Ma Skate (Anthus) ndi mbalame zazing'ono kuchokera pamadongosolo odutsa, omwe kukula kwake sikupitilira masentimita 15 (mitundu ina imafika 20 cm), imagawidwa padziko lonse lapansi, kupatula Antarctica ndi Antarctica.
Mbalamezi zimayimilidwa ndi mitundu yambiri yazachilengedwe: zilipo pafupifupi 40. Nthawi zambiri, zikatchulidwa muzokambirana, zimakhala nkhalango kavalo - mbalame, zomwe zimapezeka kwambiri m'chilengedwe komanso ukapolo.
Mitundu yambiri yolondera mbalameyi imakhalabe chinsinsi kwa akatswiri ambiri oyang'anira mbalame. Izi ndichifukwa choti amuna samasiyana ndi akazi, ndipo pamakhala kusiyana kochepa kofananira.
Izi zikugwiranso ntchito pakusiyana pakati pa mbalame za mibadwo yosiyana, nthawi zambiri zimakhala zovuta kwambiri kudziwa kuti nyama ili m'gulu liti. Pakadali pano, asayansi akuchita gawo lokonzanso mtundu wamtunduwu, makamaka banja la wagtail.
Mawonekedwe ndi malo a kavalo
Skates - mbalame zobisa. Ndicho chifukwa chake mtundu wotchedwa patronizing mtundu umakhala wofala pakati pawo, pomwe thupi lakumtunda ndi lofiirira ndipo m'munsi mulibe loyera.
Njira yoyenera kusiyanitsa mtundu wina ndi inzake ndi nyimbo yapadera: mtundu uliwonse wa skate uli ndi nyimbo yake yapadera. Kuphatikiza apo, maulawo atha kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chizindikiritso. Mwachitsanzo, kupezeka kwa nthenga zamawangamawanga, kapena zosiyanasiyananso. Iwo, ngakhale pang'ono, koma amasiyana mosiyanasiyana mbalame, ndipo amadalira malo.
Mverani mawu a kavalo wamtchire
Kupatulapo kawirikawiri, mbalamezi zimasamukira kwina. Amatha kukhala ku subantarctic, arctic tundra, mapiri okwera kwambiri, minda ya lamba wapakati, ndipo nthawi yozizira, mitundu ina imapezeka ku Africa ndi Central America.
Chikhalidwe ndi moyo wa skate ya mbalame
Kavalo wamawangamawanga (Anthus hodgsoni) mwina ndi m'modzi mwa oimira owoneka bwino kwambiri. Mbali yake kumtunda ili ndi mawu obiriwira obiriwira. Mbali yakumunsi ya thupi ndi yakuda ndipo ili ndi mawanga otakata ndi owuma omwe amaphimba pamimba chapamwamba. Mbalame yachichepere siyamitundu yaying'ono kwambiri. Malo okhala kuchokera ku Tomsk kupita ku Japan; m'nyengo yozizira - amapezeka ku India, Burma, Indochina.
Pachithunzicho pali kavalo wowoneka
Hatchi yamapiri (Anthus spinoletta) kapena bomba la m'mphepete mwa nyanja limakhala lofiirira pamwamba, ndipo lili ndi mikwingwirima pansipa. M'chilimwe, chifuwa chimakhala chamtambo, pamutu wakuda, mthunzi wowoneka bwino wa nsidze umaonekera bwino. Mitunduyi ndi yosangalatsa chifukwa ilibe mitundu yosiyanasiyana.
Nyumbayi imafalikira kum'mwera kwa Europe, komanso Asia (mpaka China). Popeza mbalameyi imakonda madambo kapena malo osefukira ngati malo okhalamo, imasamuka patali kwambiri.
Kujambulidwa ndi mbalame yamphiri yamphiri
Hatchi yofiira (Anthus cervinus) ili ndi mitundu yotsatirayi: mbali yakumtunda ndi yofiirira yokhala ndi mikwingwirima yakuda mthupi; pansi pake pali chikasu choyera. M'derali muli mawonekedwe ofiira ofiira, oyenda m'mbali mwa mbalame zina.
Chochititsa chidwi ndi nsidze zoyera zowoneka bwino komanso mphete yoyera yoyera yoyera. Nyumbayi imafikira ku Chukchi Peninsula, zitsanzo zina zimapezeka pagombe lakumadzulo kwa Alaska. Amakonda kukhazikika m'madambo. Malo okhala chilimwe ndi nthawi yozizira amakhala ofanana.
Mverani mawu a kavalo wofiira ndi khosi lofiira
Pachithunzicho pali kavalo wamphongo wofiira
Meadow kavalo (Anthus pratensis) ndi imodzi mwazinthu zofala kwambiri. Mtunduwo ndi wotuwa, wosawonekera, pansi pake ndi wonyezimira. Habitat: kumpoto kwa Asia ndi Europe. Mbalame zomwe zimakhala ku England ndi Ireland sizingokhala. Ena onse amasamukira kumpoto kwa Africa kapena kumwera kwa Europe.
Mverani mawu a dambo
Mbalame ya Meadowhorse
Hatchi yaku Siberia (Anthus gustavi) ndi m'modzi mwa oyimira kumpoto kwambiri. Gawo lakumtunda ndi lofiirira wachikaso ndi mizere yosamveka. M'munsi mwake ndi utoto woyera. Habitat: Kamchatka, Zilumba za Commander, Peninsula ya Chukotka. Amakonda kukhala nthawi yozizira ku Indonesia komanso ku Philippines.
Mverani mawu a kavalo waku Siberia
Hatchi yaku Siberia pachithunzichi
Chingwe cha steppe (Anthus richardi) ndi wamtali mpaka masentimita 20 ndipo ndiye membala wamkulu kwambiri wamtunduwu ku Central Europe. Mtunduwo ndi wosaiwalika chimodzimodzi ndi ma skate ambiri (pamwamba ndi bulauni, pansi ndi beige wonyezimira). Nyumbayi imayambira kum'mawa kwa Kazakhstan mpaka ku Pacific Ocean.
Pachithunzicho, mbalameyi ndi hatchi yakuda
Zakudya za nkhuku
Ngakhale kuchuluka kwa ma skate oundana, adawerengedwa mopepuka kwambiri. Mbalame zimakhala zamanyazi ndipo ndizosatheka kukhazikitsa chakudya chenicheni cha mtundu uliwonse. Zonse zomwe zimadziwika zimakhazikitsidwa ndikutsitsa mitemboyo.
Ndizodziwika bwino kuti mbalamezi zimadya tizilombo, zopanda mafupa, arachnids ngati chakudya. Zakudya zachisanu zimatha kuwonjezera mbewu. Njira yosangalatsa yodyetsera masiketi ena. Ngakhale amatha kuuluka, amakonda kudya, kutola zakudya zokhazokha pansi.
Kubereketsa ndi kutalika kwa nthawi yayitali ya mbalame ya skate
Mwachilengedwe, mbalame zimakhala zokhazokha, zimakwatirana kwa zaka zingapo kapena moyo wawo wonse. Palibe umboni uliwonse wasayansi wotsimikizira kuti mbalamezi zimakhala ndi moyo wautali bwanji.
Zisa zimakonzedwa pansi, zimawaphimba bwino m'zomera pogwiritsa ntchito udzu, moss kapena nkhuni zakufa. Nthawi zambiri, tsitsi la nyama limagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zofunda.
Ambiri mwa mazira mu clutch ndi 4. Nthawi zambiri, azimayi okha ndi omwe amaswa anapiye, koma pali mitundu yomwe mbalame zonse zimachita izi (mwachitsanzo, bomba la ku Siberia). Udindo wodyetsa umatha kuperekedwa kwa makolo onse (kavalo wamapiri).
Mtundu wa chipolopolo umatha kukhala wotuwa, wofiirira, maolivi, ma specks ndi ma streaks ndizotheka. Nthawi yosakaniza imatha masiku pafupifupi 10-12. Ma skate amakula mwachangu kwambiri ndipo anapiye amakhala odziyimira kale ali ndi zaka 12.
Chithunzi ndi chisa cha mbalame.
Ngakhale chinsinsi komanso mawonekedwe a nondescript, ma skate amatha kukhala ziweto zabwino kwambiri. Amalekerera ukapolo bwino, amasintha msanga moyo watsopano, ndiwodzichepetsa ndipo patangopita nthawi yochepa amayamba kusiyanitsa eni ake ndi anthu ena.
