Kum'mawa kwa Nyanja ya Baikal, m'malire ndi Mongolia ndi China, kuli Trans-Baikal Territory. Dera lomweli, lomwe likufanana ndi dziko lalikulu ku Europe, kuli anthu opitilira 1 miliyoni. Dera lachigawochi limakhala ndi mizere yambiri ndi ziphuphu.
Nyengo m'derali ndiyotentha kwambiri, nthawi yozizira yozizira komanso yotentha. Avereji ya kutentha m'nyengo yotentha kuyambira +13 ° С mpaka +20 ° С, m'nyengo yozizira - kuchokera -20 ° С mpaka -37 ° С. Kutentha kotsika komwe kunalembedwa ndi -64 ° С. M'makhalidwe ovuta a Kum'mawa, mitundu yodziwika ku Eastern Siberia, Transbaikalia, Priamurye ndi madera a Mongolia amakhala limodzi.
Zinyama za Transbaikalia
Mitundu yoposa 80 ya nyama zolusa zamiyendo inayi ndi nyama zodyetsa nyama zimapitilira Nyanja ya Baikal. Ambiri nyama zachigawo cha Trans-Baikal amakula bwino, kuteteza mawonekedwe awo sikukaikira. Zina ndizosowa kwambiri, zikutha.
Chimbalangondo chofiirira
Chimodzi mwazomwe zimadyetsa nyama modabwitsa. Ndi gawo la banja la zimbalangondo. Masiku ano, pali pafupifupi 16 subspecies za chimbalangondo. Ambiri afika pamphindi wopitilira momwe angadzakambidwire kokha ngati kale.
A Siberia, omwe ndi kumpoto chakumpoto kwa zimbalangondo zofiirira, amakhala ku Trans-Baikal Territory. Kukula kwa chinyama kumatha kufikira 2.5 mita. Kulemera kwanthawi zonse kumakhala pafupifupi 400-500 kg, akazi ndi 100 kg opepuka. Amuna amatha kunenepa mpaka 700 kg nthawi yophukira.
Zimbalangondo, kuphatikizapo zimbalangondo za ku Siberia, ndizopambana. Zakudya zawo zimakhala ndi mizu, zipatso, bowa. Pokhala nyama zoyenda, amatha kusaka ma artiodactyls. Osati osasamala za kugwa. M'chilimwe, amuna ndi akazi amakumana: amasamalira kupitiliza kwa mtundu wa chimbalangondo.
M'dzinja, atagwira mafuta okwanira, amabisala. Mu February, kuyambira ana 1 mpaka 3 amabadwa ndi chimbalangondo panthawi yopuma. Ana amakula pang'onopang'ono, mpaka azaka zitatu amakhala ndi amayi awo. Moyo wonse wa chimbalangondo cha ku Siberia mu taiga sichipitilira zaka 30. Ali mu ukapolo, mosamala, chimbalangondo chimakhala kutalika nthawi imodzi ndi theka.
Nkhandwe wamba
M'dera Trans-Baikal Territory amakhala subspecies ambiri a chilombo amakhala - wamba kapena Eurasian nkhandwe. Kum'mwera kwa dera lino pali malire a mitundu: nkhandwe yaku Mongolia ndizofala kumadera oyandikana nawo. Mtundu wake umakwanira bwino, koma amakhalabe kunja kwa Transbaikalia.
Nkhandwe ya ku Eurasia ndi nyama yomangidwa bwino yokhala ndi mutu waukulu, nsagwada zamphamvu, makutu osongoka ndi mchira wokhazikika nthawi zonse. Ubweya wa chilimwe wa nyamayo ndi waufupi chifukwa cha izi, chilombocho chimawoneka chochepa thupi, chowonda. M'nyengo yozizira, nkhandwe yadzaza ndi ubweya wakuda.
M'nyengo yozizira komanso yotentha, nkhandwe imasaka nyama zonse kupatula nyalugwe komanso chimbalangondo champhamvu. Zowononga zimachita mwadongosolo, molingana ndi dongosolo lomwe linakhazikitsidwa ndi nkhandwe ndi mmbulu wake. Izi zimakuthandizani kuti mugwire nyama zazikulu kwambiri, zothamanga kwambiri.
Kumayambiriro kwa masika, nthawi yovuta imayamba kufotokoza ubale womwe ulipo pakati pa amuna. Zotsatira zake, awiri olamulira amapeza mwayi wobereka ana. Chakumapeto kwa masika ana 5-10 amabadwa.
Pambuyo pa mkaka, kudyetsa kwa amayi, gulu lonse limayamba kugawana nawo nyama. Oposa theka la ana amamwalira mchilimwe choyamba cha moyo. Koma kuda nkhawa komwe kumafunikira kumatsimikizira kuchuluka kwa ziweto. Kuphatikiza apo, mimbulu imakhala zaka zokwanira pafupifupi 15.
Chifukwa cha ntchito yayikulu ya nkhandwe, amatayika osati kokha nyama zakutchire za Trans-Baikal Territorykomanso ziweto. Kuti athetse vutoli, kuwombera mimbulu kumachitika mwadongosolo. Koma mimbuluyo idakhala yolimba, kuwukira kwawo ziweto kumapitilizabe.
Mphaka wa Pallas
Zowononga kuchokera kubanja laling'ono la amphaka, nyama zotetezedwa ku Trans-Baikal Territory... Mphaka wamphongo wamkulu wa Pallas amatha kulemera pafupifupi 5 kg. Chilombocho chimamangidwa pang'ono: mutu wawung'ono wokhala ndi makutu ang'onoang'ono, thupi lolemera, miyendo yayifupi, mchira wonenepa. Ubweya wakuda, wautali umapereka kulemera kwambiri.
Ku Transbaikalia, anthu ambiri amphaka wa Pallas adakhazikika mdera lamapiri lomwe lili pafupi ndi mitsinje ya Shilka ndi Argunya. Amphaka amatha kukwera mapiri okwera, okwanira 3-4 zikwi. Amakhala pansi, amakhazikika m'mabowo omwe anthu ena asiya, mwala umasiya.
Mphamvu ya chinyama ikufanana ndi mawonekedwe ake: manul ndiye nthumwi yovuta kwambiri ya feline. Kuchedwa sikusokoneza kusaka nyama zazing'ono: makoswe, mbalame, agologolo agulu. Kuwombera ndi kuwadabwitsa ndi njira zazikulu za manul.
Mphaka wa Pallas amayamba kumayambiriro kwa masika. Pofika mwezi wa Meyi, mkaziyo amabweretsa mphalapala zakuda 3-6. Kumayambiriro kwa nthawi yophukira, achinyamata amamangiriridwa kwa amayi awo, amatenga njira zosakira. Ali ndi zaka khumi, amphaka a Pallas achichepere amatha kale kubereka. Zowononga sizikhala zaka zoposa 12.
Mbawala zaku Siberia
Mtundu wa mbawala zamphongo zimaphatikizaponso agwape ang'onoang'ono awiri: European and Siberan roe deer. M'mapiri a Trans-Baikal, pali zokulirapo - mitundu yaku Siberia. Akuluakulu amuna amatha kukula mpaka 90 cm atafota, kulemera kwake kumatha kupitilira 45 kg.
Mphalapala zimadya m'nkhalango za Trans-Baikal, komanso m'malo olamulidwa ndi nkhalango. Amatha msipu pamapiri otsetsereka pafupi ndi malire a chipale chofewa. Mphalapala ndiwo ndiwo zamasamba zokha, chakudya chachikulu ndi udzu, masamba, timitengo tating'ono. Zakudya zatsiku ndi tsiku za nyama yayikulu zimakhala ndi makilogalamu atatu aubweya wabwino kwambiri.
Mu theka lachiwiri la chilimwe, chiphuphu chimayamba. Mimba imatenga nthawi yayitali. Ana amabadwa udzu wachinyamata uli wofewa komanso wopatsa thanzi - kumapeto kwa Meyi. Nthawi zina mkazi samabereka mwana mmodzi, koma ana 2-3. Njira yayikulu yosungira moyo wa ana akhanda ndichinsinsi, kubisa, kubisa.
Ng'ombe zimabisala nthawi yambiri, kugona muudzu, ngakhale zimatha kuyenda patadutsa maola angapo zitabadwa. Ali ndi miyezi 2-3, makanda amayamba kutsatira mayi ake nthawi zonse. Pa mzere wazaka 10, agwape akukalamba.
Pikas
Nyama yofanana ndi hamster yochokera kubanja la ma pikas. momwe muli mtundu umodzi wokha, koma mitundu yoposa 30. Mitundu iwiri yakhazikika ku Transbaikalia:
- Manchurian pika. Malowa ndi beseni lazinthu zazikulu za Amur: Shilka ndi Argun. Ndiwo chakudya chachikulu cha manul.
- Altai kapena alpine pika. Nthawi zina amatchedwa kumpoto pika. Mu Transbaikalia iye katswiri zigawo kum'mwera chakum'mawa.
Mitundu yonseyi ndi yayikulu mokwanira, kulemera kwake kumatha kufikira magalamu 300. Mphuno ndi mutu zimapereka chibwenzi ndi kalulu, koma mizere yake ndi yozungulira. Thupi ndilolitali, mchira ndi waufupi kwambiri, miyendo yakutsogolo ndi yakumbuyo imakhala yofanana.
Pikas amakhala m'malo otsetsereka a mapiri, komwe kumatha kubisala kwa adani, komwe nyama zimakhala ndi zambiri. Njira imodzi yopulumutsira moyo ndi kukhala limodzi ndi atsamunda. Zambirimbiri, nyama zambiri zikuyang'ana momwe zinthu ziliri, zikwangwani zomveka zikawopsa.
M'nyengo yachilimwe-chilimwe, ma pikas amatha kubweretsa ana atatu, iliyonse, pafupifupi, ana asanu. Mbewuyo imakutidwa ndi ubweya, mosadalira, mayi amakhala miyezi 2-3. Moyo wonse wa ma pikas ndi zaka 6.
Chipmunk waku Siberia
Mwa mitundu 25, iyi ndiye mitundu yokhayo ya chipmunk yomwe imapezeka ku Eurasia. Wapakati chipmunk ndi mchira wake umafika 20 cm, akulemera pafupifupi 100 g.Achipmunks amatha kusokonezedwa ndi agologolo. Koma nyama zimakhala ndi mawonekedwe apadera - mikwingwirima 5 yakuda mthupi lonse, yopatukana ndi mipata yoyera kapena yoyera.
Chipmunks adakhazikika m'dera la taiga ku Transbaikalia. M'nkhalango ndi m'nkhalango zing'onozing'ono amadyetsa mbewu, mphukira, acorns, zipatso. Pangani zofunikira m'nyengo yozizira. Monga agologolo, amakhala nthawi yayitali mumitengo, koma, kuwonjezera pa malo obisalirapo mitengo, amagwiritsa ntchito maenje okumbidwa ndi dothi.
M'nyengo yozizira chipmunks amagona. Mukadzuka, awiriwa kwa kanthawi kochepa. Mkazi amabweretsa ana oyamba kumayambiriro kwa chilimwe. Mbadwo wotsatira wa nyama ukhoza kuwonekera mu Ogasiti. Chonde chimalipira moyo waufupi wa mbewa - zaka zitatu.
Zokor
Mbalame yodabwitsa imakulitsa Zinyama za Trans-Baikal Territory Ndi zokolola. Amakhala mobisa, wa banja la makoswe mole. Kwa nyama yomwe imakhala yotanganidwa nthawi zonse ndi kukumba maenje ndi tunnel, zokokazo zimakhala zazikulu. Thupi lozungulira la rodent wamkulu limakulitsidwa ndi 17-27 cm, mchira suli wopitilira 7 cm, maso ndi ochepa, makutu kulibe.
Miyendo yofupikitsidwa, zikhadabo pamapazi, ndiye chida chachikulu pakukumba. Chovala chofupikiracho chimateteza thupi mukamafukula. Mtundu wa malaya ndi wotuwa-yofiirira, yunifolomu.
Zokors ndi zamasamba. Pokhala m'mabowo awo, amakata mizu ya zomera, ndikuzisunga m'nyengo yozizira. Okolola samabisala, amadya zomwe adakolola mchilimwe. M'chaka, mkazi amabweretsa ana 2 mpaka 5, omwe samasiya amayi mpaka nthawi yophukira.
Ku Transbaikalia, pali mitundu iwiri yazokolola: Ma zokopa a Daurian ndi Manchurian. Ma subspecies onsewa ali ndi morphology yofananira, machitidwe omwewo odyetsa komanso okwatirana. Zokors za Far East subspecies amakhala zaka 3 mpaka 8.
Mbalame za ku Trans-Baikal Territory
Steppes, taiga, nkhalango zamkungudza, masauzande amitsinje ndi nyanja zimapereka malo ogona ndi chakudya cha mitundu mazana atatu ya mbalame. Zonsezi zimakhala ku Transbaikalia. Pafupifupi theka la dzinja limasamukira kumwera kwa Asia, kunkhalango ndi madambo aku Africa.
Upland Buzzard
Mabwalo - nyama za buku lofiira la Trans-Baikal Territory, ndi gawo limodzi la akhungubwe enieni, banja la nkhamba. Kulemera kwa mbalame yayikulu kumaposa 2 kg, mapiko ake ndi 1.5 mita. Thupi la mbalame ndi lofiirira ndi mchira wamizeremizere. Pali mitundu yowala. Nthawi zambiri mu zinyalala imodzi mumakhala mbalame zamtundu wakuda komanso wowala.
Chakudya chachikulu cha Buzzard wamiyendo yayitali ndimakoswe, kuphatikiza agologolo apansi. Mbalameyo imatha kugwira kalulu, kutenga nawo gawo pagawo loyenda. Njira ziwiri zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kuti apeze nyama: kuwona kuchokera kumtengo waukulu kapena kufunafuna nyama yomwe ikuthawa.
Mbalameyi imakhala yokhayokha. Awiri akumanga chisa paphiri lamiyala. M'mwezi wa Meyi, mkaziyo amayikira mazira 2-4. Anapiye amapezeka mu June. Pakatha mwezi umodzi ndi theka mpaka miyezi iwiri, nthawi yamoyo pachisa imatha. M'nyengo yozizira, malinga ndi malingaliro a akatswiri a mbalame, mbalame zimasunthira mozungulira: kuchokera kumapiri ovuta kwambiri amapita pansi, kumene nyengo yachisanu imakhala yofewa.
Nutcracker
Ndi za mtundu wa nutcrackers, banja la a corvids. Mbalameyi ndi yaing'ono, zitsanzo zoposa 200 g zolemera ndizochepa kwambiri. Nutcracker imatha kutambasula mapiko ake masentimita 65-75. Nthenga za mbalameyi ndi zofiirira, ndi mawanga oyera. Mchira ndi mapiko akuda kuposa thupi, chombocho ndi chopepuka. Mapeto a mchira amadziwika ndi malire oyera.
Zakudya zopatsa thanzi ndizambiri zamafuta. Amatulutsa mbewu za coniferous, amatola zipatso, zipatso, kusaka tizilombo ndi tizilombo tating'onoting'ono. Ku Transbaikal taiga, mtedza wa paini ndiwo chakudya chawo chachikulu. M'nyengo yozizira, mbalame zimapanga nkhokwe za mtedza, zomwe zimathandizira kulima mitengo ya mkungudza ya ku Siberia, mitundu ina yazipatso zokongola komanso zowuma.
Zisa za Nutcracker zimamangidwa munkhalango za taiga, panthambi za firs ndi mkungudza. Mkaziyo amaikira mazira 4 oyera kapena obiriwira. Pambuyo pa masiku 18 ofungatira, anapiye opanda thandizo amawoneka. Kwa masiku pafupifupi 25, makolo awo amawadyetsa, pambuyo pake ma nutcrackers achichepere amayamba kutsogolera moyo wa mbalame yodziyimira payokha.
Kadzidzi
Banja la kadzidzi limaphatikizapo mitundu 214. Chiwombankhanga wamba chimakhala ku Transbaikalia. Iyi ndi mbalame yayikulu kwambiri pabanja lonse. Mtundu wonse wa nthenga ndi ocher, wamithunzi yonse, wokhala ndi mizere.
Kadzidzi ndi wachilendo nyama zaku Trans-Baikal Territory. Pachithunzichi Mlomo wolumikizidwa umapatsa mbalame mawonekedwe owopsa. Maso owala a lalanje, "nsidze", zosandulika nthenga zamutu pamutu, zofananira ndi makutu, zimamaliza mawonekedwe odabwitsa a mbalameyo.
Kadzidzi samangirizidwa kumalo enaake. Amapezeka ku taiga, mapiri atali otsetsereka m'mapiri komanso paki yamzindawu. Ndiye kuti, m'malo onse momwe muli nyama zazing'ono ndi mbalame. Ziwombankhanga sizimakonda kwambiri chakudya: zimasintha mosavuta kuchoka ku makoswe kupita ku nkhunda, nsomba kapena tizilombo.
Mu Epulo, mkaziyo amakhala wokonzeka kuikira mazira 2-4. Pachifukwa ichi, miyala yamiyala imasankhidwa, malo obisika pansi pa spruce, pakati pa mitengo yakugwa. Palibe chisa, chotero, pali malo osakaniza, omwe amatha masiku 30-35. Pambuyo miyezi iwiri, anapiye amayesa kunyamuka. Patatha mwezi umodzi, amakhala akadzidzi enieni omwe amakhala zaka 20.
Crane ya Daursky
Mu Mtsinje wa Ussuri, muli kwambiri nyama zachilendo za Trans-Baikal Territory - Daurian kapena cranes zoyera. Ndi a banja la crane. Crane wamkulu amakula mpaka pafupifupi 2 m ndikulemera 5.5 kg. Nthengawo ndi imvi yakuda, utoto wonyezimira ukuwoneka pamapiko. Miyendo ya crane ndi pinki, yomwe imasiyanitsa ndi mbalame zina zam'banja.
Crane ndi omnivorous mokwanira. Mphukira ndi mizu ya zomera zamatope, tizilombo, tadpoles, ndi nsomba zazing'ono zimadyedwa. Nthawi yakucha tirigu, ma crane amapita kuminda ya mpunga, balere, ndi soya. Zomera zolimidwa, mbali imodzi, zimadyetsa kireni, ndipo mbali inayo, zimachotsa malo oyenera kukaikira mazira.
Cranes a Daurian amakonda kumanga zisa zawo kunja kwa madambo. Mu Epulo, ndi kasupe wozizira mu Meyi, mkaziyo amaikira mazira awiri oyera pakati, oyera, owuma. Pambuyo pake, anawo amakhala kwa mwezi umodzi.
Makanema achinyamata amakula mwachangu. Pambuyo pa miyezi 2.5, akuyesa kale mayendedwe awo owuluka. M'nyengo yozizira, ma cranes omwe ali pagulu la anthu 15-25 amapita kumwera kwa Korea ndi Japan. Moyo wa crane ndi zaka 20.
Pang'ono, malinga ndi miyezo ya ku Siberia, Transbaikal Territory, nkhokwe ziwiri zapangidwa - Daursky ndi Sokhondinsky. Zonsezi ndizovuta, zachilengedwe, zomwe zidakhazikitsidwa mzaka zapitazi. Dera la Sokhondinsky ndi mahekitala 211,000, Daursky - mahekitala 45,000. Thandizo ndi nyengo zimaloleza kusunga mitundu yonse ya zinyama ndi zinyama za Transbaikalia.
