Dzombe ndi imodzi mwa tizilombo toopsa kwambiri pa chuma cha dziko. Tizilombo ta mbewu zaulimi ndi zakutchire ndizofala padziko lonse lapansi. Kalekale, kuwuluka kwa dzombe sikanangowononga zokololazo, koma kumatha kubweretsa njala ya anthu athunthu. Munthu wosungulumwa alibe vuto lililonse, koma akalowa pagulu, amawononga mbewu zonse zomwe zikubwera.
Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera
Chithunzi: Dzombe
Dzombe ndi tizilombo tosangalatsa ta banja lowona dzombe. Ichi ndi kachilombo kakang'ono ka arthropod, kamene kali mbali ya Orthoptera ya suborder kamwa kakang'ono, kamakula mpaka kukula kwakukulu kuchokera pa 1 cm mpaka 6 cm. Akazi ndi akulu kwambiri kuposa amuna. Dzombelo limawoneka ngati chiwala. Mtundu wa dzombeli umakhala ngati chobisalira ndipo umatha kusiyanasiyana kutengera chilengedwe.
Kanema: Dzombe
Mawu oti "dzombe" potanthauzira kuchokera ku Turkic amatanthauza "wachikaso". Dzombe ndi tizilombo todzichepetsa komanso tomwe timapezeka m'madera onse a dziko lapansi, kupatula madzi oundana. Nyengo yovutayi siyabwino pa moyo wa tizilombo. Dzombe limakonda kutentha ndi dzuwa. Nthawi yayitali ya dzombe imakhala kuyambira miyezi isanu ndi itatu mpaka zaka ziwiri, pomwe tizilombo titha kukhala m'magawo osiyanasiyana: gawo lokhalokha komanso gawo losangalala.
Magawo amasiyana mosiyana wina ndi mzake ndipo samakhudza mtundu wa kachilombo kokha, komanso machitidwe ake. Pali mitundu yambiri ya dzombe, mpaka zikwi khumi, owopsa kwambiri ndi aku Asia komanso osamuka. Dzombeli ndi losadya nyama ndipo limadya chomera chilichonse chobiriwira.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Chifukwa chopukutana wina ndi mnzake, mapiko a dzombe louluka akupanga mawu ngati kamtengo. Gulu lalikulu la tizilombo litauluka, kumamveka mawu omwe amafanana ndi chimbudzi champhamvu, chomwe chimamveka patali. Anthu ena amalakwitsa mawu awa ngati mabingu.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Dzombe limawoneka bwanji
Dzombe limakhala ndi thupi lokwanira komanso miyendo isanu ndi umodzi mwachilengedwe, iwiri mwa iyo, yomwe ndi miyendo yakutsogolo, ndiyofooka. Chojambula chimodzi chimakhala chotalikirapo kuposa chachiwiri komanso champhamvu nthawi zambiri. Mwachilengedwe, pali anthu omwe kutalika kwa thupi lawo kumafika masentimita khumi ndi asanu. Kawirikawiri, kutalika kwa thupi kumakhala masentimita 3 mpaka 7. Dzombe lilinso ndi mutu waukulu wokhala ndi maso otchulidwa.
Mapikowo ndiwowonekera ndipo sawoneka ngati apindidwa ndikuphimbidwa ndi ma elytra awiri olimba. Dzombe ndi amodzi mwa oimira akale kwambiri amtundu wa Orthoptera. Pali mitundu pafupifupi zikwi makumi awiri ya iwo padziko lonse lapansi. Mtundu wa dzombe umangotengera komwe umakhala ndikupangika. Chifukwa chake, zitsanzo zomwe zimapezeka nthawi yomweyo kuchokera kwa mkazi yemweyo zitha kukhala mitundu yosiyanasiyana, bola atakulira mosiyanasiyana.
Kuwonekera kwa dzombe kumadalira gawo lomwe adapangidwa. Mtundu umodziwo ndi suti yobiriwira yobiriwira kapena mtedza wobisa. Pachifukwa ichi, mthunziwo umadalira dera lomwe tizilomboto timakhala. Pakapangidwe ka paketi pakachitika, mamembala ake onse amafanana. Palibe kusiyana pakati pa anthu, kuphatikiza kupatukana ndi jenda. Dzombe limatha kuyenda mtunda wa makilomita 200 patsiku. Mitundu ina ya dzombe ndi yofanana ndi ziwala. Chifukwa chake, pakuwona koyamba, ndizovuta kuzindikira kachirombo mwa anthu oterewa. Kulakwitsa kumatha kukhala kokwera mtengo, makamaka kwa omwe amapanga ulimi.
Chifukwa chake, tiyenera kusamala ndi zizindikilo zomwe ndizosavuta kusiyanitsa dzombe ndi ziwala:
- thupi la dzombe ndilotalika kuposa thupi la wosula zitsulo;
- Chingwe cha dzombe ndi chamakona anayi, ndipo chiwala chimakhala chotalika;
- Tizilombo tomwe timakhala tating'onoting'ono poyerekeza ndi mutu wake;
- miyendo yakutsogolo ya dzombe ndi yocheperako poyerekeza ndi mbawala zamphongo;
- ziwala ndi okonda kuzizira kwamadzulo, chifukwa chake amakhala ndi moyo wokangalika madzulo. Dzombe, komano, limakonda kwambiri usana, chifukwa chake limagwira ntchito masana;
- ziwala sizimasonkhananso pagulu, pomwe dzombe, m'malo mwake, limapezeka pagulu la abale awo.
Kodi dzombe limakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Dzombe ku Russia
Pali mitundu yambiri ya dzombe ndipo pafupifupi mazana asanu ndi limodzi amakhala ku Russia. Makamaka zigawo zake zakumwera. Dzombelo lachilengedwe limakhala ku Asia, North Africa, Europe. Palinso mitundu yomwe imakhala kumalire a Sahara, Indo-Malay Archipelago, New Zealand, Kazakhstan, Siberia ndi Madagascar. Magulu akulu a anthu nawonso amapezeka pamtsinje wa Amu Darya, Dagestan.
Pali mitundu yomwe imakhala kumadera akumpoto, koma kuchuluka kwake ndikotsika kwambiri. Dzombe limakonda nyengo youma komanso yotentha ndipo limakhazikika m'malo omwe nyengo zake zimakhala chimodzimodzi. Dzombe lakhazikika pafupifupi kulikonse padziko lapansi, kupatula Antarctica. Sangakhale ndi moyo m'chipale chofewa.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Dzombe silimapezeka ku North America. Kuukira kwake komaliza apa kunali kumapeto kwa zaka za zana la 19. Pambuyo pomenya nkhondo yolimbana ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matendawa, palibe dzombe lomwe limawoneka m'derali.
Masiku ano dzombe limakhala m'malo onse anyengo padziko lapansi. Popeza imakonda nyengo yofunda, imapezeka mosavuta kumadera otentha komanso otentha. Ndi zonsezi, dzombe limakhalanso ku Western Siberia. Makhalidwe abwino amakhala oyenera mtundu uliwonse wa dzombe. Ngakhale mtundu wina wa tizilombo umakonda kukhazikika m'nkhalango pafupi ndi matupi amadzi, mtundu wina umakonda malo am'chipululu omwe ali munthanthwe lodzala ndi masamba osowa.
Tsopano mukudziwa kumene dzombe limapezeka. Tiyeni tiwone chomwe tizilombo timadyera.
Kodi dzombe limadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Dzombe
Dzombeli lili ndi nsagwada zamphamvu kwambiri, zomwe zimathandiza kuti lilowetse chakudya chilichonse chofewa komanso cholimba mchakudya chake. Kapangidwe kam'kamwa sikalola kuti tizilombo tizidya timadzi tokoma kapena utomoni wa mbewu. Amatha kungotafuna pazomera. Nthawi yomweyo, mbewu iliyonse ndi yoyenera kudya.
Kudyetsa dzombe kumatengera gawo lake. Osungulumwa amadyetsa pang'ono ndipo samawononga kwambiri kubzala. Chilakolako cha dzombe lotere chimalola kuti isadye theka la kilogalamu yamasamba pamoyo wake wonse. Komabe, dzombe likakhala gawo la gulu, nthawi yomweyo chilakolako chawo chimakula kwambiri. Tizilombo toyambitsa matenda timakakamizika kudya chakudya chochuluka kuti tikhale ndi moyo. Ngati dzombe silikubwezeretsanso mphamvu ndikubwezeretsanso mphamvu, ndiye kuti adzafa ndi ludzu komanso kuchepa kwa mapuloteni.
Dzombe, lomwe ndi gawo la gululi, limawononga malo obiriwira omwe ali pafupi nawo, pomwe amatha kudya mpaka theka la kilogalamu wobiriwira patsiku. Chakudya chikatha, tizilombo timasandutsa chilombo ndipo timatha kudya timeneti. Chilakolako cha dzombe chimadalira kutentha, kukwera kwake, amadyera kwambiri.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Dzombe lonse limadya chilichonse kupatula chitsulo, miyala ndi zinthu zina. Chakudya chomwe tizilombo timakonda kwambiri ndi zomera za bango.
Dzombe lidaukira, pafupifupi nthaka yopanda kanthu imatsalira m'malo obiriwira.
Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Dzombe Lalikulu
Kuzindikira kwina kwa dzombelo kumawonetseredwa chifukwa chakuti limatha kukhala lokha palokha komanso pagulu lalikulu. Dzombe likakhala lokhalo, silikhala ndi chilakolako chofuna kudya ndipo limangoyenda pang'ono. Sizowopsa ndipo sizimapweteka kwambiri. Chakudya chikangotha, dzombeli limayikira m'mimba momwe lingathere mazira ochuluka, pomwe anthu ochezeka amadzaswa pambuyo pake, omwe amatha kuyenda mtunda wautali.
Mbewuyo idzakhala yokulirapo kuposa makolo awo, mapiko awo amakhala olimba kwambiri, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti atha kupita kutali. M'magulumagulu, dzombe limayenda kwambiri komanso limakhala losalala kwambiri. Gulu la ziweto lingayerekezeredwe kukhala theka la miliyoni. Pofuna kuthyola ophunzira kusukulu, kusowa kwa zinthu zachilengedwe ndi ma amino acid m'dzombe kuyenera kupanga, ndipo chifukwa cha izi mwina ndi chaka chouma komanso kusowa kwa chakudya.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Miyendo yakumbuyo yakumbuyo ya kachilomboka imalola kuti iziyenda modumpha kamodzi pamitunda, kutalika kwake kumapitilira kukula kwa dzombelo kangapo konse. Gulu lambiri la dzombe limatha kuyenda mtunda wamakilomita 20 masana.
Dzombe lambiri ndi dongosolo lolinganizidwa lomwe limayenda mwachangu poyankha kuitana kwa mantha ndi njala. Wamkulu amatha kuyenda, kudumpha ndikuuluka. Komabe, njira yabwino kwambiri yoyendera ndikuuluka. Mphepo yabwino imathandiza dzombe kuyenda mofulumira kwambiri, kupulumutsa mphamvu zake.
Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Dzombe lalikulu
Dzombeli limaikira mazira ndikuchulukana. Kuti akope mkaziyo kwa iyemwini, wamwamuna amagwiritsa ntchito mahomoni ena (opangidwa ndi abambo akamanjenjemera ndi mapiko ake), ndipo wamkazi, amasankha wamwamuna molingana ndi fungo lomwe amakonda. Atapeza yamphongo, amayesetsa kuti ayandikire pafupi naye momwe angathere. Yaimuna imakhudza mnzake mopepuka kangapo ndi tinyanga tawo, kenako nkuphatika kwa chachikazi ndikuyesera kuyika kapisozi wapadera ndi umuna kumbuyo kwa mimba yake.
Imeneyi ndi njira yolemetsa komanso yodya nthawi, choncho nthawi yokwanira yokwaniritsa ndi maola 13, koma imatha kuchitika mwachangu. Akakwatirana, mkazi amabisa ovipositor panthaka yonyowa, ndikuphimba ndi madzi amadzimadzi, omwe, atawumitsa, amasandulika chikuku cholimba. Pafupifupi mazira mu clutch imodzi amakhala pakati pa mazira 60 mpaka 80. Pa moyo wake wonse, mkazi amapanga kuchokera ku 6 mpaka 12 mikwingwirima, yomwe imakhala pafupifupi mazira mazana anayi. Pambuyo masiku khumi ndi awiri, mphutsi zoyera zimatuluka m'mazira nthawi yomweyo, zomwe pambuyo pobadwa zimayamba kudya ndikukula.
Kuti mutuluke mu kapisozi, mphutsi zimafunikira nthawi yochuluka komanso khama. Mphutsizo zikangotuluka, zimasungunuka ndi kumasula ziwalo zawo. Mphutsi za dzombe ndizofanana kwambiri ndi wamkulu, ndizochepa kwambiri ndipo zilibe mapiko. Atakumana ndi magawo angapo amakulidwe, mboziyo, itatha masiku 35 - 40, imakhala dzombe lakale, ikumadutsa ma molts asanu.
Adani achilengedwe a dzombe
Chithunzi: Kodi dzombe limawoneka bwanji
Chilengedwe chimayikidwa m'njira yoti dzombe lilinso chakudya cha zamoyo zina. Izi ndichifukwa chazakudya zabwino, popeza zimakhala ndi zomanga thupi zambiri, mafuta ndi phosphorous. Mdani wamkulu wa tizilombo ndi mbalame. Mbalame sizimangodya zazikulu zokha, komanso zimawononga mazira awo powazula pansi. Mofananamo, mazira a dzombe amapha nkhumba, timadontho-timadontho ndi timitengo. Akangaude samanyoza chakudya choterocho.
Kupempherera ndi zinyama zina zomwe zimadya tizilombo tating'onoting'ono timasakanso dzombe. Dzombe limadyedwa ndi anthu ambiri osagwirizana ndi mbidzi, akadyamsonga ndi agwape, komanso njovu ndi mikango. Ziweto zambiri zimakondanso chakudya chokoma cha dzombe. Tiyenera kudziwa kuti dzombelo silimatsutsana ndikudya anzawo, pakakhala kuti palibe chakudya china chatsalira.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Anthu amadyanso dzombe, zonse zophika (zokazinga ndi zophika) komanso zosaphika. Dzombelo, lomwe lisanaumitsidwe ndi kunyezimira kwa dzuwa kenako nkukhala fumbi, limagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga ufa, womwe umawonjezera mkaka kapena mafuta mukamaphika.
Pali tiziromboti tomwe timapheranso dzombe:
- matuza ndi bowa zimawononga mazira a dzombe;
- Ntchentche za viviparous ndi ziphuphu zimayambitsa thupi la dzombe kuchokera mkati.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chithunzi: Kuwukira Dzombe
Dera ladzombe limagawidwa pamadera awa:
- malo omwe dzombe limawonekera pafupipafupi mzigawo zosiyanasiyana komanso magawo onse amakulidwe awo. Ndi kuchokera kumadera amenewa komwe tizilombo timafalikira kufupi ndi dera lathu. Malo otere amadziwika kuti chisa.
- malo omwe nthawi zambiri dzombe silibwera ndikuberekera ana pamenepo. Umu ndi momwe kachilombo kamatha kugwira ntchito kwa zaka zingapo.
- malo omwe tizilombo timafikira, koma sitingathetse mazira;
- Mitsinje ndi nyanja, zodzaza ndi bango, nthawi zambiri zimakhala zisa za dzombe.
Zinthu zabwino zakunja, kuphatikiza nyengo, zimakhudza mwachindunji kukula kwa dzombe. M'kanthawi kochepa, dzombe lambiri limakula ndikuyenda mtunda wautali. Nthawi zambiri nkhosa zimayenda ndi mphepo. Kukula kwa tizilombo kumawonjezeka makamaka ndikusintha kwa dzombe kuchoka paokha kupita pagawo lankhosa. Momwe munthu amakhudzira, zowoneka komanso zamankhwala ndi obadwa nawo m'gululi, gawo lakusintha limachitika nthawi zambiri.
Asayansi adakwanitsa kuyesa kuti zoyesayesa zomwe zimapangitsa dzombe kuti lisunthe kuchoka pagawo lina kupita kwina, zimapangitsa kuti serotonin ituluke m'mitsempha ya tizilombo. Kupeza kumeneku kudzathandizanso pakupanga mankhwala omwe adzagwiritse ntchito kuwongolera dzombe. Dzombe limatsitsimula mochuluka pafupifupi kamodzi pakatha zaka khumi. Munthawi imeneyi, gulu lalikulu limakhala lalikulu kuyambira 300 mpaka 1000 km ndipo nthawi yomweyo limatha kukhala mahekitala 2000 obisalapo nthaka.
Dzombe ndi tizilombo tomwe timatha kuwononga ulimi. Dzombe lokhalo silimaika pangozi malo obiriwira, koma likalumikizana ndi gulu la abale ake, limayamba kufafaniza zachilengedwe zonse. Dzombe lambiri silimangokhalira kudya, pafupifupi chilichonse chomwe chimabwera chimakhala chakudya chake.
Tsiku lofalitsa: 02.08.2019 chaka
Tsiku losintha: 09/28/2019 ku 11:33
