Kufotokozera ndi mawonekedwe
Kalapeti yowala, yamitundu yambiri komanso yopindika, kapena mabedi akuluakulu am'munsi mwa nyanja sangayende opanda mphwayi iwo omwe ali ndi mwayi wowonera. Tonse tinkakonda kuitana nthambi zambiri zamapangidwe odabwitsa komanso mithunzi yamakorali.
Ndipo ndi anthu ochepa okha omwe amadziwa kuti ngati muwona tchire losasunthika lokhala ndi zophuka zosiyanasiyana patsogolo panu, ndiye kuti ndi chipolopolo chabe. Mafupa a calcareous amakhalabe atamwalira omvera ake - ma polyp polyp.
Tizilombo ting'onoting'ono tating'onoting'ono timakhazikika m'malo olimba otere ndipo timayenda mwachangu. Mwa mfundoyi, amatha kusiyanitsidwa mu "dummies" zazikulu. Amasankha zozungulira mwanjira yolimba kale. Njira iyi "yomangirira" imalimbikitsa kupangidwa kwa miyala ikuluikulu yamiyala yamiyala. Zamoyozi sizomera konse, koma nyama.
Ndiwo mtundu wama coelenterates. Mukamva mawu: tizilombo toyambitsa matenda a hydroid, tizilombo tating'onoting'ono ta coral, kapena scyphoid miyala yamiyala yamiyala, ndiye muyenera kudziwa, izi kulibe.
M'malo mwake, pali magulu atatu a coelenterates:
- Madzi amchere (hydroids). Amangokhala m'madzi opanda mchere. Nyamazi zimadya nkhanu ndi nsomba zazing'ono. Monga abuluzi, hydra imatha kubweza gawo lomwe latayika. Ikhoza kukhalapo ngati mtundu wa polyp, kenako ndikusandulika nsomba.
- Jellyfish yayikulu (scyphoid).
- NDI kalasi polyps kalasi (khalani momwemonso, osabwereranso mu jellyfish m'moyo wonse)... Tiyeni tikhale pa iwo mwatsatanetsatane.
Kunyumba kwawo kuli madzi amchere okha. Sipadzakhala mchere - anthu okhala m'nyanjayi adzawonongeka. Amafunanso kutentha, ziyenera kukhala madigiri osachepera 20 okhala ndi chikwangwani chowonjezera. Nthawi zambiri nyama zopanda mafupiwa zimakhazikika, koma palinso anthu osakwatira omwe amatha kukhala mozama kwambiri.
Tizilombo toyambitsa matenda timaberekanso mwina chifukwa cha kukula kwa amayi, kapena magawano. Ngati ndi anemon, i.e. coral imodzi, imaberekanso pomaliza. Palinso ena omwe amaswana malingana ndi mtundu wa nyama. Pakati pawo pali dioecious zolengedwa ndi hermaphrodites.
Spermatozoa yamphongo imaponyedwa panja ndikuthira mazira mkati mwa wamkazi, momwe amalowa mkamwa. M'mimbamo mwake, mumabadwa moyo watsopano. Maluwa am'nyanja amatha msinkhu pokhapokha zaka zitatu kapena zisanu.
Koma imagwedezeka makamaka payokha. Ngati tikulankhula za njuchi, ndiye kuti tizilombo tating'onoting'ono timasinthasintha ndi moyo wake. Kubzala mwa synchronous kumatha kuwonedwa m'mabungwe okhazikitsidwa.
Maziko ophatikizira matanthwe samatha kukhala mawonekedwe achilengedwe chabe, komanso zombo zakuya, mwachitsanzo. Osati mitundu yonse ya ma polyps ndi ochezeka. Ngati ena atha kupezeka mosavuta ndi oyandikana nawo amtundu wina, ena, akagwirizana, ali okonzeka kumupha mdani. Zotsatira zake, wovutikayo amataya, gawo lina la kwawo limafa. Kuphatikiza apo, ma coelenterates amakhala ozunzidwa ndi nsomba ndi starfish.
Kapangidwe
Thupi la polyp lili ndi mawonekedwe awa: ectoderm (chivundikiro chakunja ndi pamwamba pa pharynx), mesoderm (chinthu chofanana ndi gel chomwe chimadzaza ma voids), ndi endoderm (makoma amkati amthupi amapangidwa kuchokera pamenepo).
Monga tidanenera, zamoyo zamitundu yayitali zambiri zimakhala ndi mafupa. Komanso, imatha kupezeka kunja ndi mkati. Ponena za kapangidwe kake, ndi laimu, kapena chinthu chonga nyanga.
Zindikirani kuti Ma coral polyps kapangidwe ali ndi kufanana ndi hydroids. Koma samalowa konse m'nyanjayi. Thupi lenilenilo limawoneka ngati silinda yopunduka pang'ono, pamwamba pake pomwe zimafalikira zamagetsi.
"Chala" chilichonse chotere chimakhala ndi makapisozi apadera, omwe mkati mwake mumakhala chinthu chakupha. Kutha kuigwiritsa ntchito mu coelenterates kumatchedwa kugwira ntchito. Selo lililonse lowopsa ngati limeneli limakhala ndi chikope chanzeru.
Wovutikira atayandikira tizilombo tating'onoting'ono, kapena atazindikira zoopsa, ndipo ngakhale kusintha kwa kuthamanga kwa madzi, kapisozi imatseguka, ulusi woluma umadumphamo (chubu cholimbidwa ndi mizere ya bata, poizoni amapatsidwa). Amaluma m'thupi la wovulalayo, ndipo chinsinsi chake chakupha chimayambitsa kufooka ndi kutentha kwa minofu ya mdani. Cnidocyte (cell) ikamwalira, yatsopano imabwera m'malo mwake pakatha masiku awiri.
Pali pakamwa pakati pamahema. China chake chodyedwa chikalowamo, chimatumizidwa nthawi yomweyo kumimba kudzera m'mphako. Imakhala yayitali kwambiri ndipo imakhala ndi chubu chofewa. Khonde lonseli limakutidwa ndi cilia, lomwe limapangitsa kuyenda kwamadzi mkati mwa polyp.
Chifukwa cha izi, chinyama chimalandira, choyamba, chakudya (kakang'ono kakang'ono), ndipo kachiwiri, kumapuma. Kupatula apo, madzi ophatikizidwa ndi mpweya amalowa mthupi lake, ndipo amadzaza kale ndi carbon dioxide. Pharynx imatha ndi matumbo otsekedwa. Amagawidwa m'magawo angapo.
Pansi coelenterate tizilombo ta coral kukulira. Ngati uku ndikosungulumwa, ndiye kuti maziko ake amamutumikira kuti azilumikizana kwambiri ndi gawolo. Ngati tikulankhula za njuchi, ndiye kuti mamembala ake amakula kukhala "thupi" limodzi ndi abale ake okhala ndi maziko ake. Monga lamulo, anthu ofanana ali m'dongosolo lomwelo. Koma palinso madera otere omwe ma polyps osiyanasiyana aphatikizana.
Mitundu
Pali magawo awiri azinthu izi:
- Mtengo eyiti
Anthu otere nthawi zonse amakhala ndi zida za 8. Amakhalanso ndi 8 mesenteric septa (amapanga zipinda zingapo mthupi la polyp). Monga lamulo, kukula kwawo kumakhala kochepa, osapitilira 2 masentimita.
Mafupa awo amatha kukhala olimba molimba ndikufalikira pamesoderm ndi singano. Simudzapeza osungulumwa pakati pawo. Amakhala m'magawo. Amadyetsa makamaka mtundu wa nyama. Chifukwa chake, ali ndi utoto wosiyanasiyana.
Gawoli lidagawika m'magulu anayi:
- Alcyonaria
Alipo ambiri, kuposa mitundu ina yonse yam'madzi ofanana. Subclass imagawidwa m'magulu ena khumi ndi anayi. Pali anthu osintha.
Alibe mafupa olimba, ndichifukwa chake amatchedwa miyala yamtengo wapatali. Amawerengedwa kuti ndiosavuta kwambiri. Sangathe kukula msinkhu chifukwa chosowa ndodo. Makampani azinthuzi amatha kuyenda pansi, kupanga mawonekedwe ozungulira, kapena amafanana ndi nthambi zamitengo, kapena bowa. Amakonda madzi ofunda komanso osaya.
Kawiri patsiku kuyimira oterowo mtundu wa miyala yamiyala yamiyala azipiringa mkati mwa matupi awo ndikuphatikizana ndi malo ozungulira. Pakapita kanthawi, amatulukiranso, amatupa ndikusangalatsa maso athu ndi mitundu yowala.
- Makorali Horny
Njuchiyi ili ndi mafupa. Chifukwa chake mitundu yosiyanasiyana yotseguka yomwe imapanga magulu amtunduwu. Amapezekanso munyanja zotentha, koma anthu ochepa amapezeka kumpoto. Coral wofiira yemwe amakonda kwambiri (amatchedwanso wolemekezeka) ndi wa gulu ili, momwe zodzikongoletsera ndi zokumbutsira zimapangidwira.
Kwa anthu ena, mutha kuwona singano zakuthwa pakamwa, awa ndi ma spicule. Kuluka mu corolla. Chimphona cha gorgonia, chofanana kwambiri ndi fan, chimakhala chosangalatsa kukula kwake pamamita awiri. Leptogorgia imawoneka ngati mtengo wawung'ono. Ikhozanso kupezeka ku Far East.
- Makorali abuluu
Chimaonekera poti chazunguliridwa ndi mafupa olimba, akunenepa akunja. Makulidwe ake amatha kutalika mpaka 50 sentimita. Pomwe thupi limangokhala ma millimeter ochepa. Ili ndi mtundu wokongola wabuluu. Tithokoze chifukwa chamchere wachitsulo. Njuchi zimakhala ndi matumbo amodzi kwa onse, makamaka, ziwalozi zimakula limodzi.
- Nthenga zam'nyanja
Zamoyo zokongola kwambiri komanso zachilendo m'madzi. Kusiyana kwawo kwakukulu pakati pa ena, safuna gawo lapansi. Nthenga zimatha kumata kumapeto kwake mumchenga wofewa panyanja. Izi zimawapatsa mwayi woti azitha kuyendayenda osakhazikika m'nyumba zawo. Ngakhale amazisiya kawirikawiri. Sachita chidwi ndi madzi osaya, amakhazikika komwe kuli kuzama. Pali mitundu pafupifupi mazana awiri ya zolengedwa izi.
Madera awo ndi owala kwambiri komanso akulu, koma osatengera kuchuluka kwa anthu, koma kukula kwake. Mitundu yayikulu kwambiri yamtunduwu imatha kutalika mpaka mita ziwiri. Mukayang'ana nthenga, mutha kumvetsetsa kuti iyi si nyama imodzi, koma zingapo.
Nthenga imakhala ndi thunthu lakuda, lomwe kwenikweni ndi thupi losandulika. Ndipo anthu ang'onoang'ono amakhala pamtengo, ndikupanga nthenga. Nthawi zina okhalawo amakula limodzi ndikukhala ngati masamba. Mafupa a coelenterates awa si okhwima. Ndodo zing'onozing'ono zokha zimamwazika thupi.
Nthenga zimakhala ndi thupi limodzi. Munthu aliyense ali ndi njira zingapo zofanana ndi gulu lonselo. Kuphatikiza apo, njuchi zonse zimakhala ndi minofu yamphamvu kwambiri. Ngati mmodzi wa tizilombo ting'onoting'ono azindikira ngozi, chikhalidwe ichi chimafalikira kwa anansi ake. Mwachitsanzo, mdani akamayandikira, nthenga yonseyo imayamba kunyezimira, chifukwa cha maselo amafuta apadera.
Nthenga zimadya chakudya molingana ndi mtundu wa nyama. Nyongolotsi, algae, zooplankton amagwiritsidwa ntchito. Mdima ukatsika pansi pa nyanja, tizilombo timeneti timayamba kusaka. Timatumba tawo tating'onoting'ono timatuluka ndipo timagwira ozunzidwa.
Kusiyanitsa pakati pawo tizilombo ting'onoting'ono wamkazi ndi chachimuna. Ndipo apa zonse, monga anthu, pali amuna ochepa kwambiri. Mazira amapatsidwa feteleza m'mbali yamadzi. Amuna akamatulutsa mahomoni ogonana, madzi omwe amakhala mozungulira amakhala mitambo ndipo izi zimawonekera ndi maso. Nthawi zambiri kubalana kwa miyala yamiyala yamchere zamtunduwu zimachitika mogawana kokha.
Veretillum ndi ya oimira gulu. Mukayang'ana masana, simudzawona chilichonse chachilendo: machubu owoneka achikaso kapena abula okha. Koma usiku ndi chinthu chosiyana kotheratu, ma multicellular amasinthidwa kuposa kuzindikira.
Thupi lake limafufuma, ndipo tinthu ting'onoting'ono tambiri toyera tokhala ndi ngayaye zotseguka pamwamba. Pambuyo pake, kukongola konseku kumayamba kuphulika. Ngati china chake chikusokoneza nyamazo, chimayamba kunyezimira kwambiri, kapena kuyendetsa mafunde owala mthupi lonse.
Woimira wina wosangalatsa ndi umbellula. Nthenga izi zimatha kukhala m'madzi ozizira kwambiri ku Antarctic. Amawoneka achilendo kwambiri. "Tsinde" lalitali kwambiri, pamwamba pake pamakhala anthu ang'onoang'ono angapo. Makorali awa amatha kukhala okwera masentimita 50 okha ndipo amatha kukula mpaka mita ziwiri.
Pennatula ndi m'modzi mwa anthu okongola kwambiri. Zing'onozing'ono mwa izo zokha. Koma imatha kukula m'lifupi. Pamtengo, ma autozoid ambiri amatuluka, zomwe zimapangitsa nthenga kukhala yowoneka bwino kwambiri. Mitunduyi imakhala yoyera mpaka yofiira kwambiri.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti, ngati ma polyp amenewa sakugwira ntchito panthawi inayake, ndiye kuti amapindika ndikugona pansi. Amatha kuwala pang'ono, i.e. mwina mbali yotsatira ya polypoid, kapena tizilombo tating'onoting'ono tokha. Poterepa, kuunika kumatha kukhala kwamitundu yosiyanasiyana.
- Mitengo isanu ndi umodzi
Zitha kusiyanitsidwa mosavuta ndi ma polyp of the subclass yapitayi ndi kuchuluka kwa zovuta. Chiwerengero cha "zala" zisanu ndi chimodzizi chiyenera kukhala chopitilira sikisi. Mphukira zowonjezera sizimera panthambi izi. Koma pakhoza kukhala ambiri a iwo eni. Chifukwa chake mawonekedwe achilendo. Amakhala onse m'modzi komanso m'magulu.
KU mbali polyp tizilombo ting'onoting'ono ingatchulidwe ndi septa iwiri. Chiwerengerochi, monga lamulo, chimakhalanso chowerengera zisanu ndi chimodzi. Ma polyp of coral polyps ali ndi kapangidwe kamene kamatanthauza kuti mafupa sangakhalepo, kapena mosemphanitsa - mawonekedwe ake okhwima komanso wandiweyani. Popeza "mafupa" amapangidwa mu ectoderm, mafupa samakhala mkati mwa nyama, koma kunja. Kuchokera pamenepo, minda yam'madzi yodziwika bwino imapezeka.
Ngati tikulankhula za oimira gulu laling'ono, ma anemones omwe amadziwika kwambiri. Popeza alibe mafupa olimba ngati mafupa, sangakhale ngati zida zopangira miyala. Koma zamoyozi zinasintha ndipo zinapeza njira yoti ziyendere limodzi ndi zamoyo zina.
Itha kukhala chisudzo cha akapolo. Mwana uyu ali ndi kanema wapadera panja pa thupi lake. Chifukwa cha iye, ma anemone samamuluma mnzake, koma, m'malo mwake, amamuteteza ku ngozi zina. Nsombazo zimatsukanso nthawi ndi nthawi pa thupi la polyp.
Anemones amayanjana bwino ndi nkhanu. M'matumbo mumakhala zigoba zenizeni za mnzake, motero mumayenda pazomera zazikulu. "Mayendedwe" omwewo mwa otayika nawonso satsalira, chifukwa ntchito yoluma ya mnansi wake imateteza kwa adani.
Ndizosangalatsanso kuti anemone yam'nyanja ndi nyama ya viviparous. Ana amakula mthupi mwa mayi ndipo ana athunthu amabadwa kale. Tizilombo toyambitsa matenda timakhala ndi maselo ochuluka kwambiri. Chifukwa chake, osati nyama zokhazokha, komanso mwachangu nthawi zambiri amakhala nyama yawo.
Madreporovs nawonso akuyimira gulu laling'ono. Pali mitundu yochuluka pafupifupi itatu ndi theka ya tizilombo timeneti. Ndiwo omwe timawawona nthawi zambiri, akumira pansi pa nyanja, ngati miyala yamchere yamchere.
Mafupa olimba owerengera amathandizira kupanga nkhalango zazikulu za madrepora. Ndi yakunja komanso yolimba. Njira yakapangidwe kake ndi iyi: ectoderm ya polyp imatulutsa ulusi wowonda kwambiri. Kuchokera pomwe mauna amapangidwira. Tinthu tina ta calcium carbonate timagwera m'gululi, ndipo pang'onopang'ono timadziunjikira, timapanga "chipolopolo" cholimba.
Pozolowera kukhalapo kwamagulu, tizilombo tating'onoting'ono timakulira limodzi, chigoba cham'mafupa, ndipo nthawi zina chimakhala chofanana komanso kamwa. Poyang'ana kumbuyo kwa "mafupa" amphamvu thupi lawo limakhala lochepa kwambiri.
Mwakuwoneka, gulu la okhala m'nyanja ngati awa lingafanane ndi tchire, maluwa, trellis, kapena bedi lalikulu lamaluwa ozungulira. Mwachitsanzo, matanthwe, ophatikizidwa kukhala gawo limodzi, amafanana ndi ubongo. Mwa iwo okha, ma polyps ndi ochepa, koma amapanga magulu akuluakulu. Loners amapezekanso, koma kawirikawiri. Kukula kwake, kukula kwa ziweto zotere kumafika theka la mita.
Zakudya zabwino
Mutha kuyankhula kosatha za njira zodyetsera nyama zam'madzi izi. Zowonadi zake, ndizosiyana kwambiri.
- Photosynthesis.
Matumbo amatha kulandira michere monga zomera. Zooxanthellae awathandize kuchita izi. Algae omwe amtundu umodzi amatha kudya carbon dioxide, ndipo samatulutsa mpweya wokha, komanso zinthu zachilengedwe, zomwe ma polyps sangathe kuchita popanda. Zomera zofiirira izi zimakhala m'matumba a coral momwemo motero zimapatsa "eni" mtundu wowala.
Komabe, mgwirizano wotere ulinso ndi zoyipa. Algae akayamba kukhala wolimba kwambiri ndikupanga mpweya wosafunikira wochuluka, umavulaza polyp. Ndipo akufulumira kuwachotsa.
Zotsatira zake, sichimangotaya tizirombo tomwe tangotembenuka kumene, komanso mtundu wake, kapena kusamba mtundu. Ndipo imodzi yamagulu angapo imayenera kubwezeretsa kuchuluka kwa "othandizira" awa posachedwa, kufunafuna atsopano, oyenera m'malo awo, amtundu umodzi. Zimapangitsa kuti polyp ikhale yosavuta kumeza.
Mwa njira, polyp imatha kutaya mtundu pazifukwa zina. Algae a Brown samalola kutentha kwakukulu (kwakukulukulu), ndipo kukatentha kwambiri, amafa.
- Tizilombo ting'onoting'ono timatha kuyamwa chakudya ngati nyama.
Anthu oterewa ali ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana yokongola. Sakonda kuwala kowala ndikukhala komwe kuli mthunzi wambiri, monga lamulo pazakuya kwambiri.
Algae siowathandiza, plankton ndi zamoyo zosiyanasiyana zimadyedwa. Ndipo nthawi zambiri nsomba zazing'ono. Apa zoyeserera zawo ndi ntchito yawo yoluma imakhudzidwa. Ena amatha kugwira ntchito mwamphamvu mokwanira, pomwe ena amafunika kukhala pamadzi.
- Ma Coral, omwe ali pa zakudya zosakanikirana.
Pali zolengedwa zoterozo zomwe zimatha kulandira zinthu zofunikira komanso koyambirira, i.e. mtundu wazomera, ndi nyama. Ma polyps amaphatikiza izi mochenjera.
Mtengo
Kwa anthu, matanthwe samangokhala chinthu chowedza, koma chinthu chamtengo wapatali kwambiri kuchokera pamalingaliro okongoletsa. Mitengo yayikulu yomwe imapanga ma polyps amatchedwa miyala. Malowa akutengera mafupa a madrepore.
Amakwaniritsidwa ndi mtundu winawake wa ndere, womwe ulinso ndi laimu. Mollusks ndi crayfish nawonso amatenga nawo gawo pomanga miyala. Madreporovye Tinthu ting'onoting'ono ta matanthwe womvetsetsa mokwanira. Madzi akataya mchere, nyama zimayamba kufa. Kuchotsa mchere kumatha kuchitika chifukwa cha mvula yogwira, kapena pafupi ndi kamwa.
Mitembo ya tizilombo ting'onoting'ono imawononga chilengedwe. Chifukwa chake, ngati thanthwe litafa, onse okhala mumitundu ina, mwachitsanzo, amafa. Nyongolotsi, molluscs, crustaceans ndi hedgehogs zimakhalira mosagwirizana ndi miyala.
Wina akukwawa, kapena amasambira pafupi ndi pomwepo, ena amabowola mabowo mu laimu ndikukhala mkati. Ngati chinyama chotere sichinathe kutuluka munthawi yake, nyamayo imatha kuijambulira mkati. Komabe, wamndendeyo sangafe, koma azikhala kwayokha, kumalandila pang'ono chakudya.
Zabwino zonse kuti muzindikire tridacna yayikulu yomwe yazika mizu pakati pa ma polypoids. Mollusk iyi ndi yayikulu kwambiri, kulemera kwake kumatha kupitilira makilogalamu mazana awiri. Koma chinthu chofunikira kwambiri ndi mawonekedwe ake. Chovala chowala bwino cha nyama yopanda mafupa yotsogola chimatulukira kupitirira mavavu ammbali ndipo chikuwoneka chodabwitsa.
Pezani pogona m'nkhalango ndi mawa. Zowona, amagwiritsa ntchito matanthwe osati pogona, koma kuti akhalebe osadziwika kwa omwe akuwakhudzidwa pakadali pano. Kusungunuka, kusowa kwa mpweya ndi kuzirala kumakhudzanso maziko a miyala.
Madzi akuda ndi omwe amawononga minda yam'madzi kwambiri. Anthu aku Caribbean awonongedwa kwambiri m'miyala m'zaka zaposachedwa. Kuyenda kwakukulu kwa alendo, ndipo chifukwa chake, zinyalala zambiri, zimawononga malo okhala zamoyo zamitundu yambiri.
Miyala imagawika m'magulu atatu:
- Mphepete mwa nyanja (kutengera dzinalo zikuwonekeratu kuti amapangidwa m'mbali mwa nyanja)
- Chotchinga (chakunyanja)
- Attols (zilumba zonse, zozungulira ngati mphete. Kunja kwa mapangidwe otere kuli madzi akuya. Mkati mwake, ndi osaya kwambiri, madzi ake ndi abuluu owoneka bwino). Zipangizo zoterezi zalembedwa, zomwe kukula kwake kumapitilira kukula kwa nyanja yonse.
Monga momwe Charles Darwin, yemwe amadziwika aliyense, adalongosolera, mwala uyenera kudutsa magawo awiri oyamba usanakhale wozungulira. Awo. makorali oyamba amapangidwa m'mbali mwa chisumbucho, kenako chifukwa chakukwera kwamadzi, ena amapita kuzama, ndipo ena atsopano amapanga gombe lina. Umu ndi momwe mitundu yotchinga imapezekera. Chilumbachi chikakhala pansi pamadzi, pamakhala zamoyo zambiri zam'madzi.
Mafupa a polyp atayamba kukwera pamwamba pamadzi, zilumba zamakorali zimapangidwa. Gombe lotsetsereka la mafupa ofatsa limakhala mchenga woyera ngati chipale (mafupa a tizilombo tating'onoting'ono tophwanyidwa ndi mafunde), ndipo pakatikati pa chilumbacho pali dothi laling'ono.
Ngati mutayang'ana pansi pamadzi, mutha kuwona mulu wamafupa opanda kanthu, tizilombo tamoyo tating'onoting'ono tikhala kutali pang'ono ndi gombe. Nthawi zambiri, zilumbazi ndizocheperako, ndipo zomera zomwe zili pamwamba pake ndizochepa, chifukwa ndizochepa zomwe zimatha kukhala opanda madzi abwino kwa nthawi yayitali.
Mitengo ya kokonati, mitengo yonga cactus ndi chinanazi ngati tchire lomwe silimakula kwenikweni limakhala pamenepo. Molluscs ndi crustaceans amakhala mumiyala yamiyala. Pakati pa mafunde akuya, gawo ili la chilumbacho limamira, ndipo ndi mafunde otsika limawonekeranso kumaso kwa anthu.
M'mphepete mwa chilumbachi, mitundu ina yamakorali imakhala, yokhoza kupirira kuwomba kwamafunde kosalekeza popanda mavuto. Kwenikweni, awa ndi ozungulira, bowa ndi tizilombo tina tomwe "timadyetsedwa bwino". Anthu a nthambi asankha malo ozama. Momwemonso miyala yamtengo wapatali. Omwe amakhala pafupi nawo ndiopaka utoto wowala kwambiri. Makamaka nsomba zazing'ono.
Madera omwe amakhala m'madzi ndi magombe ali ndi kusiyana kwakukulu. Pa magombe oterewa, ma polyps safuna gawo lapansi, amayenda modekha pansi, kapena amamatira mmenemo ndi kumapeto kwake. Nthawi zambiri, mumatha kupeza mawonekedwe osalimba, owonda, okhala ndi nthambi zambiri komanso otseguka. Zowonadi, pamafunde, mafunde samasokoneza ma coelenterates, ndipo safunikira kupanga mafupa. Kusiyana kwina ndi msipu wam'madzi ndi mtundu wosawonekera bwino wa anthu.
Koma anthu samangokonda minda yam'nyanja, komanso amawagwiritsa ntchito pochita. Laimu wa mafupa a polyp amatsitsidwanso kuti apange zida zomangira zabwino. M'mayiko otentha, chilichonse chimamangidwa kuchokera pamenepo, nyumba ndi malo ogulitsira. Kuphatikiza apo, laimu imagwira ntchito ngati zosefera komanso ngati yopopera.
Anagwiritsidwa ntchito m'makorali ndi mankhwala. Amadziwika kwambiri m'masitolo ogulitsa ku Asia. Ngati timalankhula zakufunika kwakukula kwa nyama zamtchire, ndiye kuti tizilombo tating'onoting'ono timagwira nawo ntchito pakukhazikitsa kuchuluka kwa nyama ndi nsomba zomwe zimakhala nawo.
Izi ndichifukwa choti ma coral ndi amodzi mwamalumikizidwe amunyolo. Kuphatikiza apo, miyala yam'madzi ndi maziko azinthu zachilengedwe momwe zamoyo zambiri zimakhalapo. Sizokhudza nsomba zazing'ono chabe. Minda iyi imapereka malo okhala ku barracuda ndi nsombazi. Komanso, musaiwale zazosefera.
