Kwa nthawi yoyamba, azungu adawona mbalame zazikulu komanso zopanda ndege, kunja kofanana ndi nthiwatiwa, koyambirira kwa zaka za zana la 16. Ndipo kufotokozera koyamba kwa zolengedwa izi m'mabuku kunayamba ku 1553, pomwe wofufuza malo waku Spain, woyenda komanso wansembe Pedro Cieza de Leon koyambirira kwa buku lake "Mbiri ya Peru".
Ngakhale kufanana kwakukulu kwakunja Nthiwatiwa za ku Africa matenda, kuchuluka kwa ubale wawo kumatsutsanabe m'magulu asayansi, popeza kuwonjezera pa kufanana, pali kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa mbalamezi.
Kufotokozera ndi mawonekedwe a nthiwatiwa
Mosiyana ndi abale awo aku Africa, nthiwatiwa nandu pachithunzichi - ndipo kamera ya TV imachita modekha mokwanira, siyesa kubisala kapena kuthawa. Ngati mbalameyi sakonda china chake, ndiye kuti rhea imalira m'mimba, kukumbukira kwambiri phokoso la kulira kwa nyama yayikulu, monga mkango kapena koumba, ndipo ngati simukuwona kuti phokosoli limapangidwa ndi nthiwatiwa, ndizosatheka kudziwa kuti ndi yanji pakhosi pake. ...
Mbalameyi imathanso kuukira amene wayandikira pafupi kwambiri, kutambasula mapiko ake, iliyonse ili ndi chikhakhali chakuthwa, ikulowera kumene kungakhale mdani wake ndi kuyimba mokuwa moopseza.
Makulidwe a nthiwatiwa zochepa kwambiri kuposa mbalame zaku Africa. Kukula kwa anthu akulu kwambiri kumangofika mita imodzi ndi theka. Kulemera kwa nthiwatiwa ku South America kumakhalanso kocheperako poyerekeza ndi kukongola kwa Africa. Rhea wamba imalemera 30-40 kg, ndipo matenda a Darwin anali ochepera - 15-20 kg.
Khosi la nthiwatiwa za ku South America zaphimbidwa ndi nthenga zolimba, ndipo zili ndi zala zitatu kumapazi awo. Kuthamanga kwambiri, nthiwatiwa nandu Kutha kuthamanga, kupereka 50-60 km / h, kwinaku ndikuthana ndi mapiko otambalala. Ndipo kuti athetse tizilomboto, rhea imagona mufumbi ndi matope.
Malinga ndi momwe ofufuza oyamba aku Portugal ndi Spain adafotokozera, mbalamezi zidali zoweta ndi amwenye. Komanso, osati kumvetsetsa kwathu nkhuku.
Nanda samangopatsidwa nyama kwa anthu. Mazira ndi nthenga zopangira zodzikongoletsera, amakhala ngati agalu, akuyang'anira komanso, mwina, kusaka ndi kuwedza. Mbalamezi zimasambira bwino, ngakhale mitsinje yayikulu yokhala ndi mafunde othamanga samawaopseza.
Kwa kanthawi, anthu anali pachiwopsezo chifukwa chodziwika kwambiri pakusaka kwa rhea. Komabe, tsopano zinthu zasintha, ndipo kutchuka ndi eni mafamu a nthiwatiwa ndiwokwera kwambiri kuposa abale awo aku Africa.
Rhea nthiwatiwa moyo ndi malo okhala
Nthiwatiwa rhea amakhala ku South America, ku Paraguay, Peru, Chile, Argentina, Brazil ndi Uruguay. Mutha kukumana ndi rhea ya Darwin pamapiri ataliatali, mbalameyi imamva bwino pamtunda wokwana 4000-5000 metres, komanso adasankha kumwera kwenikweni kwa kontrakitala ndi nyengo yovuta kwambiri.
Malo achilengedwe a mbalamezi ndi madera akuluakulu a Patagonia, mapiri akuluakulu okhala ndi mitsinje yaying'ono. Kuwonjezera pa South America, anthu ochepa a rhea amakhala ku Germany.
Vuto la kusamuka kwa nthiwatiwa kunali kwangozi. Mu 1998, gulu la ma rheas, lopangidwa ndi awiriawiri angapo, adathawa pafamu ya nthiwatiwa kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa dzikolo, m'tawuni ya Lubeck. Izi zidachitika chifukwa cha ndege zopanda mphamvu komanso maheji ochepa.
Chifukwa cha kuyang'aniridwa ndi alimi, mbalamezo zinali zaufulu ndipo sizinasinthike mosavuta kuti zikhale moyo watsopano. Amakhala m'dera pafupifupi 150-170 sq. m, ndipo chiwerengero cha nkhosa chikuyandikira mazana awiri. Kuwunika zoweta pafupipafupi kwachitika kuyambira 2008, ndikuphunzira zamakhalidwe ndi moyo nthiwatiwa zimayambira nthawi yozizira asayansi ochokera konsekonse padziko lapansi amabwera ku Germany.
Mbalamezi zimakhala mwachilengedwe m'magulu a anthu 30-40, munyengo yamatumba gulu limagawika m'magulu ang'ono-mabanja. Palibe olamulira okhwima m'malo amenewa.
Rhea ndi mbalame yokwanira, ndipo njira yamoyo yonse sikofunikira, koma kufunikira. Ngati gawo lomwe gulu lankhosa lili lotetezeka, amuna akulu nthawi zambiri amasiya abale awo ndikuchoka, kuyamba kukhala moyo wawokha.
Nthiwatiwa sizimasuntha, zimakhala moyo wongokhala, kupatula zina zochepa - pakagwa moto kapena masoka ena, mbalame zimayang'ana madera atsopano. Nthawi zambiri, makamaka mu pampas, gulu la nthiwatiwa zimasakanikirana ndi gulu la guanacos, nswala, ng'ombe kapena nkhosa. Ubwenzi wotere umathandiza kupulumuka, kuzindikira adani mwachangu komanso kuwateteza.
Nthiwatiwa nandu kudyetsa
Kodi nthiwatiwa za nandu zimagwirizana bwanji? ndipo cassowary, kotero uku ndiko kufuna kwawo. Posankha udzu, zomera zotambalala, zipatso, mbewu ndi zipatso, sizidzasiya tizilombo, tizilombo tating'onoting'ono ndi nsomba.
Amatha kudya zovunda ndi zinyalala za artiodactyls. Amakhulupirira kuti rhea imatha kusaka njoka, ndipo mowongoleredwa, kuteteza malo okhala kwa anthu. Koma palibe umboni wa sayansi pankhaniyi.
Ngakhale mbalamezi ndizosambira bwino kwambiri zomwe zimakonda kusambira m'madzi ndikugwira nsomba zochepa, zimatha kuchita madzi osamwa kwa nthawi yayitali. Monga mbalame zina, nthiwatiwa nthawi ndi nthawi zimameza ma gastroliths ndi miyala yaying'ono yomwe imawathandiza kugaya chakudya.
Kuberekana ndi kutalika kwa nthiwatiwa
Nthawi yokwatirana, rhea amawonetsa mitala. Gululo limagawidwa m'magulu amphongo mmodzi ndi akazi 4-7 ndipo limapuma kumalo ake obisika. Dzira la nthiwatiwa ndi pafupifupi nkhuku pafupifupi khumi ndi zinayi, ndipo chipolopolocho ndi cholimba kotero kuti chimagwiritsidwa ntchito mmisiri osiyanasiyana, omwe amagulitsidwa kwa alendo ngati zikumbutso. Malinga ndi mbiri ya ofufuza aku Europe, m'mafuko aku India, chipolopolo cha mazira awa chimagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati mbale.
Akazi amaikira mazira pachisa chimodzi, makamaka, mazira 10 mpaka 35 amapezeka mu clutch, ndipo yamphongo imawasanganizira. Makulitsidwe amatha pafupifupi miyezi ingapo, nthawi yonseyi nthiwatiwa rhea kudya zomwe abwenzi ake amamubweretsera. Pamene anapiye aswa, amawasamalira, amawadyetsa ndikuyenda. Komabe, ana ambiri samakwanitsa chaka chimodzi osakwanitsa chaka pazifukwa zosiyanasiyana, makamaka zomwe zimakhala kusaka.
Ngakhale ndizoletsedwa kusaka rhea m'maiko ambiri momwe akukhalamo, zoletsedwazi sizimaletsa opha nyama mopanda chilolezo. Kukula msinkhu kwa akazi kumachitika zaka 2.5-3, ndi amuna ku 3.5-4. Mbalamezi zimakhala pafupifupi zaka 35 mpaka 45, m'malo abwino, mosiyana ndi abale awo aku Africa, omwe amakhala ndi 70.
Zambiri zosangalatsa za nthiwatiwa
Kulankhula za nthiwatiwa, ndizosatheka kutchula komwe dzina losangalatsa la mbalameyi lidachokera. Munthawi yakumasirana, mbalamezi zimasinthana kulira, momwe mawu amawu a "rhea" amamveka bwino, lomwe lidakhala dzina lawo loyamba, kenako dzina lawo lovomerezeka.
Lero sayansi ikudziwa mitundu iwiri ya mbalame zodabwitsa izi:
- rhea wamba kapena kumpoto, dzina la sayansi - Rhea americana;
- Rhea yaying'ono kapena Darwin, dzina la sayansi - Rhea pennata.
Malingana ndi magulu a zinyama, rhea, monga cassowaries, ndi emus si nthiwatiwa. Mbalamezi zinagawidwa mosiyana - rhea mu 1884, ndipo mu 1849 banja la rhea limatanthauzidwa, limangokhala mitundu iwiri ya nthiwatiwa za ku South America.
Zakale zakale zokumbidwa zakale, zokumbutsa za rhea wamakono, zili ndi zaka 68 miliyoni, ndiye kuti, pali zifukwa zomveka zokhulupirira kuti mbalame zoterezi zimakhala padziko lapansi mu Paleocene ndipo zimawona ma dinosaurs.
