Panda wofiira ndi nyama yomwe siinaphunzirepo kwenikweni. Ndi za suborder canids. Ku China amatchedwa hunho, kutanthauza kuti nkhandwe yamoto. Mbiri ya dzina lake ili ndi mbiri yowala. Nyamayo idatchedwa chimbalangondo chaching'ono, mphaka wonyezimira komanso wolira chifukwa chofanana ndi mawonekedwe ake.
Malinga ndi nthano ya kampani ya Mozilla, msakatuli wa Firefox amatenga dzina lake kuchokera ku chinyama chodabwitsa ichi. Dzina lachi Latin la panda yaying'ono ndi Ailurus fulgens (Aylur), kutanthauza "mphaka wamoto". Ngakhale asayansi yodziwika, dzina loti "panda" lazika nyama iyi.
Kufotokozera ndi mawonekedwe
Kulongosola koyamba kwa mitundu iyi kumadziwika kuchokera ku China wakale. Asayansi apeza mawonekedwe a "moto chimbalangondo" pazolemba za m'zaka za zana la 13. Ailur adapezeka mwalamulo zaka 4 pambuyo pake chifukwa cha akatswiri azachilengedwe ochokera ku Europe: Thomas Hardwick ndi Frederic Cuvier. Oyamba mwa iwo adapeza nyama yokongola yamiyendo inayi kale kwambiri kuposa mnzake waku France, koma wachiwiri adatenga zomwe adazipeza.
Harding anafuna kuyitcha nyamayo iyh-ha, mofanana ndi phokoso lomwe anthu aku China amachitcha. Cuvier anali patsogolo pa Mngelezi ndipo anamupatsa Latin ailurus fulgens. Mayina onsewa sanagwirebe. Nyamayo idayamba kutchedwa panda potengera malingaliro a azungu, omwe adasintha dzina laku Nepal "mphaka wamoto" - punnio.
Panda wofiira wofiira si mphaka, ngakhale atha kukhala wofanana naye kukula kwake. Makulidwe ake:
- 4.2-6 makilogalamu - akazi;
- 3.8-6.2 kg - amuna.
Kutalika kwa thupi kuli pafupifupi masentimita 50-60. Thupi limalitali. Mchira ndi wofanana mofanana ndi thupi. Amasinthidwa kuti agwiritsitse bwino nthambi za mitengo.
Mutu ndi wotakata, mwina ngati marten kapena skunk. Chosompsacho chimaloza pansi, chocheperako pang'ono, chachifupi. Makutu ndi aang'ono kukula, ozungulira, ngati a chimbalangondo. Miyendo ndi yaifupi koma yamphamvu. Zikhadabo zimabwezeretsa theka. Izi zimathandiza nkhandwe kuti ikwere bwino nthambi ndikutsika mozondoka.
Panda wofiira ali ndi mtundu wosiyana. Kumbali yakumtunda, mthunzi umakumbukira zofiira kwambiri kapena zamoto, ndipo pansipa - zonyezimira zakuda kapena zofiirira. Ubweya kumbuyo kwake uli ndi kulocha kwa golide kuma nsonga.
Mutu ndi mtedza wonyezimira. Amasiyana ndi "chigoba" chapadera pankhope. Mtundu uwu wa munthu aliyense uli ndi "ndondomeko" yake. Chifukwa cha ichi, chinyama ndi chokongola kwambiri. Mchira ulinso wopanda utoto. Mtundu waukulu umatha kukhala wofiira mopepuka, wachikaso chamoto wokhala ndi mphete zoyera m'mbali yonse ya mchira.
Panda wofiira amapanga phokoso lofanana ndi phokoso la mpweya wotulutsa mpweya, womwe umakhala wofanana ndi ma raccoon. Ikasokonezedwa, mphaka wamoto wagunda kumbuyo kwake ndikumayimba. Kodi panda amalankhulana bwanji? Izi zimachitika pogwiritsa ntchito mawonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe. Amayimirira pamapazi ake akumbuyo ndikuyang'ana wolumikizana naye.
Amapukusa mutu wake kumbali. Nthawi yomweyo, amapanga mawu ndi mano ake, kuwadina. Amapuma, ndipo mkati mwa kulira uku iyha amamveka, monga kulira kwa mbalame. Kukweza mutu kapena kutsitsa, kutukula mchira mu arc kumathandizanso kuzindikira zolinga za nyama.
Mitundu
Panda wofiira ali ndi zizindikiro za mtundu wa Aylur. Amadziwika ndi kuphatikiza zinthu zingapo zomwe zidatengedwa kuchokera kuzinyama zosiyanasiyana - ma skunks, martens, zimbalangondo ndi ma raccoon. Izi zikusonyeza kuti mtundu wake ndi wa mawonekedwe oyamba omwe mayini amakono ndi ma marten adatsikirako.
Mitundu ina yonse ya Aylur, kuphatikizapo panda wamkulu wofiira, zatha. Malinga ndi kafukufuku ofukula zinthu zakale, amakhala m'dera lalikulu la Eurasia ndi America. Zakale zakufa zidapezekabe ku Siberia.
M'nthawi yathu ino, pali mitundu iwiri ya subspecies:
- Panda Red Panda;
- Panda wofiira wakumadzulo (chithunzi).
Ma subspecies oyamba amakhala kumpoto kwa Myanmar, kumadera akumwera kwa China. Lachiwiri lili ku Nepal, Bhutan. Ndiye kuti, imodzi mwa iyo ndi ya kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa nyumba, ndipo inayo kumadzulo.
Moyo ndi malo okhala
Panda wofiira, monga nyama zambiri, amapita kukasaka usiku. Kenako amadya nsungwi, mphutsi, mizu yazomera. Madzulo, maso a "nkhandwe yamoto" amawona bwino. Izi zimamupangitsa kuti azitha kuyenda mosavuta panthambi ndikupeza pogona kwa adani - zimbalangondo ndi ma martens.
Moyo wakusiku ndichikhalidwe cha Aylurs. Masana, nyama imagona. M'nyengo yotentha, panda amakonda kukhala panthambi. Pakazizira, chimayang'ana malo ogona: m dzenje la mtengo. Amadzikonzera okha chisa cha nthambi ndi masamba.
Chikhalidwe cha panda yaying'ono siyokwiya. Chifukwa cha ichi, amapeza chilankhulo chofanana ndi anthu okhala m'nkhalango. Amakhala awiriawiri kapena mabanja. Wamwamuna satenga nawo mbali pakulera kwa achichepere, ndiye kuti katundu waukulu wopereka chakudya kwa "ana" agona pamapewa a amayi.
Panda ang'onoang'ono sangathe kulekerera kusintha kwa kutentha, ndizovuta kuzindikira kusintha kwa nyengo. Chifukwa cha ichi, mawonekedwe awo amapezeka pamagawo otsatirawa:
- Northern Myanmar, Burma;
- Kum'mawa kwa Nepal ndi India;
- Butane;
- Madera akumwera kwa China (Sichuan, Yunnan).
Dera lokondedwa komwe panda wofiira amakhala, mapiri a Himalaya, pamtunda wa 2000-4000 mita pamwamba pa nyanja. "Fire Fox" amakhala malo omwewo ndi panda wamkulu. Kuti mukhale ndi zakudya zabwino komanso pogona, nyama zimafunikira masamba ambiri. Mitengo yayitali yamitengo ikuluikulu komanso yotakasuka imateteza nsungwi ku chisanu.
Ma Rhododendrons nawonso amatenga gawo lalikulu pano. Kulowetsedwa ndi zitsamba zamatabwa, kumapangitsa chinyezi chambiri. Ma Conifers amaimiridwa ndi pine kapena fir. Zovuta - mabokosi, thundu, mapulo.
Nyengo kumapiri ndi kotentha. Mvula yamvula yapachaka siyidutsa 350 mm. Kutentha kumakhala pakati pa 10 mpaka 25 ℃. Nthawi zambiri kumakhala mitambo kuno. Chifukwa chake, kuchuluka kwa ziphuphu ndi ma moss amadziwika. Popeza pali zomera zambiri pano ndipo mizu yake imalumikizana, izi zimabweretsa chinyezi chokwanira panthaka.
Kuchuluka kwa kuchuluka kwa panda yaying'ono: 1 nyama pa 2.4 sq. Km. Chifukwa cha kuwononga nyama mopitirira muyeso, ziweto zikuchepa. Chifukwa chake, kuchuluka kwa mphaka wamoto kumatha kufikira 11 sq. Km.
Zakudya zabwino
Panda wofiira ali ndi ma molars abwino opera zakudya zamasamba. Komabe, mawonekedwe ake am'mimba ndimimba yolunjika. Ndi wamba kwa adani.
Zotsatira zake, thupi la panda silimatha kuyamwa zopitilira 25% zama calories opezeka m'mapesi a nsungwi. Izi zimabweretsa kuti ayenera kusankha ziphuphu zabwino ndikudya pafupifupi maola 13-14 patsiku.
Chifukwa chakuchepa kwa mapadi, panda amadyetsa zimayambira, osati masamba. M'nyengo yozizira, nyama imakakamizidwa kulipira chifukwa chosowa mapuloteni okhala ndi mphutsi za tizilombo, bowa ndi zipatso. Masika, mphaka wamoto nthawi zonse amakhala akuyamwa chakudya kuti abwezeretse mphamvu zake. Zakudya zamasiku onse zimakhala ndi makilogalamu 4 amamera ndi 1.5 kg ya masamba a nsungwi.
Kutha kodabwitsa chonchi kusankha zakudya zazomera pamaso pa chipinda cham'mimba chimodzi ndichikhalidwe cha nyama zambiri. Izi zikusonyeza kuti kusintha kwazomwe zidachitika kwanthawi yayitali. Zotsatira zake, kamodzi herbivores idayamba kudya chifukwa chosowa chakudya chomera.
Panda wofiira ku Russia amapezeka kokha kudera la zoo. Ali mu ukapolo, samadya nyama. Kuchokera pachakudya chake amakonda zipatso zazing'ono, masamba, masamba, phala lampunga ndi mkaka.
Kusowa kwa chakudya kosalekeza kunadzetsa chakuti kagayidwe kanyama kanayamba kuchepa. Chifukwa cha malowa, amatha kukhala opanda chakudya kwa nthawi yayitali. Ubweya wakuda womwe umaphimba ngakhale mapazi umathandiza kutentha. Panda amagona atakulungidwa mu mpira, izi zimathandizanso kutentha.
Nthawi yachisanu, nyama zimatha kutaya 1/6 ya kulemera kwake. Izi zimachitika ngakhale kuti nthawi yozizira amakhalabe ogalamuka ndikukhala ndi moyo wokangalika: amakhala akufunafuna chakudya ndipo amatafuna ndikudya china chilichonse.
Pandi wofiira ndi omnivorous. Ndipo ngakhale kuti ndiwo amapanga chakudya chochuluka, amawerengedwa kuti ndi odyera. Ndiyenera kunena kuti tanthauzo ili limaperekedwa kwa nyama osati chifukwa amasaka. Ndipo chifukwa ali ndi mawonekedwe apadera amatumbo.
Si chipinda chambiri mu pandas, monga ma herbivorous artiodactyls, koma yosavuta. Ichi ndichifukwa chake nyama zimangodyera mphukira zabwino zokha. Nthawi zina panda imawonjezera maluwa, mazira azinyama, mbewa zazing'ono pazakudya wamba. Nthawi zambiri, pakasowa chakudya, anthu ena amadya zakufa.
Kubereka ndi kutalika kwa moyo
Nyengo yokhathamira ya nyama zokongolazi imayamba m'nyengo yozizira. Januwale ndi mwezi woyenera kwambiri kuchita izi. Pakadali pano, amuna ndi akazi akufuna anzawo. Amapanga banja moyo wonse. Mpaka wothandizana naye atapezeka, nyama zimayika gawolo ndichinsinsi kapena mkodzo. Mwa kununkhiza, amayang'ana anthu oyenera kukhalira ndi kukhalira limodzi.
Kukhoza kwa amayi kutenga pakati kumangowoneka kamodzi pachaka kwa masiku ochepa okha. Ichi ndichifukwa chake amawonetsa zizindikiro zakukopana ndi amuna kuti akhumudwitse m'modzi wa iwo kuti akwatane. Mimba ya mkazi imatenga masiku 50. Poganizira kuti chinyama chimatha, nthawiyo ndi masiku 90-150.
Kodi kusiyanitsa ndi chiyani? Uku ndikupuma pakukula kwa mluza. Dzira la umuna silikula msanga. Kwa izi, zimatenga masiku 20 mpaka 70. Ndipo pokhapo pomwe chitukuko cha intrauterine chingawoneke. Izi zakutenga mimba zidapezeka pakuwona panda wofiira akukhala mndende. Mwina palibe chodabwitsa chotere kuthengo.
Nthawi ikangobadwa yoti ana abadwe, mayi amayamba kukonza chisa. Ili mu thanthwe, pakhonde. Kapena mdzenje la mitengo, ngati agologolo. Monga gawo lanyumba, mphaka wamoto amagwiritsa ntchito zida zomwe ali nazo.
Awa ndi masamba, udzu, nthambi. Zochita za akazi zimayamba mu Julayi kapena Meyi. Nthawi yonse yama contractions imatha tsiku limodzi. Kawirikawiri pambuyo pa 4 koloko mpaka 9 koloko masana Kulemera kwa makanda "amphaka amoto" ndi magalamu 130. Ana obadwa kumene nthawi zambiri amakhala akhungu komanso ogontha. Mtunduwo ndi wopepuka matani 1-2 kuposa kholo. Mulibe. Mtundu wowala wa malaya udawonekera pambuyo pake.
Pazinyalala za panda nthawi zambiri pamakhala zosapitilira 2, nthawi zina mpaka "kittens" 4. Chifukwa cha zovuta ndi zakudya komanso moyo, m'modzi yekha mwa awiriwa amakhala ndi moyo mpaka kukhala wamkulu. M'masiku oyamba atabadwa anawo, amayi amawaika zipsera.
Amamuthandiza kupeza ana mwa kununkhiza. Chifukwa cha tag iyi, makanda ndiosavuta kupeza. Pofuna kuthandizira moyo wa ana, mkaziyo amasiya dzenje kangapo patsiku. Amakhala nthawi yayitali kuwafunira chakudya. Amawachezera nthawi 4 kapena 4 m'maola 12 kuti awadyetse ndi kuwanyambita.
Kukula kwa mphonda zamoto kumachedwa pang'onopang'ono kuposa momwe mungaganizire. Mwachitsanzo, makanda amangotsegula maso patsiku la 20. Ana amayamba kutsatira amayi awo pawokha miyezi itatu. Nthawi imeneyi, ali kale ndi mtundu wa malaya.
Kuyambira pano, anawo amasinthana ndi zakudya zosakanikirana, mkaka umaphatikizidwa ndi chakudya chotafuna - mphukira za nsungwi, masamba, ndipo nthawi zina - tizilombo tomwe timabwezeretsa mapuloteni. Kukanidwa komaliza kwa "bere" kumachitika m'makanda m'miyezi isanu.
Kenako amayamba kuchita maphunziro osaka chakudya usiku. Kusaka ndi kusonkhanitsa ana kumachitika moyang'aniridwa ndi amayi. Nthawi imeneyi, kutengera mulingo wa kukula kwa ana, imatha mpaka nthawi yotsatira ya amayi kapena mpaka kubadwa kwatsopano.
Pofika nthawi imeneyi, mwanayo amakhala ndi mawonekedwe onse achikulire ndipo amatha kukhala moyo wodziyimira payekha mpaka atapeza wokwatirana naye. Chokhacho ndichoti kutha msinkhu mwa ana sikumachitika akangopatukana ndi amayi awo, koma atatha zaka 1-2. Ndi nthawi imeneyi pomwe amayamba kuyang'anitsitsa amuna kapena akazi anzawo ndikufunafuna bwenzi lamoyo wonse.
Chiwerengero ndikuwopseza kutha
Ngakhale kuti mphaka wamoto alibe adani ambiri, mitundu yake ili pafupi kutha. Panda adatchulidwa mu Red Book ngati "ali pangozi" yakutha. Ichi ndi chinyama chomwe chimafunikira chisamaliro ndikuwunika anthu pafupipafupi. Chiwerengero cha achikulire padziko lonse lapansi sichiposa 2500-3000. Kupatula nyama zomwe zimasungidwa kumalo osungira nyama.
Gawo logawa pandas ndilokwanira mokwanira. Koma kudula mitengo mosalekeza kwa nkhalango zam'malo otentha, kuwononga nyama pofuna kutulutsa ubweya wa nyama - kumabweretsa kuchepa kwa chiwerengerocho. Izi zimachitika nthawi zambiri m'maiko monga India ndi Nepal.
M'malo osungira nyama, panda wofiira amasungidwa m'malo otseguka, koma osati m'makola. Popeza malo ochepa amatsogolera ku thanzi la nyama. Masiku ano, pafupifupi nyama 380 zimasungidwa kumalo osungira nyama. Pafupifupi anthu omwewo awonekera pazaka 20 zapitazi.
M'mayiko ena, nyamazi zimasungidwa ngati ziweto. Koma kukhalabe m'malo otere ndizoyipa kwambiri kudera la panda zazing'ono. Izi ndichifukwa choti amafunikira chakudya chabwino ndi chisamaliro. Ndi zakudya zosayenera komanso kuphwanya malamulo, ma pandas amafa chifukwa cha matenda omwe amakhudzana ndi matenda am'mimba.
Anthu opha nyama mosaka nyama amasaka nyama ya pandas makamaka ya ubweya wa zipewa, komanso yopanga zithumwa. Pali zikhulupiriro zambiri zomwe zimakhudzana ndikupanga kwawo. Ubweya wa nkhandwe umagwiritsidwanso ntchito kupanga maburashi ochotsera fumbi m'mipando. Anthu osauka ku India, Bhutan ndi China nthawi zambiri amadya nyama ya panda. Ngakhale ikakhala fungo losasangalatsa, imafunikira.
