Nsomba zamizere nsomba ya makerele Amayamikiridwa chifukwa cha nyama yake yonunkhira bwino komanso kukoma kwake, komabe, choyambirira, iyenera kuonedwa ngati yoyimira bwino nyama zam'madzi. Pogwiritsa ntchito ma perchiform, nsomba ili ndi mawonekedwe ndi mitundu yambiri, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ikhale yosiyana ndi anzawo. Ali ndi mackerel ndi dzina lina losadziwika bwino, mackerel.
Kufotokozera ndi mawonekedwe
Nsomba ya makerele – nsomba, kunja kofanana ndi chovala chopota: mutu wake ndi mchira wake ndi wopyapyala komanso wopingasa, ndipo thupi lake limakhala lokulirapo momwe angathere, lathyathyathya m'mbali mwake. Ili ndi mamba ang'onoang'ono ofanana ndi chikopa, izi zimathandizira kwambiri kukolola - palibe chifukwa choyeretsera nsomba.
Kuphatikiza pa zipsepse zazikulu, mackerel ili ndi zing'onozing'ono zambiri, zomwe, pamodzi ndi mawonekedwe a thupi, zimakulolani kuti musunthe mwachangu ngakhale ndi mphamvu yogwira; pansi pazabwino, nsombayo imatha kufikira liwiro la 80 km / h.
Chofunika kwambiri pamitunduyi ndi mizere isanu yazipsepse zazing'ono zomwe zili pafupi ndi mchira ndikubwereza mayendedwe ake - zimakhala ngati chiwongolero ndikuthandizira kuyendetsa. Kawirikawiri nsomba ya makerele imakhala pafupifupi masentimita 30 m'litali ndipo imalemera magalamu osapitilira 300, komabe, pamakhala milandu pomwe asodzi amatha kugwira munthu wolemera makilogalamu 1.6 ndi 60 cm.
Pamutu pachitambacho, maso ali, monga mamembala onse a mbalame ya mackerel, azunguliridwa ndi mphete ya mafupa. Mano amene mackerel amatha kupasula nyama pakangopita masekondi ochepa ndi osakanikirana, ndipo mphunoyi ndi yakuthwa.
Mtundu wa mackerel sungasokonezeke ndi mtundu wina uliwonse: mimba yamtundu wachikasu kapena yagolide komanso kumbuyo ndi utoto wabuluu, wokongoletsedwa ndi mtundu wavy zimapangitsa kuti nsomba zizidziwike.
Mitundu
Zonse mitundu ya nsomba ya makerele khalani ndi mtundu womwewo wokhala ndi mikwingwirima kumbuyo, koma pali mitundu 4 ya nsomba iyi:
- Chijapani, woimira wocheperako wa mackerel: zolemera kwambiri zolembedwa ndi 550 g, kutalika kwa thupi - 44 cm;
- afirikakukhala ndi misa yayikulu kwambiri m'banja (mpaka 1.6 kg) ndikufika kutalika kwa 63 cm;
- atlantic, nthawi zambiri mtundu uwu umatchedwa wamba. Zimasiyana pakalibe kusamba kwa chikhodzodzo, komwe kumapezeka mitundu ina ya mackerel: amakhulupirira kuti yataya tanthauzo chifukwa cha zikhalidwe zam'mlengalenga, momwe zimafunikira kuthamangira msanga ndikubwerera kumtunda nthawi yakusaka. Mbalame ya Atlantic mackerel ili ndi minofu yotukuka kwambiri, yomwe imagwira ntchito pafupipafupi kwambiri ndipo imalola kuti nsombayo ikhale yakuya mozama yopingasa bwino;
- Australia, amene nyama yake ndiyosiyana pang'ono ndi ina: ndi yocheperako pang'ono mafuta komanso yolimba, chifukwa chake ma mackerel oterewa ndi ocheperako, ngakhale amawumbidwa mambiri.
Asayansi ena amasankha mackerel ngati mtundu wina wa mackerel, ponena za kusiyanasiyana kwamtundu: anthu ena ali ndi sikelo yabuluu ndi mikwingwirima yocheperako kumbuyo. Kukula kwa nsomba zotere kumatha kutalika mita 1.5, komwe adatchedwa kuti wachifumu. Komabe, m'malo azamalonda, mtundu uwu sumaonekera: amakhulupirira kuti malo okhala amakhudza mthunzi ndi kukula kwa mackerel.
Moyo ndi malo okhala
Mackerel amakhala m'madzi a America, Northern Europe, Nyanja Yakuda ndi Mediterranean. Nsombazo zimakhala zotentha kwambiri, kutentha kwake kumakhala kokwanira - madigiri 8-20; panthawi yozizira, anthu ambiri amasonkhana pagulu kuti asamukire kumalo komwe kuli madzi otentha.
N'zochititsa chidwi kuti paulendo, sukulu iliyonse ya mackerel sivomereza mitundu ina ya nsomba ndipo imateteza sukulu yawo kwa alendo. Malo okhala mackerel amagawika m'magawo osiyana, pomwe mtundu umodzi wa nsomba umakhala waukulu.
Chifukwa chake, mitundu ya Australia imapezeka nthawi zambiri ku Pacific Ocean, pafupi ndi China ndi zisumbu za Japan, ndipo imafalikira kugombe la Australia ndi New Zealand. Mackerel waku Africa adakhazikika m'nyanja ya Atlantic ndipo amakonda kukhala pafupi ndi zilumba za Canary ndi Azores, komwe kuya kwamadzi am'mphepete mwa nyanja sikutsika pansi pamamita 300.
Chijapani, monga thermophilic kwambiri, amakhala mu Nyanja ya Japan m'mbali mwa zilumba za Kuril, kutentha kwamadzi komweko kumatha kufikira madigiri 27, chifukwa chake nsomba imakulitsa malire amalo awo ndikupita patali kuchokera pagombe panthawi yopuma.
Atlantic mackerel imakhazikika m'madzi a Iceland ndi zilumba za Canary, ndipo imapezekanso ku North Sea. Munthawi yobereka, imatha kuyenda mosiyanasiyana kupita ku Nyanja ya Marmara, chinthu chachikulu ndikuti kuya kwake ndikosaya - monga tanenera kale, mtundu uwu wa nsomba ulibe chikhodzodzo chosambira.
Ndi m'nyengo yozizira yokha yomwe mbalameyi imamira mamita 200 m'mbali mwa madzi ndipo imakhala yosasunthika, ndipo chakudya chimasowa pakadali pano, ndiye kuti nsomba zomwe zagwidwa zimakhala ndi mafuta ochulukirapo.
Pamphepete mwa nyanja ya America ndi ku Gulf of Mexico, nkhono zazikuluzikulu za mackerel ndikupanga zomwe zimatchedwa mitundu yachifumu, ndizosavuta kugwira, popeza nsombayo sigwera pansi pa 100 mita ndipo imagwidwa mosavuta mu maukonde.
Mackerel ndi nsomba zosamukasamuka, amasankha madzi omwe amakhala ndi kutentha kwabwino ngati malo ake, chifukwa chake, nsapato zimapezeka m'nyanja zonse, kupatula ku Arctic. M'nyengo yotentha, madzi aku mainland amakhalanso oyenera kuchitira nsomba, chifukwa chake amapezeka kulikonse: kuchokera pagombe la Great Britain kupita ku Far East.
Madzi omwe ali pafupi ndi makontinenti ndi owopsa kwa mbalame zam'madzi ndi kukhalapo kwa adani achilengedwe: mikango yam'nyanja, nkhanu ndi nsomba zazikuluzikulu zomwe zimasaka mackerel ndipo zimatha kuwononga theka la gululo panthawi yosaka.
Zakudya zabwino
Monga cholumikizira chofunikira munthawi ya chakudya, mackerel amakhala chakudya cha nyama zam'madzi zam'madzi komanso mitundu yayikulu ya nsomba, koma imadziteteza yokha. Pazakudya za mackerel zooplankton, nsomba zazing'ono ndi nkhanu zazing'ono, caviar ndi mphutsi zamoyo zam'madzi.
Ndizosangalatsa kudziwa momwe mackerel amasaka: imasonkhana m'masukulu ang'onoang'ono ndikuyendetsa masukulu a nsomba zazing'ono (sprat, anchovy, gerbils) pamwamba pamadzi, pomwe imapanga mtundu wa kapu. Pakusaka mackerel, nyama zina zolusa nthawi zambiri zimasokoneza, ngakhale mbalame zamphongo ndi mbalame, zomwe sizimadana ndikudya chakudya chamoyo chomwe chagwidwa mumsampha.
Anthu akuluakulu akuluakulu a mackerel amadya nyamayi ndi nkhanu, akuwombera pang'onopang'ono ndikung'amba nyama ndi mano akuthwa. Mwambiri, nsombayo ndi yolimba kwambiri ndipo msodzi wodziwa zambiri amatha kuigwira ngakhale osagwiritsa ntchito nyambo: imawona mbedza ngati chakudya.
Njira yogwiritsira ntchito migodi nsomba ya makerele pachithunzichizopangidwa ndi akatswiri, zimawoneka zosangalatsa: sukulu yabwino kwambiri ya nsomba, limodzi ndi ziweto zina, kuphatikizapo ma dolphin. Kuphatikiza apo, poyenda pafupi ndi madzi, masukulu a mackerel amapanga phokoso lomwe limamveka mkatikati mwa ma kilomita angapo.
Kubereka ndi kutalika kwa moyo
Kukula msinkhu kwa nsombayo kumayamba zaka 2 za moyo, kuyambira pomwe mackerel imaswana chaka chilichonse popanda zosokoneza mpaka kufa. Mackerel akubala, akukhala m'magulu, amapezeka m'magawo angapo: kumapeto kwa Epulo - koyambirira kwa Meyi, achikulire amatuluka kuti abereke, kenako achichepere ambiri, ndipo pamapeto pake, kumapeto kwa Juni, ndikutembenuka kwa woyamba kubadwa.
Mbalame zotchedwa mackerel zimakonda malo a m'mphepete mwa nyanja. Nsomba zachonde zimamira mpaka kuya kwa mita 200, pomwe zimaikira mazira m'magawo m'malo angapo. Zonse pamodzi, pakubereka, munthu wamkulu amatha kupanga mazira pafupifupi 500,000, lililonse lomwe siloposa 1 mm kukula kwake ndipo limakhala ndi mafuta apadera omwe amapereka kudyetsa ana opanda chitetezo.
Kukula bwino kwa mazira kumachitika pakatenthedwe kakang'ono pamadzi osachepera madigiri 13, ndikokulira, mphutsi zidzawoneka mwachangu, zomwe kukula kwake kungakhale 2-3 mm. Nthawi zambiri kuyambira pakubala kwa ana kumakhala masiku 16 - 21.
Kukula mwachangu kwa mwachangu kumawalola kufikira kukula kwa masentimita 3-6 kumapeto kwa nthawi yotentha, pofika Okutobala kutalika kwawo kumakhala mpaka masentimita 18. Kukula kwa mackerel kumadalira msinkhu wake: wocheperako, amakula mwachangu. Izi zimachitika mpaka kutalika kwa thupi kukuyandikira masentimita 30, pambuyo pake kukula kumachedwetsa kwambiri, koma sikuima kwathunthu.
Mackerel amabala m'moyo wake wonse, nthawi yayitali imakhala zaka 18-20, koma m'malo abwinoko komanso osawopsezedwa ndi ziweto zina, anthu ena amakhala ndi zaka 30.
Zosangalatsa
Kukula kwa mackerel kumapangitsa kuti ifike msanga kwambiri: panthawi yoponya, pambuyo pa masekondi awiri, nsombayo imatsikira kumtunda mwachangu mpaka 80 km / h, motsutsana - mpaka 50 km / h. Nthawi yomweyo, magalimoto othamanga amakono amathamangira ku 100 km / h, kuthera masekondi 4-5.
Mbalameyi imakonda kusunthira mwamtendere pamtunda wofika 30 km / h, izi zimakupatsani mwayi woyenda maulendo ataliatali ndikuthandizira mapangidwe a sukulu. Mackerel ndi m'modzi mwa anthu ochepa am'madzi omwe amalola nsomba zina m'masukulu awo, nthawi zambiri herring kapena sardines amalowa nawo m'masukulu osamukira.
Kugwira nsomba ya makerele
Mtundu wofala kwambiri wa mackerel ndi waku Japan, mpaka matani 65 a nsomba omwe amapezeka chaka chilichonse, pomwe anthu ake amakhala pamlingo woyenera chifukwa cha chonde. Moyo wokonda kucheza wa mackerel umapangitsa kuti nsomba za 2-3 zisunthire, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ikhale imodzi mwamitundu yotchuka kwambiri yamalonda.
Pambuyo pogwira, mackerel amakololedwa m'njira zosiyanasiyana: kuzizira, kusuta kapena mchere. Mackerel nyama Ili ndi kukoma kosakhwima komanso mitundu yambiri yazakudya.
Ndizosangalatsa kuti munthawi zosiyanasiyana pachaka mafuta omwe amapezeka mu nsomba ndi osiyana: mchilimwe ndi magalamu 18-20, nthawi yozizira chiwerengerochi chimakwera mpaka magalamu 30, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti mitundu iyi ikhale mafuta. Nthawi yomweyo, kalori ya mackerel ndi 200 kcal yokha, ndipo imakanizidwa kawiri kuposa ng'ombe, osati yotsika poyerekeza ndi mapuloteni.
Anaphunzira kubzala nsomba zamtengo wapatali m'malo opangira: ku Japan, mabungwe azamalonda adapangidwa omwe akuchita kulima ndikukolola mackerel pambuyo pake. Komabe, ma mackerel ogwidwa ukapolo nthawi zambiri samalemera magalamu opitilira 250-300, zomwe zimasokoneza phindu la eni bizinesi.
Kugwira mackerel nthawi zambiri kumakhala kovuta: ndikofunikira kusankha nokha zomwe mungakwanitse, makamaka mitundu yama seine amagwiritsidwa ntchito. Kuphatikiza apo, akatswiri osaka nsomba amaphunziranso kuya komwe mackerel amakhala, izi ndizofunikira kuti mugwire bwino, chifukwa nkhono zam'madzi, kutengera kutentha kwamadzi, mtunda wa gombe komanso kuyandikira kwa zamoyo zina zam'madzi, zimatha kukhala pamwamba pamadzi kapena kupita kuzama kwa 200 m.
Okonda kusodza pamasewera amayamikiranso nsomba za mackerel chifukwa chotchova juga - ngakhale ali wosusuka komanso akuwoneka kuti ndi wosavuta kugwira, nsombayo imathamanga kwambiri m'madzi ndipo imatha kusiya mbewa m'masekondi ochepa.
Nthawi yomweyo, sizingatheke kukhala pagombe - mbatata siyandikira kumtunda, choncho bwato lidzabwera kuti lidzagwire. Kusodza nsomba ya mackerel kuchokera pa yatchi amawerengedwa ngati zosangalatsa zapadera - kutali ndi gombe, nsomba ndizochulukirapo.
Asodzi odziwa amakonda kugwira nsomba ya mackerel ndi wankhanza - ili ndi dzina la chida chokhala ndi mzere wautali wokhala ndi zingwe zingapo zomwe sizimafuna nyambo iliyonse. Mackerel imakopedwanso ndi zinthu zingapo zowala - itha kukhala chowala chonyezimira kapena nsomba zapulasitiki zapadera, zomwe zitha kugulidwa pamalo ogulitsira nsomba.
Zokhudza nsomba ya makerele caviar, ndiye kuti simungawapeze kawirikawiri mu nsomba zowirira kapena zosuta, izi ndichifukwa choti kuwedza m'malo opangira, monga lamulo, sikuchitika. Izi zimakuthandizani kuti musunge kuchuluka kwa nsomba, chifukwa imakhala ndi nthawi yoyikira mazira asanagwidwe muukonde.
Komabe, mackerel caviar ndi chakudya chokoma kwa anthu aku Asia Asiya omwe amakonda kupanga pasitala nayo. Pamsika waku Russia mutha kupeza mchere wa mackerel caviar, wokhala ndi zitini, ndizoyenera kudya, koma uli ndi kusasinthika kwamadzi ndi kukoma kowawa.
Mtengo
Mackerel ikugulitsidwa pamtengo wokwanira poyerekeza ndi mitundu ina ya nsomba. Mitengo imaganizira momwe nsomba zimaperekedwera (mazira, mchere, kusuta kapena mawonekedwe azakudya zamzitini), kukula kwake ndi phindu lake - nsomba zikuluzikulu komanso zonenepa, mtengo wake ndi kilogalamu ya chakudya chokoma.
Mtengo wapakati wazogulitsa ku mackerel ku Russia ndi:
- mazira - 90-150 r / kg;
- kusuta - 260 - 300 r / kg;
- zamzitini chakudya - 80-120 rubles / paketi.
Nsomba zomwe zimagwidwa kunja kwa dziko lathu ndizokwera mtengo kwambiri kuposa nsomba zoweta: mwachitsanzo, mackerel waku Chile atha kugulidwa pamtengo wa 200 r / kg, Japan - kuchokera ku 180, Chitchaina, chifukwa chakuchepa kwake, ili ndi mtengo wotsika kwambiri wamitundu yotumizidwa - kuyambira 150 r / kg.
Zakudya zabwino kwambiri komanso mavitamini ndi ma microelements, makamaka mafuta osakwanira a Omega-3, apanga mackerel kukhala imodzi mw nsomba zazikuluzikulu. Malo ake okhala komanso osazengereza kumakupatsani mwayi wopeza nsomba za mackerel m'madzi aliwonse, anyanja ndi nyanja.
Nyama yosakhwima imakonzedwa m'njira zosiyanasiyana, koma nsomba yosuta imawonedwa ngati chakudya chapadera, chomwe, ndi mafuta ake ambiri, chimakhala ndi mafuta ochepa ndipo sichimavulaza chiwerengerocho.
Anthu osiyanasiyana amakonza mbale za mackerel, mwachitsanzo, okhala ku Far East amakonda mackerel stroganin, ndipo m'maiko aku Asia, amapangira pasitala ndi pate, zomwe zimawoneka ngati zokoma.
