Tatarstan ili ku East European Plain, m'zigwa za mitsinje ya Volga ndi Kama. Mpumulo wa Republic ndiwokwera kwambiri. Gawo lalikulu limakhala ndi nkhalango ndi nkhalango, 20% ya malowa ndi nkhalango zowirira.
Ku Tatarstan, nyengo imakhala yotalikirana kwambiri: nyengo yotentha yotentha komanso kugwa chipale chofewa, kuzizira pang'ono. Kutentha m'nyengo yozizira nthawi zambiri kumangotsika -15 ° C, chilimwe kumakhala +20 ° C. Nyengo yotentha, mpumulo wopanda kusiyana kwakutali, nkhalango ndi matsamba, mitsinje ikuluikulu ndi ing'onoing'ono imaloleza mitundu yoposa 300 ya mbalame kuti izisa.
Mbalame zodya nyama ku Tatarstan
Banja lambiri kwambiri la mbalame zodya nyama ndi mphamba. Kuphatikiza pa mphamba, nkhwangwa, akadzidzi ndi chisa cha nkhono ku Tatarstan. Mitundu ina ya nyama zolusa, kuwonjezera pa zinyama ndi mbalame, imagwira tizilombo tambiri.
Nkhono yotulutsa peregine
Ziwombankhanga ndizofala mbalame zodya nyama ku Tatarstan... Peregrine Falcon ndi amodzi mwamitundu yodziwika kwambiri ya mphamba. Kulemera kwa mkazi wamkulu kumakhala pakati pa 1 mpaka 1.5 kg. Mapiko ake amafikira mamita 1.2 Amuna amakhala ochepa, ocheperako kawiri kuposa akazi kulemera ndi kukula kwake.
Chovala cha mbalameyi ndi chakuda chakuda, chapamwamba chakuda chakumtunda, chakumaso kwa thupi ndi imvi yopepuka yokhala ndi timiyala. Kukula kwake kumagwirizana ndi lingaliro la nyama yolusa. Zowulutsa bwino kwambiri zimakulolani kuti muukire ozunzidwa pa liwiro la 320 km / h.
M'chaka, mu Epulo, mkazi amaikira ndi kusungunulira mazira atatu pachisa chokhazikitsidwa pamalo okwera. Patatha pafupifupi mwezi umodzi, anapiye osawoneka bwino amawoneka. Patatha mwezi umodzi, amayesa kunyamuka, nthawi ya chilimwe pamapeto pake amasiyana ndi chisamaliro cha makolo.
Ma Falgi a Peregrine amapirira bwino ukapolo. Chifukwa cha izi komanso zosawerengeka zouluka, ma falgrine falcons nthawi zonse amatenga nawo gawo pazachinyengo. Makungu a Peregine samakhala motalika: zaka 15-17.
Kobchik
Chiwombankhanga chaching'ono kuchokera ku mtundu wa falcons. Kukula kwake sikupitilira nkhunda. Amalemera magalamu 130 mpaka 200. Mapiko amatseguka osapitirira masentimita 75-78. Mbalamezi zimakhala ndi mlomo wosalusa kwenikweni. Amuna ndi akazi amatha kusiyanitsidwa ndi mtundu wawo. Amuna ali ndi mtovu wakuda kumtunda, m'mimba njerwa zofiira. Mkazi ndi wotuwa wokhala ndi zokhotakhota kumbuyo; kumutu kwake ndi kofiira.
Zisa zake m'nkhalango, zimapezeka m'mapaki am'mizinda, komwe zimapeza chakudya chake - tizilombo. Kobchik imazigwira ndi zikhomo zake pa ntchentche kapena amazitola pansi. Kuphatikiza pa agulugufe, kafadala, ziwala, zimaukira mpheta ndi nkhunda.
Ma Kobchiks samadzipangira okha zisa, amakhala m'nyumba za ma corvids: rooks, crows. Momwe amakhalira m'magawo ang'onoang'ono. M'chaka, patatha mwezi umodzi makulitsidwe, ana amabadwa, kawirikawiri anapiye 2-4. Kuswana anapiye m'nthawi kumagwirizana ndi mawonekedwe akulu a tizilombo. Ma Kobchiks, monga falcons onse, samakhala ndi zaka zopitilira 17.
Goshawk
Mitundu yayikulu kwambiri yabanja la mphamba. Ku Tatarstan, malowa amagwirizana ndi dera logawa nkhalango zowirira kale. Zimamanga zisa ndi nkhalango m'nkhalango ndipo zimawoneka kumwamba m'midzi ndi m'matawuni.
Unyinji wamwamuna umafika 1 kg, koma zazikazi zimadutsa amuna kulemera ndi kukula kwake kamodzi ndi theka. Mbalameyi ndi imvi, zovundukuka zimawonekera bwino pamimba pamimba. Pamwamba pamaso, "nsidze" zolimba - mikwingwirima yoyera, yopatsa mbalameyo mawonekedwe owopsa.
M'chaka, chisa chakale chimakonzedwa kapena chatsopano chimapangidwa pamtengo wapamwamba, wosalimba. Mkazi amaikira ndi kutsekera 2-3, nthawi zina mazira 4 pasanathe mwezi. Mbalame zonse ziwiri - chachimuna ndi chachikazi - zimadyetsa ana. Anapiye a miyezi itatu amayamba kuphunzitsa mapiko awo ndipo posakhalitsa amawuluka, kuyesera kukhazikitsa moyo wachikulire, womwe ungakhale zaka 17.
Zosokoneza
Mtundu wa mbalamezi ndi gawo la banja la mphamba. Ma loonies asintha kuti azolowere ku ma biotopes osiyanasiyana. Zotsatira zake, mitundu ingapo idapangidwa. Kumwamba kwa East European Plain, amauluka pafupipafupi:
- dambo lodyera - lomwe limayang'aniridwa nthawi zambiri pamadambo amtsinje, malo osadulidwa;
- chotchinga m'munda - kusaka m'mbali, pakati pa nkhalango;
- steppe harrier - mbalameyi yakhala ikuzindikira madera otsetsereka a Tatarstan;
- chithaphwi - kuyang'ana nyama zomwe zikuuluka m'mbali mwa mitsinje, nyanja, madambo.
Zotchinga zosiyanasiyana ndizofanana pamitundu yayikulu, maluso akusaka ndi moyo. Kutalika kwazitali zazitali ndi masentimita 60. Unyinji wa nyama zodya anzawo akuluakulu ndi 400-500 g. Marsh Harrier ndi yayikulu kuposa abale ake, dambo Harrier ndi laling'ono komanso lopepuka.
Zolepheretsa zimakhala ndi mapiko aatali ndi mchira, zomwe zimathandiza kuti ziwombankhanga ziuluka mwakachetechete. Pakukwera pang'ono, zotchinga zimayang'ana wovulalayo, pambuyo pake zimachepetsa mwamphamvu ndikuchotsa nyama: makoswe, achule, anapiye.
Nthawi yakumasirana imayamba ndimayendedwe ovuta amphongo. Mwamuna amatsimikizira kukonzeka kwake ndi ma airy, ma acrobatic. Atapanga awiriawiri, pachisa chomwe chili pansi, chachikazi chimayikira komanso kusamira mazira 2-3. M'masiku 30-40 atachotsa chipolopolocho, anapiyewo amayamba kuyesa mapikowo. Patatha milungu iwiri akuuluka.
Wokongola kadzidzi
Kadzidzi ndizofala mbalame za ku Tatarstan... Kadzidzi wotuwa ndi m'modzi wa iwo. Mbalameyi siikulu kwambiri, yolemera magalamu 650. Mutu waukulu ndi thupi lokulunga limakutidwa ndi nthenga za imvi pobisalira, zomwe zimagwirizana ndi khungwa la mitengo.
Diso lakumaso, mdima, maso ozungulira, ndi mlomo woonda wolumikizidwa zimasiya mosakayikira mitundu ya mbalameyo. Kadzidzi amakhala m'nkhalango zokhwima kumene mitengo yamatope imapezeka. Nthawi zina imapezeka m'mapaki amzindawu, momwe imagwirira nyama zazing'ono usiku, kuphatikiza amphibiya ndi tizilombo.
Kadzidzi wonyezimira amagona molawirira - kumapeto kwa Marichi. Mzimayi amalowetsa akadzidzi 3-5 kwa masiku 30. Patatha mwezi umodzi anapiyewo atuluka m'chisa. Amafuna chisamaliro cha makolo chilimwe chonse. Nthawi yonyamula ikutha mu Ogasiti. Mbalame zimakhala zaka 15-20. Kadzidzi wokhala ndi nthawi yayitali adalemba zaka 22.5.
Mbalame zodabwitsa za ku Tatarstan
Mitundu yambiri ya mbalame zamakedzana zimakhazikika m'dera la Tatarstan. Zakudya zawo zimaphatikizapo mbewu, ziphuphu, mizu. Tizilombo, mphutsi komanso zinyama zazing'ono zimawonjezeredwa. Odziwika kwambiri komanso odziwika bwino m'banja la a corvids ndi magpies ndi akhwangwala. Mitundu ya omnivorous imaphatikizidwanso m'mabanja a cranes, bustards.
Grane Kireni
Kwa moyo wonse, crane imasankha mabango, madzi, magombe osafikika a nyanja ndi mitsinje. Crane wamkulu amakula mpaka masentimita 110-115. Amayamba kulemera mpaka 6 kg. Akazi amakhala otsika pang'ono komanso opepuka. Mtundu wonsewo umakhala wotsogola, wokhala ndi mdima wakumbuyo, mapiko owala komanso mimba.
Cranes ndi mbalame zokhazikika, okwatirana amakhala nthawi yayitali. Mzimayi mu Epulo, atayamba kutentha, amatenga 1-2, kawirikawiri 3, mazira. Makulitsidwe satenga mwezi umodzi. Anapiye aswedwa amatha kusiya chisa m'masiku ochepa. Pambuyo pa miyezi iwiri, makanda achichepere amakhala ndi chovala chokwanira nthenga.
Pogonysh wamba
Kambalame kakang'ono ngati kireni kochokera m'banja la abusa. Amalemera magalamu 80-130 okha. Kutalika kwa thupi sikupitilira masentimita 25. Mtundu wonse wa nthengawo ndi wakuda ndi timiyala tating'ono tating'ono. Kumbuyo kwake kumakhala kofiirira, mbali zonse zili ndi mikwingwirima yofiirira, mbali yakumunsi ya thupi imvi.
Amakhala otanganidwa madzulo. Amakonda kuyenda ndikusambira kuposa kuwuluka. Amaluma ana obiriwira, mizu ya zomera zamatope, tizilombo, tadpoles, nsomba zing'onozing'ono komanso ngakhale zovunda.
Amawonekera m'malo opangira zisa nthawi yachisanu. Amuna awiriwa amasakaniza anapiye 8-12 mosiyanasiyana. Izi zimatenga pafupifupi mwezi umodzi. Anapiye otsatidwa amatengedwa ndi m'modzi mwa makolo pachisa. Pambuyo masiku 20, anawo amayamba kudya okha. Mu Julayi, amasiya kusamalira makolo. Magalimoto amakhala, ngati cranes onse, pafupifupi zaka 20.
Wopanda
Amakhala m'chigawo cha steppe komanso chaulimi ku Tatarstan. Dzina la mbalameyi limatchulidwa ikawululidwa mbalame zotani ku Tatarstan ali pafupi kutha. Bustard adayandikira dzikoli chifukwa cha kukula kwake komanso kuchepa kwake.
Wamphongo wamkulu amatha kulemera makilogalamu 16, wamkazi ndi theka kukula. Amuna ndi akazi avala chovala chamoteleti, chamitundu yambiri. Miyendo yayitali yopanda nthenga imapereka mbalame zomwe zimakonda kuyenda kuposa kuwuluka.
Masika, nyengo yokhwima imayamba ndi zochitika pakadali pano. Pambuyo pake, yaikazi imayikira mazira awiri mchipsinjo chadothi chomwe chimalowa m'malo mwa chisa. Makulitsidwe amatenga masiku 20-28. Anapiye amachotsedwa pachisa patangotha maola ochepa kuchokera pamene anabadwa. Pambuyo pa mwezi umodzi amayesa kuwuluka, kumapeto kwa chilimwe amasiya makolo awo. Bustards sakhala zaka zopitilira 20.
Mbalame zopanda tizilombo
Mbalame zamapiko zomwe zimadzidyetsa zokha ndikudyetsa ana awo opanda mapiko ndi mapiko a mapiko ndi mbalame zodya tizilombo. Amaphatikizapo mawere, opangira matabwa, akalulu ndi mitundu ina yomwe nthawi zambiri imakhala pafupi ndi anthu.
Kumeza
Swallows nthawi zambiri amakhala mbalame zosokoneza. Amagwira agulugufe ndi kafadala pa ntchentche. Iwo ndi gawo la banja lakumeza, lofala mbalame za ku Tatarstan. Pachithunzichi ndizovuta kusiyanitsa mtundu umodzi wa akalulu ndi ena.
- Urban swallow - amakhala m'mizinda kapena m'midzi yokhala ndi miyala yamiyala. Amapanga zigawo zazing'ono zomwe zisa zawo zimayandikana.
- Kameza wam'mudzimo sachita manyazi kumanga chisa pansi pamiyala yanyumba yamiyala. Nyumba zanyumba, nkhokwe, milatho ndiyofunikanso ngati zomangamanga.
- Kameza wamphepete mwa nyanja amakumba maenje a chisa m'mapiri otsetsereka a mitsinje, nyanja, miyala yosiyidwa. Amatha kukhala 1 mita kuya. Swallows amapanga madera; pa thanthwe limodzi pakhoza kukhala zipata zambirimbiri zokhazikitsira chisa.
Kukumana kwa mazira 5 pafupifupi kumawonekera mu Juni-Julayi. Pambuyo masiku 15-18, makulitsidwe amatha, kudyetsa kumayamba. Atakwanitsa mwezi umodzi, anapiye amatha kuuluka. Akameza amatha kudyetsa anapiye omwe asiya chisa chawo chikuuluka. Tizilombo tokhala ndi mapiko otha msanga sakhala zaka zoposa 5.
Oriole wamba
Oriole - mbalame zosamukira ku Tatarstan... Titha kunena za banja limodzi: zisa zamtundu umodzi ku republic - the common oriole. Kukula kwa oriole ndikokulirapo pang'ono kuposa nyenyezi, kulemera kochepera 90 g, mapiko ake amatha kutseguka mpaka masentimita 45. Mbalame ndizowala kwambiri. Mwa amuna, mtundu wachikasu wa thupi umasiyana ndi mapiko akuda ndi mchira. Akazi ali ndi zobiriwira zachikaso pamwamba, pansi pa utsi, mapiko obiriwira.
Orioles amakonda kukhala m'nkhalango zowola bwino. Kumapeto kwa masika, amuna, potenga chibwenzi mwachangu, amalimbikitsa mkazi kuti agone. Pambuyo pake, chisa chimamangidwa, chofanana ndi dengu loyimitsidwa. Zomangamanga zachitika mmenemo. Pakatha milungu iwiri, makulitsidwe amatha, ndipo pakatha masiku ena 15, ana anayi am'mlengalenga amatuluka mchisa. Orioles amakhala zaka pafupifupi 10.
Wagtail
Mtundu wa mbalame za m'banja lankhondo. Tizilombo toyambitsa mapiko timasonkhanitsa pansi, agulugufe ndi agulugufe akugwidwa. Mukamathamanga pansi, imagwedezeka ndi mchira wautali, kuwuluka kwake kumakhala ndi ziphuphu zingapo.
- Chombocho ndi choyera - kumtunda kwake ndi kotuwa, mutu ndi thupi lakumunsi ndizoyera.
- Chombocho ndi chachikaso - kumbuyo kuli kotuwa-imvi, kutsogolo kwa khosi kuli chikasu chowala, mchirawo ndi bulauni yakuda.
- Mountain Wagtail - m'maonekedwe ake ndi ofanana ndi ngolo yachikaso ndikuwonjezera kwa mbali zoyera, chifuwa chachikaso ndi chakudya.
- Chikopa chamutu wachikaso - mbalame yofiirira imakhala ndi mutu, thupi lakuda lachikaso.
- Chakutsogolo chakuda - nthenga zowala zachikaso pamphumi zimasanduka "nsidze" zachikaso.
- Chovala chamutu wakuda - pamwamba pamutu ndi m'khosi ndi chakuda, gawo lakumbuyo ndilobiriwira wachikaso, gawo lotsika, lakuthupi la thupi ndilachikasu.
Mbalame zimamanga zisa zosavutikira pansi. Mapiri Wagtails amasankha ziphuphu m'miyala yamiyala. Zowalamulira zaikidwa mchaka, mbalame za ana 4-5 zimauluka mu June. Pakutha kwa Juni, ma wagtails nthawi zambiri amapanga clutch yachiwiri. Wagtails amakhala zaka pafupifupi 12.
Chikumbu chamutu wachikasu
Mafumu ndi ocheperako mitundu ya mbalame ku Tatarstan ndi Russia yense. Chikumbu chofala kwambiri ndi chamutu wachikasu. Kachilomboka kakang'ono, kozungulira kamakhala ndi mbali yapadera: mzere wa chikasu cha mandimu pamwamba pamutu.
Dera logawira mbalame limagwirizana ndi dera la nkhalango zosakanikirana komanso zosakanikirana. Pamaso pa mitengo ikuluikulu, imakhazikika m'mapaki amzindawu. Nthambi za mitengo yakale yamipirala zimakhala ngati pogona pa zisa za ma kinglet.
Nyengo yakumasirana imayamba mu Epulo. Awiriwa akumanga chisa chopachikidwa. Mphalapala yaikazi imapanga mazira 10 mpaka 10, amawafungatira kwa masiku 20. Wamphongo amasamalira thanzi la nkhuku.
Pambuyo pomaliza, mkazi samasiya anawo kwa sabata - amawotcha anapiye. Pambuyo pa masabata atatu, anapiyewo amatuluka panthambi zapafupi ndi chisa ndipo posakhalitsa amayamba kuwuluka. Pa chakudya cha 99% ya tizilombo, kafadala amakhala zaka 5-7.
Granivores, mbalame zodya zomera
Palibe nyama 100% yamasamba ku Tatarstan. Mbalame, zomwe zimatchedwa granivores kapena herbivores, zimadya chakudya chobiriwira nthawi yayitali. Kawirikawiri anawo amaleredwa pa zakudya zamapuloteni - tizilombo tambiri timagwidwa. Zitsanzo: banja la odutsa, mbalame.
Linnet wamba
Izi ndi mbalame, pang'ono mbalame zachisanu ku Tatarstan... Thupi ndi kukula kwake zikufanana ndi mpheta. Mitundu yowala kwambiri. Gawo lakumtunda, lakumtunda ndi lofiirira, mbali ndi pansi pake zimakhala zoyera. Mwa amuna, chifuwa ndi mphumi zimakhala zofiirira. Akazi alibe malankhulidwe ofiira m'mapiko awo. Linnet sikulemera kupitirira 20 g.
M'matawuni ndi m'midzi, pafupi ndi mpheta. Mosiyana ndi iwo, amaimba mosangalatsa. Kuyala kumachitika muzisa zosavuta zomwe zimakonzedwa mumitengo ndi tchire. Anapiye aubweya amapezeka pakadutsa milungu iwiri.
Pambuyo masiku 15, amasiya makolo awo. Mu Julayi, chisa chatsopano chimamangidwa, clutch yatsopano imapangidwa, monga koyambirira, pali mazira asanu mmenemo. Kuzungulira kwa makulitsidwe, kudya akubwerezedwa. Linnets amakhala zaka pafupifupi 8.
Crossbill
Granivores wamba mbalame za Republic of Tatarstan... Kuphatikiza apo, ma crossbill ali ndi zakudya zapadera - amakonda mbewu za ma conifers. Chifukwa chake, ku Tatarstan, malo opyola zikwangwani amagwirizana ndi dera logawidwa kwa nkhalango zowirira komanso zosakanikirana.
Mbalame zimakhala ndi chinthu china chimodzi - nthawi yonyamulira zimatengera zokolola za ma cones. Pali mitundu itatu mdziko lino:
- Mpheta ya mpheta - sichidutsa kukula kwa mpheta. Imasamukira kukadya kumadera komwe mitengo ya spruce ndi mitengo ya paini imabweretsa zipatso zambiri. Ndi mbewu zambiri za spruce, zimatha kumaswa anyezi asanafike, ngakhale nthawi yozizira.
- Mtanda wamizere yoyera - wocheperako pang'ono kuposa spruce. Amakhazikika mu mbewu za larch.
- Pine crossbill - Chakudya chachikulu cha mtandawu ndi mbewu zomwe zimasungidwa mumipini ya paini.
Kudziwika kwa ziweto kunayambitsa kusintha kwa mulomo. Mapiko ake akuthwa, onga omata amachititsa kuti mbewu zisamavutike. Crossbones ndi chitsanzo chowoneka bwino cha kusintha kwa mbalame, ngakhale mbewu za mpendadzuwa, mbewu za zitsamba, tizilombo titha kupezeka pamndandanda wawo.
