Phalaphala — mbalametikukhala ku Eurasia ndi Africa, ku New Zealand. Siliposa kukula kwake mpheta. Monga momwe ziliri paliponse. Adziwa bwino malo onse kuyambira tundra kupita kumapiri a Alpine.
Kufotokozera ndi mawonekedwe
Unyinji wa mbalame yayikulu imakhala pakati pa 25-35 g. Mapikowo amatseguka masentimita 25-30. Amakula mpaka kutalika masentimita 16 mpaka 22. Maonekedwe achikazi ndi abambo amasiyana m'mitundu yambiri, makamaka munthawi yoswana.
Amuna amakhala ndi nthenga zambiri. Mwa amuna omwe amakonda kubowolera, mutu umakhala ndi utoto wonyezimira wokhala ndi mikwingwirima ya maolivi ndi imvi. Mabotolo amtundu womwewo amapezeka pachifuwa ndipo amafikira pamimba. Pa gawo lakumbuyo kwa thupi, mikwingwirima yofiirira, yosiyanako ilipo. Thupi ndi mgoza. Chifuwa ndikutsika, gawo lakuthupi la thupi ndilachikasu.
Pamapeto pa nyengo yoswana, nthawi yophukira imayamba. Kufunika kodziwonetsera kumasowa, amuna amataya kuwala kwa chovala choswana. Amuna ndi akazi m'njira zambiri amabwereza mtundu wamwamuna, koma utoto wake ndiwodzichepetsera, woletsa.
Pali chinthu chodziwika bwino pamoyo wazomwe mungachite. Anthu aku Europe adazikonda. Mbalame zimagwidwa mochuluka ndipo njira yodyetsera imachitika. Chifukwa chiyani amaikidwa m'makola pomwe kulibe kuwala. Mdimawo umakhudza kwambiri mbalamezo: zimayamba kumwetula mbewu mwamphamvu. M'masiku akale, kuti zilowetse mbalame mumdima, zimangotulutsa maso.
Kutsirizitsa oatmeal kumatha kuwirikiza kawiri kulemera kwake. Ndiye kuti, m'malo mwa magalamu 35, amayamba kulemera 70. Kenako amaphedwa. Zakudya zabwino zaku France zimafuna kuti izi zichitike ndikumwa chakumwa chabwino: oatmeal amizidwa ku Armagnac.
Mbalame zonyowa mumowa ndizokazinga kwathunthu. Amayamwa kwathunthu. Nthawi yomweyo, amakhala ndi oatmeal wokazinga ndi chopukutira, ndikuphimba chakudya chokoma. Anthu ena amaganiza kuti chopukutira chimafunika kutolera mafupa a mbalame. Ena amati mwanjira imeneyi nkhanza ndi zobisika kwa Mulungu.
Kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1900, m'maiko ambiri ku Europe, zakudya zoletsedwa kuchokera ku mbalame zazing'ono zakutchire zinali zoletsedwa. Ophika otchuka ku France akuumirira kuti athetse chiletsocho. Amalungamitsa pempholi ndikufunika kosunga miyambo ndikulimbana ndi msika wakuda wakudya.
Chimaliziro chinapatsa mbalameyo udindo osati chokoma chabe, komanso chizindikiro. Ku USA kuli kulumikiza mbalame - uyu ndi Alabama. Mgwirizano wosavomerezeka wa mbalame ndi ogwira ntchito udachitika pa Nkhondo Yapachiweniweni. Maunifolomu a asirikali ankhondo akumwera nthawi zambiri samapezeka, amavala mosasamala. Pofuna kusiyanitsa zawo ndi alendo, adasoka zigamba zachikaso, zofananira ndi mapiko a mbalame. Chifukwa chake dzina lophiphiritsa la boma.
Mitundu
M'banja la oatmeal, asayansi apeza magulu atatu:
- oatmeal ya Dziko Lakale,
- American oatmeal,
- kubereka kwa neotropical,
- genera lina.
Gulu Lakale la bunting limaphatikizanso mtundu wazomwe zimapangidwira. Anthu akamakamba zokomerera, amatanthauza mbalame zamtunduwu. Mulinso mitundu pafupifupi 41. N'zovuta kulankhula za ziwerengero zenizeni chifukwa cha ntchito yomwe ikuchitika pakadongosolo.
Poganizira zotsatira za kafukufuku wamtundu, kusintha kwakukulu kumapangidwa m'gulu lachilengedwe, kuphatikiza banja la oatmeal. Pali mitundu ingapo yamagulu azinthu zomwe anthu amatha kukumana nazo.
- Wachira.
Dziko lakwawo la mbalameyi ndi Eurasia. Adziwa magawo onse, kupatula madera okwera mapiri ndi arctic. Kukhazikitsidwa ndi kuswana bwino ku Australia ndi New Zealand.
Mbalame m'nyengo yozizira m'magulu awo, koma anthu akumpoto amatha kusamukira ku Greece, Italy, Middle East, ndi kumpoto kwa Afghanistan.
Kuimba Bunting Yomwe
- Phalaphala-Remez.
Maonekedwe osamukira. Amabzala m'nkhalango za taiga ku Scandinavia, Europe, Siberia ndi Far East ku Russia. Amasamukira ku South Asia nyengo yachisanu. Mtunduwo ndi wachilendo. Mutu wamphongo waphimbidwa ndi nthenga zakuda ndipo pakhosi ndi loyera.
Kuimba oatmeal pemez
- Kulima m'munda.
Amabereka m'maiko onse aku Europe, kuphatikiza aku Scandinavia. Kupezeka ku Asia: Iran, Turkey. Koyamba ku India mu 2018. M'dzinja, imasonkhana m'magulu ndipo imasamukira kumadera otentha a ku Africa. Kumayambiriro kouluka, mbalame zimatha kugwira maukondewo. Tsogolo lotsatira la mbalame zomwe zagwidwa ndizomvetsa chisoni: zimakhala zokoma.
- Kuphimba miyala.
Derali limayambira kunyanja ya Caspian kupita ku Altai. Zimabisala kumapeto kwa chilimwe. Magulu ang'onoang'ono a anthu 10-20 amapita ku South Asia.
- Zamgululi.
Mbalamezi zimamanga ku Russia, ku Ulaya konse. Scandinavia ndi malire akumadzulo kwamtunduwu. Japan ndi chakummawa. Nyengo kumadera akumwera kwa China.
Mpaka kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 2000, International Society for the Conservation of Nature idakhulupirira kuti palibe chomwe chimawopseza zamoyozo. Mu 2004, kuchepa kwakukulu kwa mitundu ya zamoyo kudalengezedwa. Chifukwa chake ndi kusaka kwa mbalame zambiri pakusamukira kwawo, komwe njira zake zimadutsa China.
Mverani kuyimba kwa Dubrovnik
- Oatmeal wamaluwa.
Amakonda mayiko ofunda. Mungapezeke kuzilumba za Mediterranean, m'maiko akumwera kwa Europe. Nthawi zina amafika ku Central Europe. Popeza madera okhala ndi nyengo yotentha adasankhidwa kuti apange mazira, maulendo anyengo sakhala ofanana ndi mitundu iyi. Ogorodnaya oatmeal pachithunzichi amasiyana pang'ono ndi wamba.
- Zakudya za oatmeal.
Phala laling'ono kwambiri. Kulemera kwake sikupitilira 15. g Mtundu umakhala ndi mikwingwirima yakuda kumbuyo ndi m'mimba. Monga kuthamangitsidwa kwambiri, akazi amakhala ofooka kwambiri kuposa amuna. Dziko lakwawo la crumb ndilo kumpoto kwa Russia ndi Scandinavia. Amamanga zisa m'malo otsika, m'malo athyathyathya, matchire. M'nyengo yozizira imawulukira ku India, kumwera kwa China.
Kuimba zinyenyeswazi za oat
- Kukongoletsa kwakuda.
Oatmeal ndi yayikulu mokwanira. Kulemera kwake kumafika magalamu 25. Nthenga pamutu pake ndi zakuda, kupatula mikwingwirima yakutsogolo - ndi yachikasu. Zomwe zidapatsa dzinali mbalame. Zisa za Viet ndi kuwaswa anapiye m'nkhalango za coniferous komanso zosakanikirana za Central Siberia. Kwa nyengo yozizira, amasamukira kumwera kwa China ndi India. Chimodzi mwamafuta ochepa omwe sapezeka ku Europe.
Kuimba bunting wachikasu
- Prosyanka.
Chachikulu kwambiri cha oatmeal. Kulemera kwake kumafika magalamu 55. Mbali inanso ya mbalameyi ndi kusapezeka kwa mitundu ya amuna ndi akazi. Kugawidwa kumpoto kwa Africa, ku Western ndi Central Asia, kumwera kwa Russia.
Mverani mawu a mapira
- Kumanga polar.
Mbalameyi nthawi zambiri imatchedwa pallas oatmeal. Polemekeza wasayansi waku Germany a Peter Pallas, omwe adatumikira Russia ndikuchita kafukufuku, kuphatikiza zomera ndi zinyama zaku Siberia. Chimodzi mwamafuta ochepa kwambiri. Zisa za Viet ku Siberia, Central Asia, Mongolia.
Kuimba bunting polar
- Kupanga bango.
Mbalameyi ili ndi dzina lapakati: bango bunting. Zisa za Viet m'madambo, m'mphepete mwa mitsinje yodzaza ndi mabango. Kugawidwa ku Europe komanso m'maiko a Maghreb. Anthu aku Africa amaswana komanso nyengo yozizira mdera lomweli. Anthu aku Europe asamukira kumpoto kwa Africa. Bango kusaka m'nyengo yozizira atha kupanga kusamuka kwa chakudya. Ndiye kuti, ndi mitundu yokhala pansi, yosamukasamuka komanso yosuntha nthawi yomweyo.
Moyo ndi malo okhala
Anthu okhala m'malo okhala ndi nyengo yofatsa, yotentha amatsogolera kukhalabe kwanthawi yayitali. Kuchokera m'malo okhala ndi nyengo yovuta, mbalame zimapita kumwera kugwa. Pakakhala mavuto azakudya, kusamuka kwa forage kumatha kuchitika. Kusunthaku kumatha kupangidwa chaka chonse, mosasamala nyengo.
Mu 1862, kuwukira kwachilengedwe kunachitika. Kupikisana kofala kochokera kugombe la Britain kudabwera kuzilumba za New Zealand. Izi sizinali zongochitika mwachisawawa. Anthu am'deralo omwe amathandizana nawo pantchito adachita nawo zokambirana. Atsamundawo sanali okondweretsedwa ndi zilombo zakomweko. Zobetcherana mwachangu zidakhazikika pazilumbazi ndikufika ku Lord Howe waku Australia.
Amafika pazilumba zazing'onozing'ono, koma samazikhalira. Kubetcherana wamba kumayambitsidwanso ku Falkland Islands ndi South Africa. Kukhazikitsanso nyama mokakamiza kumapereka zotsatira zabwino. Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za zana la 20, alimi aku New Zealand adawona kale phala ngati mbalame yomwe idasokoneza ulimi.
Nthawi yamagalimoto isanachitike, kubetcherana kumakhala m'mizinda. Amatha kuwoneka pamakola komanso m'njira yoyenda ndi mahatchi. Pakutha kwamahatchi, oats adasowa m'mizinda. Chiwerengero cha malo obiriwira chatsika. Mwala ndi phula zinayamba kulamulira kulikonse. Oatmeal analibe chodyetsa komanso analibe chisa. Sanatengere chitsanzo cha nkhunda ndi mpheta ndipo adachoka m'malo achitukuko.
Komabe, anthu okhala m'mizinda amatha kumva ndi kuwona mbalamezi osati kumalire kokha. Nyimbo yomanga mbalame makamaka wodziwika ngati woyimba. Alonda oyang'anira mbalame ndi akatswiri odziwa zosangalatsa amakonda kuwasunga kunyumba, m'makola kapena mndege.
Nthawi zambiri, amasunga wamba, bango oatmeal, pemez. Mwamuna aliyense, yemwe akuyembekezeka kukhala ndi nyimbo zabwino za mbalame, amaikidwa mnyumba ina. Iyenera kukhala khola lalikulu, loyatsa bwino. Pansi pake pamakhala mchenga wotentha, wotentha. Kuphatikiza pa chiwiya ndi omwera, thanki losambira limayikidwa.
Amadyetsedwa ndi canary osakaniza, mapira, oats ophuka. Akatswiri onse amati mbalame, kuwonjezera pa kubzala chakudya, zimafuna chakudya cha mapuloteni. Kunyumba, monga chowonjezera, amalandira njoka zam'mimba, mphutsi, zophobas mphutsi ndi tizilombo tina. Chakudya chotere ndi chofunikira makamaka munthawi yamafuta, popanga awiriawiri ndi kuswana anapiye.
Kuyimba oatmeal nthawi zina amakhala muyezo mbalame zina. Amuna amasungidwa kuti aziphunzitsa ma kenars ndi ena otsanzira. Mukasunga oatmeal, zovuta zimatha kubwera chifukwa cha mantha.
Zakudya zabwino
Oatmeal amatsata zakudya zopangidwa ndi chomera. Mbeu za zitsamba zakutchire zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chakudya: barnyard, mungu, tirigu, fescue ndi ena. Njere za mbewu zomwe zimalimidwa zimakopeka kwambiri: tirigu, balere, phala, mapira ndi zina.
Munthawi yakulera, kubetcherana kumayamba kusaka tizilombo. Amagwidwa ochuluka kwambiri. Oatmeal amadyetsa anapiye kawiri kapena katatu m'nyengo yotentha. Ndiye kuti, kuwonongedwa kwa kafadala, mbozi ndi tizirombo tina kumatenga nthawi yonse yotentha.
Kumayambiriro kwa nthawi yophukira, ndege isanakwere, ma buntunt amayamba kudyetsa kwambiri. M'madera momwe tirigu amalimidwa, zokolola zimachitika panthawiyi. Oatmeal, nthawi zambiri m'magulu osakanikirana, amapezeka pafupi ndi minda yosadziwika, malo osungira, misewu yomwe njere zimanyamulidwa.
Kubereka ndi chiyembekezo cha moyo
Nyengo yokwatirana imayamba mu Epulo, ndikumapeto kwa masika mu Meyi. Yaimuna imayamba kuyimba. Imasankha, ngati scaffold, mitengo imodzi, mitengo, tchire. Atazindikira chachikazi, amatsegula mapiko ake, akuwonetsa chovala chake. Nestles pa nthambi pafupi naye. Pachifukwachi, anthu omwe amadziwika bwino angaoneke ngati opambana. Kubetcherana kumangokhala kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha kwakanthawi kokwanira.
Mkazi amayang'ana malo abwino ndikupitilira pomanga chisa. Imaikidwa pansi. Pamalo pomwe kuli kovuta kuziwona kwa nyama yothamanga kapena munthu wodutsa. Chisa ndi chosavuta - mbale ngati kukhumudwa. Pansi pake pamadzaza ndi moss wouma, udzu, tsitsi ndi nthenga.
Chisa cha Reed Bunting
Chisa chikamalizidwa, awiriawiri amapangidwa. Mazira 3-5 amaikidwa. Amakutidwa ndi mawonekedwe a masking okhala ndi mizere yopyapyala yamdima komanso mawanga amtundu wosatha. Mazirawo amasamalilidwa ndi yaikazi. Tate wabanja amamupatsa chakudya.
Pakadutsa masiku 13-15, zisa zimaswa, zoyenda, zowonera, zokutidwa ndi pansi. Makolo onse amawadyetsa. Muzakudya zachizolowezi zambewu za mbalame, tizilombo tating'onoting'ono topanda mapiko timaphatikizidwapo. Pakatha masiku 21-23, anapiye ang'onoang'ono ayamba kuchoka panyumba pawo.
Pakadali pano, mkazi amasiya kusamala anapiye: amayamba kumanga chisa chatsopano. Yaimuna imadyetsa anapiye amene mayi awo asiya. Koma mwachangu kwambiri amakhala odziyimira pawokha. Pakadutsa milungu itatu kuchokera nthawi yomwe mwana wankhuku amatuluka mu chipolopolo, kupita kumaulendo odziyimira pawokha ndikudyetsa.
Kukwapula kwachichepere, posatengera kuti ndi amuna kapena akazi, amitundu imodzimodzi, osati owala, ngati akazi achikulire. Amuna amapeza nthenga zowala pambuyo pake, atasungunuka. Pofika nyengo yotsatira, mbalame zazing'ono zimakhala zokonzeka kuswana ndikulera ana awo.
Kuwomba anapiye
Zonse mitundu ya oatmeal ziwiri, nthawi zina zida zitatu zimapangidwa pachaka. Kuberekana komwe kumafalikira pakapita nthawi kumathandiza kuti tisamadalire nyengo kwambiri, kuti tithandizire kutayika kwa mazira ndi anapiye chifukwa cha zolusa. Pali adani ambiri okonzeka kuwononga chisa: akhwangwala, makoswe, nyama zolusa zochepa. Kubetcha kuli ndi njira ziwiri zokha zodzitetezera - kubisa ndi kuzemba chisa, kumayesa kuti ndi nyama yosavuta.
Buntings amakhala zaka zitatu. M'malo osungira nyama ndi kunyumba, nthawi ya moyo imachulukitsidwa. Chisamaliro chabwino ndikukhala opanda nkhawa kumabweretsa zolemba potengera moyo wautali. Ku Zoo Zaku Berlin, owonera mbalame adalemba zakufa kwa bunting ali ndi zaka 13.
