Ma proboscis omwe akukhala masiku ano ndi mbadwa za nyama zomwe kale zinali zazikulu, zomwe zimaphatikizapo mammoth ndi masadoni. Tsopano amatchedwa njovu. Nyama zazikuluzikuluzi zimadziwika kale kwa anthu, ndipo nthawi zambiri amazigwiritsa ntchito pazolinga zawo. Mwachitsanzo, ngati nyama zankhondo.
A Carthaginians, Aperisi akale, amwenye - anthu onsewa amadziwa momwe angagwirire njovu pankhondo. Tiyenera kukumbukira kampeni yodziwika bwino yaku India ya Alexander the Great kapena magulu ankhondo a Hannibal, komwe njovu zankhondo zimakhala chida chowopsa.
Anagwiritsidwanso ntchito pazosowa zapakhomo ngati chonyamulira champhamvu ndikukweza. Pakati pa Aroma, iwo ankatumikira kusangalatsa anthu. Kugwiritsa ntchito njovu mwankhanza kwambiri ndikuwasaka kuti apeze "minyanga ya njovu" yamtengo wapatali. Nthawi zambiri awa anali minyanga ya nyama.
Nthawi zonse, amatha kupanga zinthu zokongoletsedwa zokongola, zomwe zinali zodula kwambiri. Zitha kukhala zimbudzi za azimayi (zisa, mabokosi, mabokosi a ufa, mafelemu azipilala, zisa), ndi mbale, mipando, zodzikongoletsera, ndi zida zina. Chithunzi cha njovu m'mabuku, kupenta, makanema nthawi zonse chimakhala chowonekera, chowala komanso chokhala ndi mikhalidwe pafupifupi yaumunthu.
Nthawi zambiri, njovu zimawonetsedwa ngati amtendere, okonda kucheza, ochezeka, odekha, ngakhale nyama zofatsa. Komabe, nkoyenera kutchula njovu zakutchire zomwe zimakhala mosiyana ndi ziweto. Kukumana nawo sikungapereke mwayi kwa cholengedwa chilichonse, kuphatikiza anthu. Ichi ndi nyama yoyipa, yoopsa, yosesa mitengo ndi nyumba mosavutikira.
Njovu ndi ziti? - imatsimikizika ndi kapangidwe kake ka chilengedwe ndi malo okhala. Zizindikiro zanjovu: thunthu lalitali loyenda, lomwe kwenikweni ndi mlomo wapamwamba wosakanikirana ndi mphuno, thupi lamphamvu, miyendo yofanana ndi chipika, khosi lalifupi.
Mutu wokhudzana ndi thupi umawerengedwa kuti ndi waukulu chifukwa cha mafupa akutsogolo. Njovu zambiri zimakhala ndi zida zowongolera zomwe zimakula m'miyoyo yawo yonse. Pamiyendo pali zala zisanu zolumikizana, komanso zidendene zakuthwa.
Phazi la njovu
Pakatikati mwa phazi pali mafuta, omwe amakhala ngati chowongolera. Njovu ikaponda pa mwendo, imapendekeka, kumawonjezera malo oti ikuchirikizika. Makutu a njovu ndi akulu komanso otakata. Ndi wandiweyani m'munsi, pafupifupi owonekera m'mbali.
Ndi iwo, amayendetsa kutentha kwa thupi, amadzipeputsa ngati fan. Mkazi amabereka mwana kwa miyezi 20-22. Nthawi zambiri, ndiye wolowa nyumba. Nthawi zambiri pamakhala awiri, kenako m'modzi sangakhale ndi moyo. Njovu zimakhala zaka 65-70. Ali ndi chikhalidwe chotukuka bwino. Akazi omwe ali ndi ana amakhala mosiyana, amuna amakhala mosiyana.
Zing'onozing'ono za njovu ku zoo ndi zozungulira. Sizinyama zonse zomwe zingakwanitse kusunga njovu. Zokonda zawo sizovuta, koma amafunika kusuntha kwambiri. Kupanda kutero, mavuto am'magazi angabuke. Chifukwa chake, amadyetsedwa 5-6 patsiku kuti azidya pafupipafupi pang'ono ndi pang'ono.
Njovu wamkulu imadya chakudya chokwana makilogalamu 250 patsiku ndikumwa madzi okwana malita 100-250. Awa ndi nthambi zamitengo zomwe zimasonkhanitsidwa m'mitsache, udzu, chinangwa, masamba, ndipo nthawi yotentha kulinso mavwende. Njovu ndizosavuta kuziphunzitsa; ndi zaluso, zomvera komanso zanzeru. Anthu ambiri amakumbukira masewera otchuka a Natalia Durova.
Anapita kumizinda yosiyanasiyana, ndipo kumeneko anthu amapita makamaka kukawona njovu. Adawonekera pambuyo pakupuma m'chipinda chachiwiri, koma asananyamuke, mudawamva kale kuseri kwa katani. Kudzimva kosayerekezeka kwakumayandikira kwa chinthu chachikulu komanso champhamvu. Monga pafupi ndi nyanja yopuma. Njovu izi ziyenera kukhala zokumana nazo zamphamvu kwambiri m'moyo wa ana ambiri.
Dzinalo "njovu" lidatibwera kuchokera mchilankhulo chakale cha Slavonic, ndipo kumeneko lidachokera kwa anthu aku Turkic. Padziko lonse lapansi amatchedwa "njovu". Zonse tsopano mitundu ya njovu ali ndi mitundu iwiri yokha - njovu yaku Asia ndi njovu zaku Africa. Mtundu uliwonse umakhala ndi mitundu ingapo.
Njovu zaku Africa
Elephas africanus. Kuchokera pa dzinali zikuwonekeratu kuti mtundu wa njovu umakhala ku Africa. Njovu zaku Africa ndizokulirapo kuposa anzawo aku Asia, okhala ndi makutu akulu ndi mano akulu. Anali oimira ochokera ku Africa omwe adalembedwa mu Guinness Book of Records ya kukula kwa thupi ndi kukula kwa mano.
Padziko lonse lotentha, chilengedwe chadalitsa amuna ndi akazi ndi mano akuluwa. Mitundu ya njovu zaku Africa pakadali pano pali mitundu iwiri: njovu zamtchire ndi njovu zamtchire.
Njovu zaku Africa
Zowona, pali malingaliro akuti pali munthu wina wapadera ku East Africa, koma izi sizinatsimikizidwebe. Tsopano kuthengo kuli njovu zaku Africa za 500-600 zikwi, zomwe pafupifupi magawo atatu mwa anayi ndi savanna.
Njovu za Bush
Njovu zaku savanna zaku Africa zimawerengedwa kuti ndi nyama zazikulu kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi. Ali ndi thupi lolemera kwambiri, khosi lalifupi lokhala ndi mutu waukulu, miyendo yamphamvu, makutu akulu ndi mano, thunthu losinthasintha komanso lamphamvu.
Nthawi zambiri amalemera kuyambira 5,000 mpaka 7,000 kg, atsikana amakhala opepuka pomwe anyamata amalemera. Kutalika kwake kumafika 7.5 m, ndikutalika kwake ndi 3.8 m. Chitsanzo chodziwika bwino kwambiri mpaka pano ndi njovu yaku Angola. Analemera makilogalamu 12,200.
Ziweto zawo ndizowongoka komanso zoyera kumapeto. Ng'ombe iliyonse ndi 2 m kutalika ndipo imalemera 60 kg. Pali nkhani yodziwika pomwe nthano zolemedwa zinali 148 kg iliyonse ndi kutalika kwa 4.1 m. Mbiri imalemba kuti mu 1898 njovu yokhala ndi mamba olemera 225 kg adaphedwa ku Cape Kilimanjaro.
Kwa moyo wonse wa nyama iyi, ma molars amasintha katatu, ali ndi zaka 15, kenako 30, ndipo atatha zaka 40-45. Mano atsopano amakula kuseri kwa akale. Otsiriza achotsedwa ali ndi zaka 65 kapena 70. Pambuyo pake, njovu imawerengedwa kuti ndi yokalamba, sangadye mokwanira ndikufa chifukwa chotopa.
Makutu ake ali mita imodzi ndi theka kuchokera pansi mpaka m'mphepete. Khutu lililonse limakhala ndi mitsempha, monga zala za munthu. Khungu pa thupi ndi wandiweyani, mpaka 4 cm, mdima wakuda, onse makwinya.
Njovu yachitsamba
Kuyambira ali mwana, amakhala ndi tsitsi lakuda kawirikawiri, kenako limagwa, ngayaye yamdima imatsalira kumapeto kwa mchira, yomwe imakula mpaka mamita 1.3. Njovuzi zimakhala kum'mwera kwa kontrakitala, kumwera kwa Sahara. Poyamba ankakhala kumpoto, koma popita nthawi pang'ono adatha ndikusamuka.
Njovu zakutchire
Zimphona zankhalango kale zimawonedwa ngati gawo la savannah, koma chifukwa cha kafukufuku wa DNA, adasankhidwa kukhala mtundu wina. Zowona, zimatha kusakanirana ndipo zimatha kubereka ana osakanizidwa.
Zowonjezera, adasiyanasiyana monga mitundu yosiyanasiyana kuposa 2.5 miliyoni zapitazo. Kafukufuku wasonyeza kuti njovu zam'nkhalango zamasiku ano ndi mbadwa za imodzi mwazinthu zomwe zatha, njovu yowongoka m'nkhalango.
Oyimira nkhalango ndi ocheperako pang'ono poyerekeza ndi abale wamba, amakula mpaka mamita 2.4 Kuphatikiza apo, asungitsa tsitsi la thupi, m'malo mwake lakuda, lofiirira. Ndipo makutu awo anali atazingidwa. Amakhala m'nkhalango za ku Africa zotentha kwambiri.
Iwo, monga njovu zina, samaona bwino. Koma akumva ndiabwino. Makutu apadera amalipira! Zimphona zimalankhulana ndi mawu amkati, ofanana ndi kulira kwa chitoliro, momwe muli zida zopangira zinthu.
Chifukwa cha izi, abale amamva wina ndi mnzake pamtunda wopitilira 10 km. Njovu zomwe zimakhala m'nkhalango zakula bwino kwambiri kuposa tchire, chifukwa amayenera kudutsa m'mitengo, ndipo ma incisors sayenera kumusokoneza kwambiri.
Njovu zakutchire
Zitsanzo za m'nkhalango zimakondanso malo osambira matope ngati njovu zina. Kupanda kutero, zitha kukhala zovuta kwa iwo kuchotsa tiziromboti pakhungu. Amakondanso madzi kwambiri, motero samasunthira patali ndi madzi. Ngakhale malingaliro awo ali pafupi - ndi 50 km. Amayenda mtunda wautali komanso wautali. Mimba imakhala mpaka chaka ndi miyezi 10.
Nthawi zambiri, mwana wamwamuna mmodzi amabadwa, mpaka zaka 4 amatsata amayi ake. Njovu zili ndi lamulo lodabwitsa komanso logwira mtima: kuwonjezera pa mayi, njovu zachinyamata zikuyang'ana mwanayo, yemwe amapita kusukulu yamoyo. Njovu zam'nkhalango ndizofunikira kwambiri m'chilengedwe. Mbewu zosiyanasiyana zimayendetsedwa paubweya wawo patali kwambiri.
Njovu zazing'ono
Ofufuza anafotokoza mobwerezabwereza nyama zazing'ono za proboscis zomwe zimawonedwa m'nkhalango za West Africa. Adafika kutalika kwa 2.0 m, amasiyana makutu omwe anali ang'onoang'ono njovu yaku Africa, ndipo anali okutidwa ndi tsitsi. Koma sizotheka kuzilengeza ngati mtundu wina. Kufufuza kwina kumafunikira kuti tisiyane ndi njovu zamtchire.
Mwambiri, njovu zazing'ono ndimatchulidwe azinthu zochepa zakale zakale zamtundu wa proboscis. Chifukwa cha kusintha kwina, adakula mpaka kukula kocheperako kuposa kobadwa nawo. Chifukwa chodziwika kwambiri cha izi chinali kudzipatula kwa malowa (insular dwarfism).
Ku Europe, zotsalira zawo zidapezeka ku Mediterranean kuzilumba za Cyprus, Crete, Sardinia, Malta ndi ena ambiri. Ku Asia, zakale izi zidapezeka pazilumba za Lesser Sunda Archipelago. Pachilumba cha Channel nthawi ina panali nyama yaying'ono kwambiri, mbadwa yeniyeni ya Columbus.
Njovu zazing'ono
Pakadali pano, zochitika zofananazi zimangolembedwa mwa njovu zaku Africa ndi India. Kwa funso - njovu zingati Kukula kwakanthawi tsopano kulipo, ndikoyenera kuyankha ameneyo, ndipo iyi ndi njovu yaku Asia yochokera ku Borneo.
Njovu zaku Asia
Elephas asiaticus. Njovu zaku Asia ndizocheperako poyerekeza ndi abale awo aku Africa, koma ndi amtendere kwambiri. Pakadali pano, njovu zaku India, Sumatran, Ceylon ndi Bornean zitha kuonedwa ngati subspecies aku Asia. Ngakhale, poyankhula za iwo, ena amawatcha - mitundu ya njovu zaku India.
Izi zili choncho chifukwa njovu zonse zisanakhale kumwera chakum'mawa kwa Asia, zimadziwika kuti Amwenye, chifukwa zinali zazikulu kwambiri ku India. Ndipo tsopano malingaliro a njovu yaku India ndi aku Asia nthawi zambiri amasokonezedwabe. M'mbuyomu, mitundu ina yambiri idasiyanitsidwa - Syria, China, Persian, Javanese, Mesopotamiya, koma pang'onopang'ono adasowa.
Njovu zonse za ku Asia zimakonda kubisala pakati pa mitengo. Amasankha nkhalango zowuma ndi zitsamba zamatabwa. Kwa iwo, kutentha kumakhala koyipa kwambiri kuposa kuzizira, mosiyana ndi abale otentha aku Africa.
Njovu zaku Asia
Dzuwa likatentha, amabisala mumthunzi, ndikuyimirira, akugwedeza makutu awo kuti azizire. Okonda kwambiri matope ndi madzi. Kusambira m'madzi, amatha kugwera m'fumbi nthawi yomweyo. Izi zimawapulumutsa ku tizilombo komanso kutentha kwambiri.
Njovu zaku India
Sakhala ku India kokha, nthawi zina amapezeka ku China, Thailand, Cambodia komanso ku Malay Peninsula. Makhalidwe akulu ndikuti kulemera ndi kukula kwa minyangazo ndizoyimira oimira aku Asia. Amalemera makilogalamu 5,400 ndi kutalika kwa 2.5 mpaka 3.5 m. Minyama imakhala mpaka 1.6 m kutalika ndipo iliyonse imalemera 20-25 kg.
Ngakhale ndi ang'onoang'ono, ma proboscis aku India amawoneka amphamvu kwambiri kuposa abale awo aku Africa chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwawo. Miyendo ndi yaifupi komanso yolimba. Mutu umakulanso poyerekeza ndi kukula kwa thupi. Makutu ndi ocheperako. Si amuna onse omwe ali ndi minyanga, ndipo akazi alibe konse.
Kumbuyo kwa pamphumi, pamwamba pang'ono pa njira ya zygomatic, kuli kotseguka kwamatenda, komwe nthawi zina kumatulutsa madzi onunkhira. Amajambula masaya a njovu mtundu wakuda. Outsole ili ndi mzere wofanana ndi njovu zonse. Khungu lake ndi lotuwa komanso lowala kuposa la chimphona chaku Africa.
Njovu zimakula mpaka zaka 25, zimakhwima kwathunthu ndi zaka 35. Zimayamba kubereka zili ndi zaka 16, zitatha zaka 2.5, mwana mmodzi. Kubereka si nyengo, kumatha kuchitika nthawi iliyonse. Amuna okhaokha osankhidwa omwe amaloledwa pamiyambo yokomana. Ndewu izi ndi mayeso ovuta, si onse omwe amapitako, nthawi zina amatha kupha nyama.
Ahindu amasiyanitsa mitundu itatu ya njovu: kumiria, dvzala ndi mierga. Njovu yamtundu woyamba imakhala yoluka kwambiri, titha kunena kwathunthu, ndi chifuwa chowoneka bwino, thupi lamphamvu komanso mutu wowongoka. Ali ndi khungu lakuda, loyera, khungu lamakwinya komanso maso, maso. Ichi ndiye cholengedwa chodalirika komanso chokhulupirika.
Chitsanzo chochititsa chidwi cha njovu zonse zaku India ndi chithunzi chapamwamba cha njovu m'maluso. Chosemphana ndi mierga, tsambali ndi locheperako, komanso losamangidwa bwino, lokhala ndi miyendo yayitali, mutu wawung'ono, maso ang'ono, chifuwa chaching'ono ndi thunthu lotsikira pang'ono.
Njovu zaku India
Ali ndi khungu lowonda, lowonongeka mosavuta, ndiye wamantha, wosadalirika, amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati nyama yonyamula katundu. Pakatikati pawo pamakhala maholo awiri. Ichi ndiye chochitika chachikulu, chofala kwambiri.
Njovu ya Ceylon
Amapezeka pachilumba cha Ceylon (Sri Lanka). Imafikira kutalika kwa 3.5 m, imalemera mpaka 5500 kg. Ali ndi mutu waukulu kwambiri pokhudzana ndi magawo amthupi ochokera ku Asia diaspar yonse. Pamalo pamphumi, makutu ndi mchira pali mabala okhala ndi utoto.
Ndi 7% yokha yamwamuna yomwe imapatsidwa ndodo; akazi alibe zida zokulirapo izi. Choyimira cha Ceylon chimakhala ndi khungu lakuda pang'ono kuposa mitundu ina yaku Asia. Zina zonse ndizofanana ndi abale ake aku mainland. Kukula kwake mpaka 3.5 m, kulemera - mpaka matani 5.5. Akazi ndi ocheperako kuposa amuna.
Ceylon imakhala ndi njovu zochuluka kwambiri ku Asia, motero njovu ndi anthu nthawi zonse zimawombana. Ngati m'mbuyomu nyamazi zidakhala pachilumba chonsecho, tsopano mtundu wawo wabalalika, tizidutswa tating'ono timatsalira m'malo osiyanasiyana pachilumbachi.
Njovu zaku Ceylon
Munthawi yaulamuliro waku Britain, zambiri mwazinthu zodabwitsa izi adaphedwa kuti apambane ndi asitikali aku England. Tsopano chiwerengero cha anthu chatsala pang'ono kutha. Mu 1986, mtundu wa Ceylon udalembedwa mu Red Book chifukwa chakuchepa kwakukulu kwa manambala.
Njovu ya Sumatran
Linatchedwa ndi dzina loti limangokhala pachilumba cha Sumatra. Kuonekera kwa njovu ku Sumatra imasiyana pang'ono ndi mitundu yayikulu - njovu yaku India. Pokhapokha, mwina, wocheperako pang'ono, chifukwa cha izi adatchedwa "njovu yamthumba" mwanthabwala.
Ngakhale zili kutali kwambiri ndi kukula kwa mthumba pano. Izi "zinyenyeswazi" nthawi zambiri zimakhala zosakwana matani 5, mpaka kufika mamita 3. Mtundu wakhungu ndi imvi. Pangozi chifukwa chakukulira mikangano ndi anthu.
Njovu ya Sumatran
Ngakhale zaka 25 zapitazo, nyamazi zinkakhala m'zigawo zisanu ndi zitatu za Sumatra, koma tsopano zasowa kwathunthu kumadera ena pachilumbachi. Pakadali pano, pali zolosera zakukhumudwitsa zakutha kwa mitundu iyi mzaka 30 zikubwerazi.
Moyo wazilumba umachepetsa gawo, chifukwa chake mikangano yosapeŵeka. Njovu za Sumatran tsopano zikuyang'aniridwa ndi boma la Indonesia. Kuphatikiza apo, akukonzekera kuchepetsa kudula nkhalango ku Sumatra, komwe kuyenera kukhudza momwe zinthu zingapulumutsire nyamazi.
Njovu ya Borneo
Pakadali pano, chitsanzochi chimadziwika kuti ndi njovu yaying'ono kwambiri padziko lapansi. Imafikira kutalika kwa 2 mpaka 2.3 m ndikulemera pafupifupi matani 2-3. Mwa iyo yokha, izi ndizochuluka, koma poyerekeza ndi abale ena aku Asia, kapena njovu zaku Africa, ndizochepa kwenikweni. Njovu za ku Borne zimangokhala pachilumba cha Borneo, m'chigawo cha Malaysia, ndipo nthawi zina zimangowoneka ku Indonesia pachilumbachi.
Malo osankhidwa oterewa amafotokozedwa ndi zomwe amakonda. Kuphatikiza pazakudya zobiriwira zobiriwira nthawi zonse - zitsamba, masamba a kanjedza, nthochi, mtedza, makungwa amitengo, mbewu, ndiye kuti, zonse zomwe njovu zina zimakonda, ma gourmets awa amafunikira mchere. Amazipeza m'mphepete mwa mitsinje ngati mbambande zamchere kapena mchere.
Kuphatikiza pa kukula kwa "khanda" ili palinso kusiyana pakati pa abale akulu. Uwu ndi mchira wautali komanso wandiweyani, wamakutu akulu pazigawo zake, minyanga yowongoka komanso kumbuyo pang'ono, chifukwa cha kapangidwe ka msana.
Njovu ya Borneo
Izi mitundu ya njovu pachithunzichi amawoneka akungogwira, ali ndi pakamwa pabwino kwambiri kotero kuti sangasokonezedwe ndi nyama zina zilizonse. Chiyambi cha njovu izi ndizosokoneza. Pali mtundu wina womwe munthawi ya ayezi adachoka ku kontrakitala modutsa, yomwe idasowa.
Ndipo chifukwa cha kusintha kwa majini, mtundu wina wapadera udachitika. Pali lingaliro lachiwiri - njovu izi zidachokera ku njovu za ku Javanese ndipo zidabweretsedwa ngati mphatso kwa Sultan Sulu kuchokera kwa wolamulira wa Java zaka 300 zapitazo.
Koma zikanatheka bwanji kuti apange anthu osiyana munthawi yochepayi? Pakadali pano, mtundu uwu akuti ukuwonongedwa chifukwa chakuchepa kwamitengo ndi ntchito yothirira paulendo wawo wosamuka. Chifukwa chake, tsopano ali pansi pa chitetezo cha boma.
Kusiyana pakati pa njovu zaku India ndi Africa
Pang'ono za kuthekera ndi mawonekedwe osangalatsa a njovu
- Nthawi zambiri amavutika ndi zikopa zoyamwa. Kuti izichotse, njovu imatenga kamtengo ndi chitamba chake ndikuyamba kukanda khungu lake. Ngati sangakwanitse kupirira, mnzake amamuthandiza, komanso ndi ndodo. Pamodzi amachotsa tizilomboto.
- Maalubino amapezeka pakati pa njovu. Amatchedwa Njovu Zoyera, ngakhale kuti sizoyera zoyera, koma amakhala ndi malo owala pakhungu lawo. Amakhala makamaka amtundu waku Asia. Ku Siam, nthawi zonse amaonedwa ngati olambira, ngati mulungu. Ngakhale mfumu idaletsedwa kukwera. Chakudya cha njovu ngati chimenechi ankachiphikira pa mbale zagolidi ndi zasiliva.
- Matriarchy amalamulira m'gulu la njovu. Mzimayi wodziwa bwino kwambiri amalamulira. Njovu zimachoka m'gululi zili ndi zaka 12. Amayi ndi achinyamata amakhalabe.
- Njovu zimaphunzira malamulo 60, ali ndi ubongo waukulu kwambiri pakati pa nyama zakutchire. Ali ndi maluso osiyanasiyana komanso machitidwe. Amatha kukhala achisoni, kuda nkhawa, kuthandizidwa, kunyong'onyeka, kukondwa, kupanga nyimbo komanso kujambula.
- Anthu ndi njovu okha ndi omwe amakhala ndi maliro. Wachibale akapanda kuwonetsanso zamoyo, njovu zotsalazo zimakumba bowo laling'ono, ndikuliphimba ndi nthambi ndi matope, ndipo "zimalira" pafupi nalo kwa masiku angapo. Chodabwitsa, nthawi zina ankachitanso chimodzimodzi ndi anthu akufa.
- Njovu ndi zamanzere ndi kumanja. Kutengera izi, imodzi mwazinyama zimapangidwa bwino.
- Njovu yotchuka kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi, Jumbo, idapezeka ku Africa pafupi ndi Nyanja ya Chad. Mu 1865 adapita naye ku English Botanical Gardens, kenako adagulitsidwa ku America. Kwa zaka zitatu, adayendayenda kumpoto kwa America, mpaka atamwalira pangozi ya sitima m'chigawo cha Ontario.
