Kumalo otentha a ku Asia kumakhala nyama yaying'ono - tupaya... Mikangano yasayansi yokhudza kusintha kwa nyama sizinathe kwa zaka zambiri. Makolo akale omwe ankakhala nthawi ya ma dinosaurs sanali osiyana kwambiri ndi nyama zamakono. Akatswiri a sayansi ya zinyama poyamba adafotokoza kuti tupaya ndi anyani, kenako ngati tizilombo. Tinayima pagulu lina la tupayevs kapena ku Latin Scandentia.
Kufotokozera ndi mawonekedwe
Anthu omwe adayang'ana nyamazo ali ndi malingaliro osiyanasiyana pazmawonekedwe awo. Wina amayerekezera tupaya ndi gologolo, kutchera khutu ndi momwe amadyera, atakhala pamiyendo yake yakumbuyo ndikugwira chipatso kapena kachilombo kokhala ndi miyendo yakutsogolo.
Ena amafanana ndi khoswe. Asayansi amasiyanitsa zizindikilo za anyani amphongo m'zinyama - kapangidwe ka miyendo, mano, kukhalapo kwa hyoid, moyo wokhala ngati theka.
Tupaya nyama yaying'ono kukula ndi kulemera. Kuchuluka kwa mamembala akulu kwambiri pabanja la tupayev sikupitilira kotala la kilogalamu. Thupi lokhalitsa komanso lokongola la 10-25 cm lovekedwa ndi mchira wautali wautali.
Chosiyana ndi tupaya ya nthenga, yomwe ili ndi mchira wadazi, kupatula bulu la tsitsi kumapeto kwake. Mphuno ndi yopapatiza, yotambasulidwa mphuno. Makutu ozungulira ndi akulu mokwanira, maso amayang'ana mbali. Umu ndi momwe zimawonekera tupaya pachithunzichi.
Chilengedwe chapatsa nyama ziwalo zambiri zolandirira m'mphuno ndi mawonekedwe a mphuno ngati canine, yomwe imapereka fungo labwino. Mphuno ndi maso ndizofunikira kwambiri pakumva kufunafuna chakudya. Miyendo yakumiyendo isanu yayitali ndi yayitali kuposa ya kumbuyo.
Ubongo ndi waukulu pokhudzana ndi kulemera kwa thupi, koma wakale. Mtundu wa ubweya wofewa, wandiweyani umasiyanasiyana kuchokera kufiira mpaka bulauni yakuda, pafupifupi wakuda. Kumwera kwenikweni kwa chilengedwe cha biotope, mtundu wachuma umakhala wonenepa komanso wakuda. Anthu omwe si amuna kapena akazi okhaokha alibe kusiyana kunenepa kapena kukula.
Tupai amalankhulana kudzera m'mawu, kununkhiza, kangapo konse amagwiritsa ntchito mawonekedwe, nkhope. Fuula tupaya zaukali komanso zosasangalatsa nyama ndi anthu. Posonyeza kusakhutira ndi kukhala pamalowo, nyamayo imapereka zikwangwani zofuula komanso zopyoza kuti mlendo afulumira kuthawa mwachangu.
Akatswiri a zooology adayesa mbewa zoyesera, ndikuwapatsa kujambula kwa mawu a tupai wokwiya. Makoswewo anachita mantha kwambiri, anayesa kuthawa, ndipo ena anali ndi manjenje. Malire a magawo tupaya nyama kulemba ndi mkodzo ndi zinthu zina. Nyamazo zimabisa chinsinsi kuchokera kumatumbo omwe ali pamimba, pakhosi, ndi pachifuwa.
Mitundu
Kusiyanasiyana kwa mitundu sikumapanga kusintha kwakukulu pakuwonekera, ziribe kanthu nyama ndi zamoyo ziti. Zinthu zazikuluzikulu ndizokhala malo, kukula. Akatswiri a Zoologist amasiyanitsa mitundu iyi ya tupaya:
- Wamba
Kukula kwa thupi kumakhala masentimita 18, mitundu ina imakula mpaka masentimita 22. Kutalika kwa mchira kumafanana ndi thupi mu chiyerekezo cha 1: 1 ndikulakwitsa pang'ono. Kumbuyo kuli ocher, azitona kapena wakuda. Mikwingwirima yoyera imakongoletsa mapewa. Mtundu wam'mimba umayera kuyambira woyera mpaka bulauni yakuya.
Kuchokera ku mitundu ina tupaya wamba amasiyana ndi ubweya wochepa kwambiri. Mwa chinyama chonyamula, mphutsi siitali kwambiri. Malo ogawawa akukhudza kum'mwera ndi kum'mawa kwa Asia, zilumba za Indonesia, kumpoto kwa India, China. Amakhala nthawi yayitali pansi kuposa mitengo, monga amaganizira kale. Amamanganso malo okhala.
- Zazikulu
Mtundu wakuda wofiirira wakuda masentimita 20 wokhala ndi mulingo wofanana wagolide-lalanje umakhala pazilumba za Malaysia - Kalimantan, Borneo ndi Sumatra. Big tupaya Amadziwika ndi mizere yozungulira, maso akulu ndi mphuno yosongoka. Nthawi zambiri masana amakhala mumitengo.
- Chimalay
Kutalika kwa thupi ndi mchira ndi masentimita 12-18. Mimba ya golide-lalanje imawoneka ngati malo owala kumbuyo kwa mdima wakuda. Amapezeka ku Thailand, pazilumba za Indonesia. Thupi ndilopyapyala, lokongola.
Maso akulu amaonekera pamutu. Cholakwika chachi Malay amapanga gulu limodzi, lomwe silitha mpaka kumapeto kwa moyo. Kupatula kwake ndi oimira mitundu yomwe ikukhala ku Singapore. Kumeneko kunawonedwa kuti amuna amphongo ndi akazi angapo.
- Mmwenye
Zikuwoneka ngati tupaya wamba wokhala ndi thunzi tating'onoting'ono tofananira. Zimasiyana m'makutu okutidwa ndi kapangidwe ka tsitsi ndi mano. Mtundu wakumbuyo ndi bulauni ndikuwonjezera mithunzi yosiyanasiyana - yofiira, yakuda, yachikasu. Mimbayo ndi yopepuka - imvi-chikasu ndi mtundu wa mawanga abulauni. Mikwingwirima yopepuka imakongoletsa mapewa. Kutalika kwa thupi kumafika 20 cm, mchira ndi wamfupi 1 cm.
Malo ogawa ndi kumpoto kwa Indian subcontinent. Amakhala m'nkhalango, m'malo otsetsereka miyala. Nthawi zina amapita kwa anthu, kukaona malo olima. Indian tupaya amatanthauza okhalako, popeza malo okhala amakhala ochepa. Imakhala nthawi yayitali ikuyenda pansi pa thunthu ndi nthambi za mitengo masana.
- Nthenga
Mitundu yaying'ono yofufuzidwa. Kusiyanitsa ndi nthumwi zina za tupayevy - m'miyeso yaying'ono kuyambira masentimita 10, makutu akulu, osongoka, moyo wakusiku. Chosiyanitsa chachikulu ndi mchira wakuda, wonyezimira wokhala ndi tsitsi loyera kumapeto.
Tsitsi lidagawikagawanika, kunja kofanana ndi nthenga, motero dzina - nthenga-tailed tupaya. Ubweya wake ndi wotuwa ndikuwonjezera malankhulidwe abulauni ndi mabotolo akuda. Mchira ndi wautali masentimita 1-6 kuposa thupi. Zinyama zimakhala kumwera kwa Malay Peninsula, Sumatra.
- Chosalala
Kumpoto kwenikweni kwa Borneo, pali oimira mitundu yosawerengeka ya tupaya. Amadziwika ndi mtundu wamutu wosazolowereka wa banja la tupayev. Mikwingwirima yakuda yakuda imayenda pamphuno. Gawo lakumtunda ndi lamdima, pafupifupi lakuda, pamimba pamakhala mopepuka.
- Philippines
Kulemera kumafika 350 g ndi kutalika kwa masentimita 20. Dzinalo la mitunduyo limafotokoza bwino za malo ake. Tupai anasankha chilumba cha Mindanao, komwe kumakhala anthu ambiri. Mbali yapadera, kuwonjezera pa kulemera kwa thupi, ndi mchira wawufupi. Mtundu wobiriwira waubweyawo ndi wofiirira, chifuwa ndi mimba ndizopepuka. Tizilombo toyambitsa matenda timapanga maziko a zakudya.
Moyo ndi malo okhala
Biotopes zachilengedwe zimaphatikizapo nkhalango zam'malo otentha, ndi mapiri, omwe ali pamtunda wosaposa mamita 2-3 zikwi pamwamba pa nyanja. Malo ogona a Tupai amapangidwa m'makona a mitengo yakugwa, amagwiritsa ntchito zomwe zili pakati pamizu, nsungwi zopanda pake.
Iwo molumpha amalumpha kuchokera ku nthambi kupita ku nthambi, amathamangira mmwamba ndi pansi pa makungwa a mitengo. Komabe, nthawi yayitali masana amafunafuna chakudya m'nkhalango, yokutidwa ndi masamba akugwa.
Amakhala m'modzi, awiriawiri kapena m'magulu ang'onoang'ono. Tupaya ali ndi malo awoawo kukula kwa mahekitala, akazi ndi ocheperako pang'ono kuposa amuna. Nyama zimayika madera awo kangapo patsiku ndipo zimasamala mwansanje motsutsana ndi alendo. Ngati pali chinsinsi chonunkhira, ma siginolo samathandiza, mano ndi zikhomo zokhala ndi zikhadabo zakuthwa zimagwiritsidwa ntchito. Tupai ndiwokwiya, kumenya nkhondo ndi mdani nthawi zina kumathera pakufa kwa omwe agonja.
Asayansi ali ndi chidwi ndi tupaya wa nthenga yemwe amamwa msuzi wa kanjedza, kapena ndendende, kutha kumwa mowa wambiri. Mgwalangwa wa Bertham womwe umalimidwa kuzilumba zaku Malayya uli ndi timadzi tokoma timene timakhala ndi mowa wa ethyl, womwe anthu akumaloko amadziwa ndipo wakhala akugwiritsa ntchito kalekale limodzi ndi nyama.
Kuwona kwa nyama kwawonetsa kuti ndi kuchuluka kwakumwa kwa madzi, tupai samataya kayendedwe kake, koma akupitiliza kukhala ndi moyo wamba. Mwamwayi, nyama ndi njira zawo mowa mowa, amene si khalidwe la thupi la munthu.
Zakudya zabwino
Zakudya za tupaya zimakhala ndi tizilombo, mbewu, zipatso, zipatso, komanso zakudya zambiri zanyama kuti mulawe, kuphatikizapo:
- abuluzi;
- mbewa, anapiye;
- achule.
Zinyama zimayendetsa bwino miyendo yakutsogolo kwakuti imagwira kachilomboka kapena dzombe likuwuluka. Malo otafuna mano ali ndi mawonekedwe ofanana ndi grater, omwe amathandiza kuthana ndi vuto lolimba la chipatso, chovala chachitini cha tizilombo. Agulugufe, nyerere, mphutsi za tupaya zimayang'aniridwa pansi pakati pa masamba omwe agwa kapena m'ming'alu ya makungwa amitengo. Nthawi zina zimawononga zisa za mbalame pakudya mazira ndi anapiye.
Pakusaka, kuti muphe makoswe ang'onoang'ono, mitundu yayikulu ya nyama imagwiritsa ntchito njira yomwe amakonda - kuponyera mwachangu ndi kuluma m'khosi. Pofunafuna chakudya, nyamazi zimapotoza mchira wawo ndikugwedeza mwamphamvu mphuno zawo. Kukhala pafupi ndi malo okhala anthu, kufunafuna chakudya, amalowerera m'minda ndi nyumba zogona.
Kubereka ndi chiyembekezo cha moyo
Amayi ali okonzeka kupanga umuna kuyambira miyezi itatu yakubadwa chaka chonse. Kuchuluka kwa chonde pakati pa mwezi watha wa nthawi yophukira komanso koyambirira kwa chilimwe. Udindo wamakolo wamwamuna ndikupeza, kukonza "nazale". Mimba ya mkazi kumatenga masiku 45-55.
Kuyambira mwana mmodzi mpaka atatu amabadwa, nthawi zambiri awiri. Ana obadwa kumene ndi akhungu, ogontha komanso opanda tsitsi. Zimapsa kuyambira koyambirira kwa sabata lachitatu. Mayi Tupaya amadyetsa ana, kuthamangira kuchisa kwa mphindi 5, masiku awiri aliwonse.
Mkaka wa amayi wokwanira 10 g pa kudyetsa mwachionekere siwokwanira, chifukwa anawo amagona osayenda kuti apulumutse michere. Malingaliro osasamala oterewa polera ana sizikhalidwe za nyama zamphongo, tupaya ndizosiyana.
Nyama zazing'ono zikafika mwezi umodzi, zimasamukira kukakhala pachisa cha kholo. Nthawi yomweyo, ana amphongo amayamba kukhala pawokha, kudzipezera pogona, pomwe akazi amakhalabe ndi amayi awo. Tupai samakhala motalika - zaka 2-3. Mitundu yaying'ono pansi pazikhalidwe zabwino komanso mu ukapolo imakhala zaka 11.
Adani achilengedwe amaphatikizapo mbalame zodya nyama, njoka, martens. Nyama sizikopa osaka ndi ubweya kapena nyama. Sakuwomberanso, chifukwa sawopseza mbewu zaulimi. Vuto lokhalo lomwe anthu amakhudzidwa nalo ndi chinyama ndi kusintha kwa malo ndi nkhalango, zomwe zimapangitsa kuchepa kwa ziweto. Mwa mitundu 20, iwiri imadziwika kuti ili pangozi.
