plover pachithunzichi zosavuta. Makulitsidwe amachitika masiku 23. Atabereka, anapiye sangathe kukhala okha nthawi yomweyo, chifukwa izi zimayenera kutenga milungu isanu. Chisa cha mbalameyi chimakhala ndi udzu wochepa thupi ndi ndere.
Plover yoyera imamanga zisa osati udzu wokha, komanso miyala, zipolopolo, mafupa. Ma Penguin ndi cormorants amakhala pafupi. Kawirikawiri anapiye awiri amapezeka mu Disembala-Januware, m'modzi yekha ndiye amakhala wamoyo. Ena onse amaphedwa ndi kholo lomwe. Mwana wankhuku amafunika kukhala pachisa kwa miyezi iwiri yathunthu asanadziyimire payekha.
Zofunafuna sizimanga zisa. Amapanga maenje m'mapiri. Mavesiwa ndi otakata komanso osawongoka. Nthawi zambiri dzira limodzi limabereka. Mtundu wa chipolopolo ndi choyera. Patangotha masiku ochepa kuchokera pa kubadwa, anapiye sadziyimira palokha.
Utali wamoyo
Kutalika kwa moyo m'mabuku ndi kosiyana. Mabingu amatha kukhala zaka 18, pomwe moyo wa anthu ena umangokhala wazaka 12. Iyi ndi nthawi yochepa pakati pa mbalame. Koma ndi yayikulu kuposa ya mbalame zambiri zam'madzi.
Zosangalatsa
Pakuwunika, oyang'anira mbalame samangophunzira za kubalana ndi mawonekedwe a mbalame. Amawona zinthu zambiri zosangalatsa zomwe zimasiyanitsa kwambiri mapangidwe ndi mapiko ena.
- Ma Plovers ndi omwe amakhala ndi mbiri ya mbalame zina mosiyanasiyana mosiyanasiyana. Chifukwa chake amasamuka kuzilumba za Aleutian kupita ku Hawaii. Ndipo awa ndi osachepera 3000 kilomita ndi maola 36.
- Ma Plovers amakhala ndi gawo la kayendedwe ka madzi ndi mchere. Anthu okhala m'nyanja amatha kutero.
- Wokonda mutu wakuda (kapena mwanjira ina, Khrustan) amatchedwanso wopusa wopusa.
- Ma Plover samaba nsomba za ma penguin okha, komanso mazira, komanso anapiye ang'onoang'ono. Zakudyazo zilinso ndi zinyalala.
- Ma Charrium ndi ena mwa mbalame zakale kwambiri zomwe zidapulumuka tsoka kumapeto kwa Cretaceous, mosiyana ndi ma dinosaurs.
- Nthawi yathera m'gawo la Russia okonda kumpoto.
Plovers ndi mbalame zazing'ono zomwe zimakhala makamaka kumpoto chakumpoto. Amadyetsa tizilombo tating'onoting'ono, zomera, zamoyo zam'madzi. Mazirawo amawunjikitsidwa ndi malo obowoka. Amatha kuyenda maulendo ataliatali, amakhala m'magulu, amakhala amodzi okhaokha.
