Akamba ndi nyama zotsalira. Abwera kwa ife kuyambira kalekale osasinthika, ndipo tsopano ndi amodzi mwamalamulo anayi a zokwawa. Zotsalira za zofukulidwa zakale izi zikuwonetsa kuti zidalipo zaka 220 miliyoni zapitazo.
Mwina ena a ma dinosaurs anali makolo awo. Pali mitundu yambiri ya akamba. Ena asowa kale pankhope ya Dziko Lapansi, ena amapezeka pansi pano. Amagawidwa m'magulu osiyanasiyana a taxonomic, kuyambira pama suborder mpaka subspecies.
Oimira ena amatha kusankhidwa kuti azisunga nyumbayo, ena atha kukhalapo mwachilengedwe, chifukwa sanapangidwe mnyumbayo. Tiyeni tiyese kulowerera mu dziko losangalatsa la akamba ndikuyenda mosiyanasiyana. Kuti muchite izi, muyenera kupereka mitundu ina ya akamba.
Mitundu ya kamba
Pakadali pano, pali mitundu pafupifupi 328 ya zokwawa izi, ndi mabanja 14. Mbali yapadera ya akamba ochuluka kwambiri ndi kupezeka kwa chipolopolo chopangidwa ndi carapace (dorsal shield) ndi plastron (chishango cham'mimba), chomwe chimalumikizidwa mozungulira. Zikopa izi ndi minofu yolimba, yolimba kwambiri ndipo imatha kuteteza chokwawa kwa adani ndi mavuto osayembekezereka.
Kwenikweni, dzina lomwe "kamba" limatifotokozera kuti chinyama chimakhala ndi mawonekedwe owoneka bwino - chipolopolo chake chikuwoneka ngati crock (kutanthauza dzina lachi Slavic) kapena matailosi (malinga ndi dzina lachilatini "testudo"). Kuwonekera kwa kamba sikuti imangotsimikizira dzina lake, komanso imatsimikizira kuti ndi chipolopolo chomwe chidamuthandiza kuti apulumuke ndikuti apulumuke kuti abwere kwa ife kuchokera nthawi zakale zisanachitike.
Akamba onse amatha kugawidwa m'magulu awiri malinga ndi njira yophimba mutu wawo pachikopa:
- Khosi lobisika pinda khosi, ndikupinda ndi kalata S.
- Mbali khosi bisani mutu pang'ono mbali imodzi, pafupi ndi chiwalo chilichonse chakumbuyo.
Gawo lotsatira ndilosavuta kuchita malinga ndi malo okhala.
- M'madzi akamba - anasankha madzi a m'nyanja kuti akhale ndi moyo.
- Padziko lapansi kamba - zimakhala pamtunda, ndipo zikhoza kugawidwa mu:
- nthaka - iwo amene amakonda kukhala pamalo olimba;
- madzi oyera - Amakhala m'matupi amadzi abwino: mitsinje, mayiwe ndi madambo.
Tsopano popeza tadziwa bwino mwachidule magulu oyambira, tidzayesetsa kuwamvetsetsa bwino ndikupeza Mayina a mitundu ya akamba.
Mitundu ya akamba am'nyanja
Okhala kunyanja nthawi zambiri amakhala okulirapo kuposa abale awo apamtunda. Amakonda kupezeka m'malo otentha ndipo amakhala omasuka m'madzi ofunda. M'madera ozizira akumpoto, ndi osowa kwambiri. Malinga ndi asayansi omwe aphunzira zotsalira zakale, sizinasinthe pazaka mamiliyoni ambiri.
Ali ndi miyendo yakutsogolo yotukuka, yomwe amagwiritsa ntchito ngati zidutswa. Miyendo yakumbuyo siziwathandiza kusambira. Ziwalo zawo sizibwerera m'gobolomo. Mwa njira, mitundu ingapo ya zokwawa zam'madzi ilibe chipolopolo konse, mwachitsanzo, kamba wobwezera. M'magawo amadzi, amayenda kwambiri, ndipo amakhala ndi liwiro lapadera, amapatsa chidwi kwambiri ndipo amayenda bwino panyanja.
Wotchuka kwambiri mitundu ya akamba a m'nyanja:
1. Akamba achikopa. Mitundu yotsalira yokha ya banja lonse. Amatha kuonedwa kuti ndi wamkulu kwambiri pa kamba, kukula kwa nyama izi kumafikira mamita 2.6. Kulemera kwawo kumafikira makilogalamu 900, ndi omnivorous. Kuphatikiza apo, amawerengedwa kuti ndiocheperako pazamoyo zonse zapadziko lapansi. "Nyenyeswa" izi zimatha kuluma mozindikira, ndizolimba kwambiri mwakuti zimatha kuphwanya minofu ya mafupa.
Iwowo samenyana ndi munthu, koma amawonetsa nkhanza ngati apsa mtima kwambiri. Mlandu umodzi umanenedwa pamene kamba wamkulu ngati ameneyu anaukira boti laling'ono lakusodza ndikulibweza. Komabe, izi zisanachitike, adazindikira kuti nsombazi zimamuthamangitsa kwanthawi yayitali. Mwinanso, asodzi anali panjira yoti abwerere, ndipo adawatenga kuti awopseze.
2. Akamba a msuzi wobiriwira... Amapezeka m'malo otentha a Pacific ndi Atlantic. Mosiyana ndi dzinalo, mtundu wawo siwobiriwira wokha, komanso chokoleti ndi zikwapu ndi mawanga a utoto wa dzira. Achinyamata amakhala moyo wawo wonse panyanja akusaka nsomba ndi nyama zina zam'nyanja. Pakukalamba, amasamukira kumtunda ndikukhala odyetserako ziweto.
3. Akamba a m'nyanja zam'madzi (false caretta), kapena ma loggerheads... Amakula mpaka kukula kwa 95 cm, pomwe amalemera pafupifupi 200 kg. Carapax amafanana ndi mtima waukulu, mtundu wake ndi khofi wofewa, terracotta kapena pistachio. Chishango chakumunsi ndi kirimu kapena chikasu. Zipilala zamatsogolo zinali ndi zikhadabo.
Mutu ndi waukulu, wokongoletsedwa ndi mbale zodziwika zishango. Amakhala m'dera lotentha lotentha la Earth, chifukwa kukaikira mazira kumakulitsa malo ake okhala, ndikulanda madera okhala ndi nyengo yotentha. Anthu ambiri amapezeka m'nyanja ya Arabia pachilumba chotchedwa Masira.
4. Akamba am'madzi a Bissa (osamalira enieni)... Pang'ono ngati akamba obiriwira, otsika poyerekeza ndi iwo kukula. Malo awo okhala amakhala pakati pa madera otentha a kumpoto ndi kumwera kwa hemispheres. Amatha kuwonedwa kuchokera kumaiko akuda a Great Britain, m'mphepete mwa miyala ku Scotland, kum'mawa, amapezeka ku Nyanja ya Japan, amapezeka m'chigawo chakumwera kwa Africa, pafupi ndi Tasmania ndi New Zealand.
Amakhala moyo wawo wonse panyanja, ndipo amapita kumtunda kokasinthana. Nyengo zotere zimachitika kamodzi kokha pafupifupi zaka zitatu, ndipo zimasamuka kwakutali kuti zisambire kumalo awo obisalako. Posachedwapa zadziwika kuti nthawi zina zimatulutsa kuwala m'madzi (sachedwa kuwala).
5. Akamba a azitona kapena Akamba a Ridley... Amakondanso malo otentha, komanso samasiya nyanja moyo wawo wonse. Nthawi yawo yobereketsa ndiyodabwitsa kwambiri. Amayikira mazira kamodzi pachaka nthawi imodzimodzi, zonse tsiku limodzi, komanso pamalo amodzi. Onse amasonkhana kunyanja tsiku lomwelo, kuyimira gulu lalikulu.
Aborigines amatcha chodabwitsa ichi "kuwukira kwa kamba". Aliyense wa makolo mosamalitsa amaika mazira ake, masks, kusalaza pamwamba, amayesetsa momwe angathere kuti malo omwe agonekedwawo asawonekere. Kenako, ali ndi mzimu wodekha, amapita kunyanja yotseguka. Ndipo mazirawo amakhalabe mumchenga mpaka ana atayamba kutulukamo.
Pali mazira ambiri, koma makanda amakhala ndi moyo wotsika kwambiri. Akamba ang'onoang'ono nthawi yomweyo amathamangira m'madzi, ndipo panjira nyama zolusa zakhala zikuwadikirira kale. Ana amoyo amalumphira m'madzi opulumutsa. Ndipo pamenepo nyama zolusa zam'nyanja zikuwayembekezera. Ndi ana mazana ambiri okha omwe aswedwa omwe atsala. Ndipo mwina m'modzi mwa anthu zana okha amakhala ndi moyo mpaka miyezi isanu ndi umodzi ndikubwerera kugombe limodzi kuti akaikire mazira pawokha.
Mitundu ya akamba amtunda
Gulu ili limatsogolera malinga ndi kuchuluka kwa oimira. Mulinso mitundu 37 ya oimira nthaka ndi 85 amadzi oyera. Komanso mabanja angapo ang'onoang'ono amtundu wa 1-2 atha kukhala chifukwa cha zokwawa zapadziko lapansi. Zonsezi zimafalikira kwambiri, zimakhala m'malo am'malo otentha, ozizira komanso otentha a Dziko Lapansi.
Kwenikweni, akamba akutchire amaimiridwa ndi odyetserako ziweto. Amadya chakudya chilichonse chomera, ndi iwo amatha kupeza chinyezi chowonjezera. Inde, m'malo ambiri anyamazi, nthawi zambiri mumakhala nyengo youma.
Ngati pali nthawi yayitali yotentha ya chilala, zokwawa zimabisala. Amakhala ndi metabolism yocheperako, ndichifukwa chake amatha kukhala ndi moyo nthawi yayitali, mpaka zaka 150 kapena kupitilira apo. Taganizirani za mabanja awiri akulu kwambiri - akamba apansi ndi madzi oyera.
Mitundu ya akamba amtunda
Zokwawa zotere nthawi zambiri zimakhala ndi chipolopolo chokwera kwambiri, chokhwima, chofewa komanso chofewa ndikosowa. Amakhalanso ndi miyendo yolimba kwambiri yomwe imawoneka ngati zipilala. Zala zimakula pamodzi, zikhadabo zing'onozing'ono zokha zimatha kusuntha.
Mbali zawo zotuluka (khosi, mutu ndi miyendo) nthawi zambiri zimakongoletsedwa ndi masikelo ndi zishango. Kukula kwa nyamazi kuli pamitundu yayikulu - kuyambira yaying'ono kwambiri, kuyambira 12 cm kutalika, mpaka zazikulu, zopitilira 1.5 mita.Zinthu zazikuluzikulu zimakhala ku Galapagos, Seychelles ndi zilumba zina.
Ponena kuti "pang'onopang'ono ngati kamba" zimangonena za zokwawa pamtunda. Ndiwosokonekera komanso osathamanga kwenikweni, samayesa ngakhale kuthawa mdani, amangobisala mu "nyumba" yawo. Njira zodzitetezera ndikuwopseza ndikufwilira, ngati njoka, kapena kukodza mwadzidzidzi, ndipo chifukwa cha kutukusira kwa chikhodzodzo, ndiwopepuka.
Osachepera nyama zina zimatha mantha. Amakhala nthawi yayitali. Zomera zamitundu yonse nthawi zambiri zimadyedwa, koma zimafunikira mapuloteni azinyama, ndiye kuti nthawi zina zimameza tizilombo tating'onoting'ono kapena tizilombo tosauluka. Amatha kukhala opanda madzi kwa nthawi yayitali, amakhala ndi madzi okwanira okwanira. Koma m'malo omwe muli chinyezi, amayesa kuledzera. Taonani zotsatirazi Mitundu ya kamba wamtunda:
1. Kamba njovu ya Galapagos. Chimphona chenicheni pakati pa akamba amtunda, kukula kwake kumafika 1.8 m, ndikulemera kwake mpaka 400 kg. Kuonjezera apo, amadziwika kuti ndi chiwindi chodziwika bwino pakati pa zinyama. Ali mu ukapolo, adalemba mpaka zaka 170. Amangokhala pazilumba zokha zomwe zimadziwika ndi dzina lake (makamaka kuzilumba za Galapagos).
Chigoba chake ndi cha bulauni wonyezimira, ndipo ndere zotumphukira zimatha kumera pazaka zambiri. Mapazi ndi akulu komanso oterera, okhala ndi khungu louma komanso zishango zolimba komanso masikelo. Carapace imatha kukhala yoyendetsedwa ndi chishalo. Zimatengera chinyezi cha nyengo - chinyezi chochulukirapo, chipolopolo chimakulanso.
Amadyetsa zitsamba, zomwe nthawi zambiri zimakhala zowopsa kwa nyama zina, motero nyama siyikulimbikitsidwa kuti idye. Mitunduyi yakhala ikuwopsezedwa kuti ikutha chifukwa chakukula kwa madera azaulimi, tsopano ntchito ikuwonjezekera.
2. Kamba wofewa... Ili ndi chipolopolo chofewa komanso chofewa chomwe chimapangidwa ndi mbale zopyapyala zamafupa. Chifukwa chake, ngati kuli kotheka, imatha kutsindika kwambiri poyerekeza ndi kukula kwake. Malo pakati pa mbale amakulolani kuti muwone momwe kamba amapumira. Dziko lakwawo ndi South Kenya, amakhalanso ku Tanzania, kugombe lakumpoto chakum'mawa. Amakonda mapiri okhala ndi miyala.
3. Kamba wamatabwa... Amapezeka ku Canada komanso kumpoto kwa United States. Amadziwika kuti ndi nkhalango. Mtundu wa carapace ndi "wofanana ndi nkhuni": imvi, magawo omwe akutulukawo ndi ofiira-imvi, chishango chakumunsi ndichachikasu. Chifukwa chake dzinalo. Amawonetsa nkhanza zosowa nthawi yoswana. Amuna amaluma osati okondana okha, komanso bwenzi lake lomwe amusankha, kuyesera kutenga mbali zofewa. M'nyengo yozizira, amagona. Chakudyacho chimasakanizidwa, ndi omnivorous. Amachulukitsa pang'onopang'ono, motero amatha kuwonongeka pankhope ya Dziko Lapansi.
4. Kamba wa ku Balkan... Carapace nthawi zambiri imafika 15-25 cm, osachepera 30 cm.Chishango chapamwamba chimakhala ndi mthunzi wa sinamoni wokhala ndi safironi, wokhala ndi malo amdima amakala. Kwa achichepere, ndi ya dzuwa lowala, lowala kwambiri, imasiya kuwala kwake ndipo imachita mdima pazaka zambiri. Amadziwika chifukwa cha kupezeka kwa msana woboola pakati kumapeto kwa mchira.
Tiyenera kudziwa kuti oimira akumadzulo ndi akulu kuposa kukula kwakum'mawa. Mwambiri, malo omwe amakonda kwambiri ndi European Mediterranean (Italy, Romania, Bulgaria, chidutswa cha Turkey ndi Spain, ndi zilumba zina m'nyanja).
5. Kamba wa Panther (kapena kambuku)... Carapace wake ndi wamtali, wolimba, mthunzi waukulu wa mchenga wachikaso; akamba achichepere ali ndi mawonekedwe otchulidwa, akuda kwambiri. Kwa zaka zambiri, zimayenda bwino. Amakhala ku Africa, kuchokera ku Sudan kupita ku Ethiopia. Tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, koma nthawi zina tikhoza "kutafuna" tizilombo kapena zakudya zina zomanga thupi.
6. Kamba wachizungu (shabuti), amakhala m'nkhalango zotentha za ku South America. Kukula kwa chipolopolocho mpaka 60 cm, utoto wake ndi wowala mpaka wakuda bii. Mbali zomwe zikuwonetsedwa ndizotuwa pang'ono. Amakhala ndi moyo wamnkhalango, amapewa malo otseguka. Wosachedwa, wolimba, wosangalala.
7. Kamba wamutu wachikaso (Ovunda achimwenye). Amakhala kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa India, Burma, Vietnam, Laos, Thailand, Cambodia, pachilumba cha Sulawesi ndi Malacca Peninsula. Amakhala m'nkhalango zowuma, zipululu. Pamiyeso ya carapace pali mikwingwirima, utoto wake umachokera ku azitona mpaka bulauni, mutu wake ndi wachikaso. Kujambulidwa pa sitampu yaku Vietnam.
8. Kamba wofiira (malasha). Mitundu yosaphunzira bwino. Kukula kwa carapace wamtali mpaka masentimita 45, nthawi zina mpaka masentimita 70. Ndi chojambulidwa mumtundu wakuda wamakala ndi mawanga achikasu ndi lalanje, nthawi zina mawangawa amakhala pakatikati pa ma tubercles. Pali mtundu wofiira ndi lalanje pamagawo otuluka m'thupi. Palinso mikwingwirima yofiira kumbuyo kwa maso.
9. Khungu lowala... Ali ndi chipolopolo cha kukongola kosowa - carapace ndi yayitali kwambiri, motsutsana ndi mdima wakuda, mawonekedwe azithunzi azikaso mowala. Zikuwoneka ngati zokongoletsera zagolide pakhungu lakuda. Amakhala ku Madagascar. Odyetsa, koma samakana chakudya cha nyama nthawi zina.
10. Kamba kakang'ono kapena Central Asia... Woimira nthaka yemwe adakhazikika m'chigawo cha Central Asia. Amadyetsa zomera, udzu, mavwende, zipatso, zipatso. Samadya chakudya cha ziweto. Ali ndi metabolism yocheperako, mtunduwu udawathandiza kusankha iwo kuti azitha kuchita nawo kafukufuku mlengalenga.
11. Kamba ka Mediterranean (Caucasus, Greek)... Mwachilengedwe, imayimilidwa pagawo lalikulu. Ili ndi ma subspecies 20, omwe adakhazikika kumwera kwa Europe ndi Asia, pang'ono adalanda kumpoto kwa Africa ndikukhazikika mwamphamvu kudera la Black Sea (Dagestan, Georgia, Armenia, Azerbaijan ndi gombe la Russia la Caucasus).
Nyengo yomwe amakonda kwambiri ndi yotentha komanso yotentha. Mitundu imatha kusiyanasiyana kukula, koma kutalika kwake sikupitilira masentimita 35. Mtunduwo amathanso kusiyanasiyana, nthawi zambiri umakhala mthunzi wachikasu chamdima wokhala ndi zofiirira zofiirira. Ali ndi tubercle yamphongo kumbuyo kwa ntchafu. Pa miyendo yakutsogolo, zala 5 zimawoneka, pa miyendo yakumbuyo pali ma spurs.
12. Kamba wa ku Aigupto... Wokhala ku Middle East. Carapace wachikaso ili m'malire ndi mdima wakuda. Ndizochepa kwambiri komanso zogwirizana poyerekeza ndi mitundu yapitayi. Kukula kwa chipolopolo chawo sikungafikire masentimita 12.
Mitundu ya kamba yamadzi oyera
Ndiwo banja lotakasuka kwambiri. Mulinso magulu 31 ndipo, monga tanenera kale, mitundu 85. Nthawi zambiri amakhala ocheperako, okhala ndi carapace yozungulira yozungulira. Ziweto zawo zikusambira chifukwa cha nembanemba pakati pa zala zazing'ono, pomwe pali zikhadabo zakuthwa kwambiri.
Ali ndi khungu losalala pamwamba pamutu, pamakhala zishango kapena masikelo kumbuyo kwenikweni kwa mutu. Nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi mtundu wokongola komanso wosazolowereka wa chipolopolocho komanso ziwalo zina za thupi. Afalikira, amakhala m'makontinenti onse kupatula Australia. Pali mbali ziwiri zoyambira komwe amakhala.
Wakaleyo amachokera ku Southeast Asia. Pafupifupi mibadwo 20 ingaganizire dera lino kwawo. Nthambi ina imachokera ku North America, komwe kudachokera magulu 8 a zokwawa izi. Kwenikweni, amasankha malo okhala ndi magalimoto osayenda.
Amakhala amadzimadzi m'madzi komanso othamanga pamtunda. Wamphamvu zonse. Ena mwa iwo pamapeto pake adasamukira kumtunda, zomwe zidasintha mawonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe. Pakati pa zokwawa zokhala ndi zakudya zosakanikirana, makamaka ngakhale nyama zodya nyama, pali osadya nyama.
Timapereka zina Mitundu ya akamba am'madzi:
1. Kamba wam'madzi waku Europe... Pali mitundu 13 yodziwika bwino yokwawa iyi. Carapax imatha kukula mpaka 35 cm, mtundu wachithaphwi, kuti igwirizane ndi chilengedwe. Mawonekedwe nthawi zambiri amakhala ngati chowulungika, chokwera pang'ono, mawonekedwe ake ndi osalala. Mbale yam'mimba imakhala yachikaso. Mabala achikasu owala amwazikana thupi lonse ndi chipolopolo.
Ali ndi mchira wokutika kwambiri, mu akamba okhwima ogonana amafikira mpaka ¾ kutalika kwa carapace, ndipo mwa achinyamata ndi ofanana nawo. Imalemera mpaka 1.5 kg. Amakonda malo osungira amtundu wosiyanasiyana, kapena pang'onopang'ono. Amakhala pafupifupi kulikonse ku Europe, chifukwa chake dzinalo. Kuphatikiza apo, mutha kuziwona kumpoto kwa kontinenti ya Africa.
2. Akamba ofiira ofiira... Amakhala m'malo osiyanasiyana padziko lapansi ndi nyengo yotentha, kupatula Australia. Ku Europe, adasankha pakati ndi kumwera, ku Africa - kumpoto, ku Asia amakhala kumwera ndi kum'mawa. Anakhazikikanso ku North America. Dzinalo linaperekedwa chifukwa cha malo ofiira ofiira kuyambira m'maso mpaka kumbuyo kwa mutu.
Pomwe ena Mitundu ya akamba ofiira ofiira amasiyana mitundu ina ya mawanga. Mwachitsanzo, mu kamba ya Cumberland, ali ndi mandimu, mu kamba wachikasu, amakhala achikasu dzuwa. Carapace yawo ndi yozungulira, yofiirira muubweya ndi buffy (wachikaso) phulusa lamalire ndi malire m'mphepete mwake.
Kukula kwake ndi 18-30 cm, mwa achinyamata ndi mtundu wa udzu wamasika, kumakhala mdima pazaka zambiri. Amuna amasiyana ndi anzawo achikazi mumchira wokulirapo komanso wokulirapo, komanso kukula kwa misomali. Pali mitundu pafupifupi 15 ya akamba ofiira ofiira.
Zosangalatsa! Pakati pa akamba ofiira ofiira pali nthumwi zokhala ku UK, titha kunena kuti iyi ndi imodzi mwamitundu yakumpoto kwambiri malinga ndi gawo.
Banja la akamba ofiira ofiira linandizindikira mumzinda wa Novorossiysk, Krasnodar Territory.
3. Akamba ofewa... Amawoneka ngati zilombo zakunja, mtundu wamgwirizano pakati pa anthu ndi zokwawa. Ali ndi chipolopolo chofewa, koma mano olimba kwambiri ndipo ndimakani. Oopsa kwambiri mwa iwo ndi kamba wa Kandora ku China. Pomwe ikusaka, chilombochi chimabisala mumchenga, kenako chimalumpha mwamphamvu ndikugwira nyama yake ndi mano akuthwa.
Munthu amafunikiranso kusamala nawo, ngakhale zokwawa izi ndizosowa ndipo zimawerengedwa kuti zili pangozi. Oimira owonetsa mitundu iyi akuphatikizapo trionix... M'dera la Russian Federation, amakhala m'chigawo cha Amur.
Pali malire akumpoto a malo ake. Ikupezekanso ku Japan, East China, Korea, kuzilumba za Taiwan. Abweretsedwa ku Hawaii. Usiku ndi usiku wosaka nyama, masana amapuma, amasangalala pagombe la dzuwa. Predator, amagwira nsomba ndi nyama zopanda mafupa.
4. Kamba wamkulu wamutu... Nyama yodabwitsa imeneyi ili ndi mchira wautali, ngati njoka. Miyoyo ndikusaka mumitsinje yaku Southeast Asia. Sichikoka mutu waukulu pansi pa chivundikiro cha carapace. Ali ndi nsagwada zolimba komanso zamphamvu, zomwe amagwiritsa ntchito mosachedwa akamaopsezedwa.
Mwachilengedwe, ndikofunikira kuti musamuyandikire patali, amatha kuphwanya mafupa ndi kuluma kwake. Amakweranso mitengo, pomwe amatha kukhala nthawi yayitali ngati mbalame yayikulu.
5. Mapiko a kamba mata... Oyimira madzi oyera, odziwika ngati mtundu umodzi wokha. Ndiwonyansa kwambiri, ndinganene choncho za munthu wamoyo. Amakhala m'mitsinje kumpoto kwa South America, makamaka ku Amazon, ndipo amatha kuwopseza munthu, ngakhale kumuvulaza. Ali ndi khosi lalitali ngati njoka, mbale ziwiri zakuthwa m'kamwa mwake, ngati mano osakanikirana a anthu, ndipo amakonda kudya. Pokonzekera kusaka, imadzibisa yokha ngati thunthu kapena thunthu lamtengo.
Palinso gulu lina la akamba, omwe amadziwika mosadziwika. Komabe, ndizosangalatsa kwambiri kwa okonda nyama zosadzichepetsazi.
Mitundu ya akamba oweta
Ponena za oyimira awa, nthawi zina tibwerera ku mitundu yomwe ili pamwambapa, kuwonjezera malongosoledwe am'mbuyomu ndimikhalidwe yosunga nyumbayo. Ziweto zimakhalanso zosavuta kuzigawa m'madzi apadziko lapansi komanso madzi abwino. Odziwika kwambiri ndi awa Mitundu ya akamba oweta:
Akamba amtunda
1. Kamba wa ku Central Asia (steppe). Anthu ambiri amakonda kuyiyambira kunyumba. Ndi akamba awa omwe nthawi zambiri timawawona kwa anzathu komanso omwe timadziwa. Ndizokwanira, sawopa kukhala m'manja. Amasuntha pang'onopang'ono, osagwedeza ndi zikhadabo zawo.
Zinalembedwa kale mu Red Book, koma zimapezeka pamalonda nthawi zambiri. Zinthu zovomerezeka kwambiri kwa iwo ndi kutentha kowuma. Terrarium yawo iyenera kukhala yozungulira 24-30 ° C, madzi oyera nthawi zonse. Yesetsani kulola ziweto zanu kuti ziziyenda, samakonda malo obisika. Mwinanso amatha kudwala.
2. Kamba wa ku Mediterranean (Caucasus, Greek)... Kutentha kosunga bwino ndi 25-30 ° C. Maziko a zakudya ndi masamba. Kamodzi pamwezi, mutha kupereka chakudya cha mapuloteni - mavuvi, ma slugs, ziwala. Sichisowa kumwa pafupipafupi, palibe chifukwa choyika madzi. Amatha kuthira, ndipo chinyezi chowonjezera chimamupweteketsa.
3. Kamba wa ku Balkan. Kuti azisamalira nyumba, amafunika kutentha masana 26-32 ° C, usiku kumakhala madigiri 5-7. Amadyetsa makamaka zakudya zazomera, koma amatha kumeza nyama zopanda mafupa komanso nyama. Amasungidwa m'malo owuma, mazira amasungidwa masiku 53-92. M'nyengo yozizira, amafunika nyengo yozizira kutentha kwa 10 ° C ndi chinyezi cha mpweya pafupifupi 80%.
4. Akamba achiiguputo. Kutentha mu terrarium kuyenera kusungidwa pa 24-30 ° C. Amakhala ndi machitidwe achilendo, pangozi yaying'ono kwambiri amayesa kudzikwilira mumchenga kapena panthaka yofewa. Ndikofunika kukumbukira izi posankha dothi loti lizisamalidwa.
Kamba wamadzi
1. Makutu ofiira kamba imatsogolera akamba am'madzi otchuka kwambiri. Anthu ambiri amasangalala kuwonetsa mu aquarium. Monga tanenera kale, ili ndi mawanga ofiira amaso, ndipo akamba amadziwikanso kuti amakongoletsa, chifukwa chipolopolo chawo chonse komanso ziwalo zotuluka m'mbali mwa thupi ndizolumikizana bwino. Kuti atonthozedwe, amafunikira aquarium yokhala ndi banki yokumba. Kutentha kwamadzi kuyenera kukhala 22-28 ° C, kutentha kwamlengalenga - 20-32 ° C.
2. Kamba wam'madzi waku Europe. Kuti mukhale nayo, m'nyanja yamchere yokhala ndi gombe ndi madzi osaya ndikofunikira. Amagwira ntchito m'mawa ndi masana, amagona pansi usiku. Nthawi zina zimakhala zofunikira kukhazikitsa nyali yowonjezerapo kuti tisunge magetsi. Amakonda kutentha kwa madzi mpaka 25 ° C, kutentha kwa mpweya - mpaka 30 ° C.
3. Kamba wa Caspian. Carapax yawo ili ngati mawonekedwe ozungulira, ang'ono (mpaka 25 cm) ndi yonyezimira yokhala ndi mikwingwirima ya dzuwa, mizere yomweyi imakongoletsa thupi lonse. Kupunduka kwa kugonana kumawonetsedwa ndi chipolopolo cha concave mwa anyamata, komanso mchira wokulirapo komanso wautali. Mwa atsikana, mchira ndi wamfupi ndipo carapace ndiyotomerera pang'ono.
Adasankha kumwera kwa Europe, Central Asia, Caucasus ndi mayiko aku Middle East kuti akhale amoyo. Amawonekera kawirikawiri m'dera la Nyanja ya Caspian. Ndizosangalatsa kuti amatha kusambira m'madzi amtsinje komanso m'madzi amchere pang'ono, osakanikirana pang'ono ndi madzi am'nyanja.
Chinthu chachikulu ndikuti pali zomera pafupi. Kuphatikiza apo, nawonso ndi okwera pamahatchi, amatha kukwera mpaka 1.8 km kukwera phirilo. Amakonda kutentha kozungulira kwa 30-32 ºС, koma amakonda madzi ozizira - 18-22 ºС.
4. Chinese Trionix (Kamba wakum'mawa kwa Far). Cholengedwa chodabwitsa chokhala ndi chipolopolo chofewa chachikopa. Alibe carapace kapena plastron, thupi lonse limakhala lofiirira, m'mimba kokha ndi pinki. Pachipsinjo pali chotupa, ndipo chimabisa mutu wake ngati kolala. Pali zala zitatu pamapazi. Ali ndi khalidwe loyipa.
Amasuntha mwachangu, ali ndi mano akuthwa, amatha kuchita ndewu ndipo amatha kumva kupweteka. Komanso, ndi kovuta kuwongolera. Malo awo okhala ndi Southeast Asia ndi zilumba zapafupi.
Ku Russia, amapezeka ku Far East. Amakonda mitsinje yochedwa, komanso madzi ena aliwonse okhala ndi chete. Nyama yamtengo wapatali kwambiri, ku East imapatsidwa chakudya chokoma. Kutentha kwamadzi bwino mpaka madigiri 26.
Pomaliza, ena Mitundu ya akamba ang'onoang'ono. Ziwetozi ndizabwino kwa iwo omwe malo awo okhala samalola kukhala ndi aquarium yayikulu. Nthawi zina bokosi lakale la boot limakhala lokwanira makanda apamtunda. Ndipo m'madzi - kanyanja kakang'ono kansomba, monga nsomba. Amatha kukula mpaka masentimita 13, osadzichepetsa, oseketsa komanso okongola. Akamba awa ndi awa:
- akamba athyathyathya (kukula 6-8 cm, kulemera 100-170g), herbivores;
- akamba akumbuyo (kukula 7.5-13 cm);
- silt musky (kukula mpaka 10cm), khalani mu aquarium;
- wa mawanga (kukula 7.5-13 cm), ndi theka la nthaka ndipo amafunikira terrarium ndi dziwe.
- Chinese atatu keel (mpaka 13 cm). Makanda osadzichepetsa, odekha komanso odekha.
Akamba onse amadzi amchere amafunikira aquarium yomwe ili ndi malo ochepa. Makamaka, mukufuna madzi, nthaka ndi madzi osaya. Chigawo chomaliza chimafunikira pakuwonjezera mphamvu. Nthaka iyenera kuchitidwa motsetsereka pang'ono pamadzi kuchokera pazinthu zokwanira mokwanira kuti athe kukwera mosavuta.
Ndipo amafunikanso kudya koyenera komanso ukhondo m'chidebecho. Musanasankhe chiweto chanu, tikukulangizani kuti muganizire mosamala pamwambapa Mitundu ya akamba pachithunzipa. Nthawi zina mawonekedwe amatha kutenga nawo mbali posankha!
Zosangalatsa
- M'nthano zina zakum'mawa, mwachitsanzo mu Chitchaina, kamba imayimira m'modzi mwa anthu anayi omwe akutchulidwa kwambiri. Pamodzi ndi chinjoka, chilin (cholengedwa chanthano chokhala ndi nyanga zingapo, thupi la kavalo, mutu wa chinjoka ndi mchira wa chimbalangondo) ndi phoenix, nthawi zambiri amawoneka nthano ngati nyama yanzeru komanso yabwino
- M'masiku akale, amakhulupirira kuti kamba ndiye maziko achilengedwe. Mtundu wapadziko lonse lapansi udawonetsedwa ngati nyama iyi. Kumbuyo kwake kunali njovu zitatu, ndipo iwonso, adagwira Dziko Lapansi pamsana pawo, zomwe zimawoneka ngati zophwatalala.
- Akamba am'nyanja ndi osambira abwino kwambiri kotero kuti anthu amderali amawasankha ngati mascot kapena mitundu. Mwachitsanzo, osambira otchuka ochokera ku Fiji amaweramitsa mitu yawo ku mikhalidwe yabwino yosambira ya nyamazi, ndipo pachilumba ichi pomwe Dipatimenti Yam'madzi idawasankha ngati chizindikiro chawo.
- Akamba, omwe amakhala moyo wawo wonse panyanja, amayesetsa nthawi zonse kubwerera kumalo obadwira kuti akapitilize ana awo ndikuwapeza mosakayikira. Amapanga mayendedwe potengera mphamvu yamaginito yapadziko lathu lapansi, yomwe imawathandiza kuti asayendeyende panyanja.
- Pali zotsutsana mu filosofi - aporia, lolembedwa ndi wafilosofi wakale wachigiriki Zenon. M'modzi mwa iwo akuti Achilles yemwe ndi mulungu wothamanga kwambiri sangagwire kamba. Chofunika chake ndikuti danga ndi nthawi ndizogawika kwambiri, nthawi zonse pamakhala gawo lina la kamba lomwe lakwanitsa kuthana nalo, koma Achilles satero. Ichi ndi lingaliro lolakwika, ndipo ndicho chodabwitsachi. Tangogwira pamutuwu kuti owerenga amvetsetse komwe mawu onena za "Achilles ndi kamba" amapezeka m'mabuku ena odziwika bwino.
