Ponena za mbalame zaku Europe zomwe zimamveka modabwitsa, munthu sangatchulepo maluwa amtunduwu. Posachedwa, nthumwi yotereyi inali yovuta kwambiri kukumana mumzinda. Lero, chifukwa cha kufalikira mwachangu kwa mitengo ya rowan, ndikosavuta kukumana ndi thrush, wokonda zipatso zawo. Mudzazindikira nthawi yomweyo kuti ndi chiyani munda thrush... Mwina izi ndi chifukwa cha mawonekedwe ake oyamba ndi trill yachilendo.
Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera
Chithunzi: Blackbird fieldberry
Malowa ndi a nyama, mtundu wa zovuta, gulu la mbalame ndi dongosolo la odutsa (Passeriformes). Gululi limaphatikizapo nthumwi zoposa 5 sauzande ndipo amadziwika kuti ndi amodzi mwa ambiri omwe amapangidwa. Anthu omwe ali mgululi agawidwa padziko lonse lapansi. Makamaka amakhala m'malo otentha komanso otentha. Amakonda moyo wamnkhalango kuposa wamzinda. Ndipo oimira ena amatha zaka zonse zomwe apatsidwa pamtengo. Banja, lomwe limaphatikizapo phulusa lakumunda, limatchedwa "Drozdov" (Turdidae).
Oimira ake amadziwika ndi izi:
- yaing'ono (ang'ono ndi sing'anga) kukula - 10-30 cm;
- mlomo wowongoka (koma wopindika pang'ono pamwamba);
- mapiko ozungulira;
- mchira wowongoka;
- malo okhala - nkhalango, zitsamba, nkhalango.
Mtundu wa mbalame zakuda ukhoza kukhala wowala pang'ono kapena wosiyana mosiyanasiyana. Mbalame zonse za gululi zimadya zipatso ndi tizilombo. Amatha kusungidwa limodzi kapena awiriawiri, komanso pagulu. Fieldfare imasankhidwa ndi njira yomaliza yoyendera. Poyenda pagulu, zimatuluka mokweza kwambiri. Amadzipereka okha ndikumveka mokweza ("Trr ...", "Tshchek") komanso munthawi yobisalira.
Kanema: Mbalame yakuda yakuda
Poyerekeza ndi ena a m'gulu la ma thrush, masewerawa sakhala owopsa komanso osabisa. Ndikosavuta kukumana nawo pafupi (makamaka nthawi yamaluwa yamapiri phulusa). Nyimbo yawo ndiyomveka bwino, koma modekha. Kudutsa tchire la zipatso zofiira ndikumva phokoso losamveka bwino lomwe limatha kumapeto kwa "... sabata", mutha kukhala otsimikiza kuti kwinakwake kuthengo kwamitengo yakakhazikika, ikudya phwando lokonda.
Tsopano mukudziwa momwe anapiye amaundana amawonekera. Tiyeni tiwone komwe mbalame yosangalatsayi imakhala komanso zomwe imadya.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Masewera a mbalame
Ngakhale iwo omwe sadziwa bwino matayala a mbalame amatha kusiyanitsa pakati pa ena onse omwe akuyimira phulusa lam'munda. Izi ndichifukwa cha mawonekedwe okongola amunthuyo.
Makhalidwe akunja a nyama zosamuka amatha kuyimiridwa motere:
- mtundu - multicolor. Mutu wa mbalame nthawi zambiri umakhala wotuwa. Mchirawo ndi wakuda kwambiri kwakuti umawoneka wakuda. Kumbuyo kumakhala kofiirira. Mimba (monga mbalame zina zambiri zakuda) imasiyana mosiyana ndi mtundu wake wonse - ndi yoyera. Brisket ili ndi thewera yakuda yachikaso yokhala ndi timadontho tating'ono. Kakhungu ka mapiko (kowoneka ngati mbalame ikuuluka) ndi koyera;
- miyeso ndi pafupifupi. Mbalame zam'mlengalenga ndizotsika kwambiri kuposa ma jackdaws, koma nthawi yomweyo ndizapamwamba kuposa nyenyezi. Kukula kwake, ali ofanana ndi mbalame yakuda. Kulemera kwakukulu ndi 140 g (wamwamuna) ndi 105 g (wamkazi). Kutalika kwa thupi kwa achikulire kumangofika masentimita 28. Mapiko ake ndi otakata mokwanira - pafupifupi masentimita 45;
- mlomo ndi wakuthwa. Poyang'ana mbalame zina zakutchire, mulomo wake wowala wachikaso wowala bwino umausiyanitsa. Pamwamba pake pamakhala mdima. Kutalika kwa milomo kumakhala pakati pa masentimita 1.5 mpaka 3. Kutalika kumeneku ndikokwanira kutengera tizilombo tating'onoting'ono ndikudya zipatso za mtengo wamapiri wamapiri.
Chosangalatsa: Mtundu wamwamuna ndi wamkazi ndi wofanana. Chosiyanitsa ndi kokha kukula kwa oimira mundawo.
Ndikusintha kwanyengo, mawonekedwe am'munda sanasinthe. Mtundu wokhawo wa milomo umasintha (kuchokera ku chikaso chowala mpaka chakufa), ndipo thewera ofiira ofiira, omwe ali pachifuwa cha munthu aliyense, nawonso amakula.
Kodi mbalame zakutchire zimakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Masewera a Drozd ku Russia
Masiku ano, omenyera nkhondo amatha kupezeka kumpoto kwa Eurasia (kuchokera ku Cape Roka kupita ku Cape Dezhnev). Mbalame zimakhala zokhazikika komanso zosamukasamuka.
M'nyengo yozizira, anthu ambiri amakonda kukhala nthawi m'maiko otsatirawa:
- Kumpoto kwa Africa ndi gawo la Africa, lomwe limaphatikizapo mayiko monga: Egypt, Sudan, Libya, ndi ena. Dera ili limakopa mbalame zokhala ndi gawo lachilengedwe la Mediterranean. Madera ambiri amakhala ndi Sahara.
- Europe (Central ndi South) - dera lomwe limaphatikiza mayiko aku Mediterranean, komanso mayiko omwe siali CIS. Gawoli limasiyanitsidwa ndi nyengo yamtendere, nthaka yachonde ndi kuchuluka kwa zomera (zomwe ndizofunikira kwambiri pamoyo wabwinobwino wam'munda wam'munda).
- Asia ndi gawo limodzi (makamaka Turkey). Nyengo yamderali ndi yamapiri ndipo imakhala ndi nyengo yanthawi zonse. M'nyanja ya Aegean ndi Mediterranean, nyengo yachisanu imakhala yofatsa kwambiri.
Mbalame zimakhalanso m'mayiko a CIS. Nthawi yomweyo, ndi tchire lokwanira, sangathawire ku madera akunja nthawi yozizira. Oyenda m'munda amakonda kukhazikika m'mapiri, nkhalango ndi m'mbali mwake. Chofunikira chachikulu pakakhala malo oyandikira malo oyandikira madambo onyowa. Sizigwira ntchito kukumana ndi mbalamezi m'nkhalango yakuya. Chisa chosuntha kwa miyezi ingapo (kuyambira Epulo mpaka Julayi).
Chosangalatsa: Oyenda m'munda amamanga zisa zawo makamaka pamitengo ya pines, alders, thundu pa mphanda wa thunthu. Zida zonse (moss, nthambi) zomwe zimapezeka "pansi pa mlomo" zimakhala ngati zomangira. Wothandizira ndi dongo, silt, nthaka yonyowa. Zotsatira zakugwira ntchito ndichinthu chachikulu chokhala ngati mbale chokhala pansi.
Kufikira pachisa cha munda sikophweka. Mbalame zimamanga nyumba zawo pamalo okwera kwambiri. Mulingo wazitali kwambiri womanga ndi 6 m.
Kodi masewerawa amadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Graybird fieldberry
Kutengera ndi dzina la thrush, titha kunena kuti chakudya chomwe amakonda kwambiri ndi zipatso za rowan. Izi ndi zolondola. Ndi zipatso izi zomwe masamba amabulosi amadya nthawi yotentha.
Kwa miyezi ingapo, chakudya chake chimaphatikizapo:
- nkhono (gastropods ndi chipolopolo chakunja);
- mbozi zapadziko lapansi (chakudya chachilengedwe chomwe chingapezeke kulikonse padziko lapansi);
- tizilombo (kachilomboka kakang'ono, mphemvu ndi oimira gulu, komanso mphutsi zawo).
Chakudya chokoma kwambiri cha m'munda ndi zipatso. Zomwe zili pachiwopsezo osati za zipatso za phulusa lamapiri okha. Mbalame zimakopeka ndi maswiti, chifukwa chake amakakamizidwa kupita kukafunafuna zipatso zokoma m'masiku oyamba a chilimwe. Pakati pa phulusa lamapiri ndi tchire lokhala ndi zipatso zokoma, theberryberry amasankha njira yachiwiri. Amakhutira ndi ma rowan thrushes pokhapokha ngati kulibe zipatso zina. Kulawa kwamtunduwu ndi kowawa pang'ono kumasokoneza kulakalaka shuga.
Chosangalatsa: Mbalame zakutchire zimakumbukira bwino. Mbalamezi zitadya kamodzi kokha zipatso zokoma za mtengo, nthawi yomweyo zimakumbukira malo ake. Ngakhale kuchotsa kuli kokulira ndi tchire lina lachonde, phulusa lakumunda, choyambirira, litenga chomeracho, kukoma komwe adayesedwa kale ndi iye.
Fieldfare imadya nkhono ndi mphutsi chifukwa chosowa zipatso zatsopano. Pachifukwa ichi, kuyamwa kwa nyongolotsi nthawi zambiri kumatha kufa chifukwa cha mbalame. Izi ndichifukwa choti zolengedwa zapansi panthaka zimadwala ma nematode, ambiri omwe thupi la ma thrushes silingathe kunyamula.
Chifukwa chakuti tchire za rowan zaposachedwa zikupezeka mmaiko a CIS, zakhala zosavuta kuzindikira zisa zawo (ngakhale m'nyengo yozizira). Mbalame zimakhala pamwamba pa mitengo yachonde.
Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Drozd fieldfare ku Moscow
Njira yamoyo wakumunda imadalira nyengo yakomwe akukhala, komanso chonde m'nthaka yake.
Mbalame zimatha kuchita izi:
- kukhala pansi - kukhala mdera limodzi chaka chonse, malo okhawo okhala ndi zisa amatha kusintha (chifukwa chopeza mitengo yachonde);
- osamukasamuka - ndege zopita kumayiko otentha m'nyengo yozizira ndikubwerera kudziko lakwawo kokha ndikumayambiriro kwa masika.
Kafukufuku wapa fieldfare adawonetsa kuti mbalame zomwe zimayenera kuchoka kudziko lakwawo chifukwa cha nyengo yozizira zidabwerera kuchokera "kunja" kupita kwawo posachedwa - pakati pa Epulo. Ziphuphu zimayenda makamaka m'magulu. Gulu limodzi limakhala ndi mbalame 100. Nthawi yomweyo, atangofika kumene kwawo, masewera olimbirana amakhala limodzi. Poyamba, amakonda "kukhala kunja" kunja kwa nkhalango, kumidzi. Apa ndipomwe mbalame zimadikirira kuti chipale chofewa chisungunuke komanso mwayi wopeza chakudya.
Chipale chofewa chikasungunuka, gulu lanyanja lomwe lafika limagawika m'magawo omwe amatchedwa kuti madera. Gulu lililonse latsopano lili ndi mtsogoleri wawo. Banja lotsatira limayamba kufunafuna malo obisalirako ndi chakudya chomwecho. Coloni imodzi ili ndi mitundu pafupifupi 20 ya mbalame. Mwachilengedwe, mbalame zakutchire ndizosangalatsa komanso zolimba. Mosiyana ndi anzawo mkalasi, sawopa kukumana ndi adani akulu. Kuchuluka kwa chitetezo cha gululi kumakhala pamapiko a atsogoleri azigawo.
Miyala ndi ndowe zimakhala ngati zida zankhondo. Pankhondo yolimbana ndi mdani, amadzuka kutalika ndikuponya mwala kwa mdani. Kugunda kumalonjeza kuwonongeka kwakukulu kwa mbalameyo. Pambuyo pakuponya, minda yamunda "imapereka" mwayi kwa omwe akukhudzidwa ndi ndowe. Izi ndizofunikira kuti mapikowo akulemera komanso kumata (zomwe zimapangitsa kuti mapangidwe omveka osatheka).
Chosangalatsa: Munthu amene akudutsa "pankhondo" amathanso kukhala wokakamizidwa kumunda. Inde, ndizotheka kutuluka pankhondo tili amoyo. Koma yoyera - nkomwe.
Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Mkazi wam'munda wam'munda
Magulu am'munda mwagonana amatanthauza kugawanika kwa mbalame zonse kukhala zazimuna ndi zazikazi. Makhalidwe okhawo osiyana pakati pawo ndi miyeso. Popeza madera amabwerera kwawo koyambirira, akazi amakhala okonzeka kuswa ana atsopano kumapeto kwa Epulo.
Asanabadwe mwachindunji, gawo lachikazi la nkhonya limayamba kupanga mwachangu. Ndi akazi omwe amapanga malo okhala kwa ana amtsogolo - chisa. Kunja, mawonekedwe ake amawoneka okulirapo. Ndizakuya komanso mwamphamvu mokwanira. Mkati, "nyumbayo" ili ndi zokutira zapadera zofewa.
Kuyanjana kwa Fieldfare kumachitika koyambirira kwa Meyi. Nthawi, mkazi amatha kubzala mazira obiriwira 7. Ndi amayi awo omwe amawateteza pafupifupi masiku 15-20.
Chosangalatsa: Pomwe chachikazi chimasamira mazira, chachimuna sichimamupatsa chakudya. Amayi a phulusa m'mapiri amayenera kufunafuna chakudya ndikubwezeretsa zinthu zawo pawokha. Abambo amateteza chisa chawo kwa adani komanso amateteza anthu ena kumudzi.
Anapiye anaswa pakati pa Meyi. Pafupifupi theka la mwezi, mayendedwe ochepa amayang'aniridwa ndi amayi. Zonse zazimuna ndi zazimuna zimapatsa anawo chakudya. M'masana amodzi, makolo amabweretsa chakudya ku chisa nthawi pafupifupi 100-150. Zitsamba zimadyetsa nthawi 13 pa ola limodzi.
Ana oyamba kudya makamaka tizilombo ndi mphutsi. Yotsirizira kugwa mabulosi nyengo ndipo okhutira ndi mabulosi abulu, phiri phulusa, strawberries ndi zipatso zina. Kumapeto kwa Meyi, anapiye amatuluka mchisa. Maphunziro a makolo (maulendo apandege, chakudya) akhala akuchitika kwakanthawi. Pambuyo pake, mbalame zimapita "kusambira kwaulere". Mkazi wakonzekera clutch yachiwiri mu June. Chiwerengero cha ana chimachepa ndi mwana aliyense.
Adani achilengedwe a mbalame zakutchire
Chithunzi: Thrush fieldfare mwachilengedwe
M'malo awo achilengedwe, masewera ali ndi adani ambiri. Nyama zambiri zolusa zimafuna kudya kambalame kakang'ono kosangalatsa.
Mwa omwe akupikisana nawo kwambiri, anthu awa akhoza kudziwika:
- akhwangwala. Oimira akulu kwambiri pagulu la anthu odutsa samaphonya mwayi wokadya ana omwe sanaberekedwe kapena ofooka kwambiri a thrush. Pazinthu izi, akhwangwala amakhala ngakhale pafupi ndi omwe amawazunza. Atadikirira nthawi yoyenera, amenya chisa cha m'munda ndikuwononga. Koma zotsatirazi sizichitika mikhalidwe yonse. Zowukira zambiri zimathera pakugonjetsedwa kwathunthu kwa akhwangwala. Fieldfare ndi mbalame yolimba mtima komanso yamphamvu. Amatha kuthana ndi mdani wamkulu wam nthenga ngakhale ali yekha;
- mapuloteni. Adani otere ndi owopsa makamaka kwa omwe amakhala m'minda omwe adakhazikitsa zisa zawo mumitengo yayitali. Poyenda limodzi ndi nthambizo, gologoloyu amalowa mwamsasa m'chisa, ndikutenga zonse zomwe zili mmenemo. N'zochititsa chidwi kuti ngati wamwamuna awona gologolo akuyandikira, ndiye kuti amatha kumuthamangitsa (mwamphamvu ndikuthyola).
Nyama zina zimasakanso nkhondoyi: mphamba, nkhwangwa, nkhwangwa, akadzidzi ndi mbalamezi. Nyama zilizonse kapena mbalame zilizonse zomwe zimatha kufikira chisa cha kumtunda chomwe chili pamalo okwera zimatha kukhala ngati mlenje.
Chosangalatsa: Omenyera kumunda ndi olimba mtima kotero kuti ali okonzeka kuteteza koloni kwa adani kangapo kuposa kukula kwa mbalame. Kuphatikiza apo, ma thrush nthawi zambiri amathandizira abale awo amitembo.
Koma ngakhale mbalame zopanda mantha nthawi zina sizitha kuteteza gulu lawo. Kuukira misa kungayambitse kuwonongedwa kwathunthu kwa nkhalango zakumunda. Nyengo yoipa kwambiri imatha kuthandizira izi. Palinso milandu yodziwika pomwe khwangwala yemwe adaunikira chisa sanapatsidwe chilango chifukwa cha munthu amene amalowerera nkhondo. Ziphuphu zikuwopabe anthu.
Ngakhale kuli kwakuti kumenya nkhondo, kuthengo kumatha kuvulaza mbalame zina popanda kuwopseza moyo wake. Mbalame nthawi zambiri zimateteza timagulu ting'onoting'ono, kuti titetezeke kwa adani. Nthawi zambiri, akhwangwala akumva kuyitana kwachilendo kwa phulusa lakomweko pachisa cha chaffinch amakonda kutembenuka ndikuuluka kwina, kusiya dongosolo loukira mlandu wotsatira.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chithunzi: Blackbird fieldberry m'nyengo yozizira
Gulu lakumunda limawerengedwa kuti ndi malamulo ambiri pamalamulo akuda akuda. Mulinso oimira ochulukirapo, kuchuluka kwake sikungathe kuwerengedwa. Mbalame zimagawidwa ku Ulaya konse. Anayang'aniridwa mwakhama ku Belarus ndi Russia (makamaka St. Petersburg, Kaliningrad). Malinga ndi zomwe asayansi adapeza mwachidule ndi zotsatira za kafukufukuyu, palibe chifukwa cholankhulira zakuchepa kwa mtunduwo.
Asanagawidwe phulusa lamapiri mdera la mayiko a CIS, munthuyu anali m'modzi mwa alendo osowa. Masiku ano, madera omwe amabwerera chaka chilichonse akungowonjezeka. Nthawi yomweyo, oimira ma thrush amakhala m'malo awo achilengedwe komanso m'malo osungira nyama. Khalidwe la mbalame silidalira mtundu wa dera lomwe amakhala.
Oyenda m'munda amasintha madera atsopano ndikudya mosiyana. Sachita mantha ndi ziwopsezo zambiri zomwe zitha kuwononga nyama. Kusaka mbalame zotere sikotchuka, chifukwa iwo ndi ochepa kukula kwake komanso achikale (pamaso pa mlenje). Ndipo izi zikutanthauza kuti tidzatha kuyang'anira nthumwi zolimba mtima komanso zopanda mantha kwa nthawi yayitali (mpaka phulusa lamapiri litasiya kukula).
Fieldfare ndi mbalame yosangalatsa m'mapulani onse. Amakhala okongola komanso aluso modabwitsa pankhani yazokongoletsa mbalame. Pang'ono ndi pang'ono, amamenya nkhondo mopanda mantha, kuthamangitsa chilombo chilichonse mdera lawo manyazi. Hazel wakuda amabwerera kwawo nthawi zonse, kulikonse komwe amabweretsedwa ndi "mchira".Ndikosavuta kuwona mbalamezi. Amakhala m'nkhalango m'malo okhala zitsamba. Kukumana ndi munthu wotere kumasiya chizindikiro chosangalatsa kukumbukira kwanu (pokhapokha mutapeza phulusa lakumunda panthawi yomwe lidzaukilidwe ndipo silingagwidwe "zipolopolo").
Tsiku lofalitsa: 12.07.2019
Tsiku losinthidwa: 25.09.2019 pa 20:16
