Njoka yapakamwa yokhala ndi chikhalidwe chovomerezeka
Shitomordnik - Chiku Mitundu yofala kwambiri ya njoka m'banja lonse la mphiri. Dzinali likuwonetsa mawonekedwe akulu a mawonekedwe - zikopa zowonekera pamwamba pamutu. Wowopsa komanso wowopsa pang'ono.
Makhalidwe ndi malo okhala shitomordnik
Dziwani shitomordnik wamba monga chokwawa chowopsa momwe mungathere pamaso pake: ana opapatiza owongoka, amaonetsa kuwopsa kwa zokwawa. Ophunzira ozungulira akuwonetsa kuti palibe chowopsa chilichonse, ngakhale njoka zonse zimaluma kwambiri.
Makulidwe a shitomordnik ndi avareji: thupi limafika 700 mm, mchira ungopitilira 100 mm. Masikelo m'mizere 23 amayikidwa pa thupi la njoka. Mawonekedwe a njokayo akuwoneka kuti ndiwofewa pang'ono, makamaka akawonedwa kuchokera kumwamba.
Mutu wawukuluwu uli ndi mzere wowonekera pakhosi. Gawo lakumunsi la mphuno limakwezedwa pang'ono. Pansi pa maso a njokayo pali bowo ngati kachulukidwe kakang'ono, kamene kamagwira ntchito yapadera yolanda kutentha kwa dzuwa.
Ndi thupi lapadera mosiyana ndi muyezo. Mzere wakuda, monga njoka, umayenda kuchokera m'maso kuchokera pamwamba mpaka pansi kukamwa. Pamwambapo, utotowo ndiwofiirira kapena bulauni, wosweka ndi mikwingwirima yopepuka, mimba nthawi zonse imakhala yopepuka, yachikaso-imvi yokhala ndi madontho ang'onoang'ono amdima.
Nthawi zina pamakhala anthu olimba, pafupifupi akuda kapena njerwa. Malo okhala zamoyo wamba, kapena Pallas 'm'kamwa, monga momwe chokwawa chimatchulidwira mwanjira ina, ndikokwanira mokwanira: kuchokera kugombe la Nyanja ya Caspian mpaka kudera la Far East.
Kupezeka ku Mongolia, Korea Peninsula, China, Northern Iran. Kusiyanasiyana kwa malo sikuwopseza shitomordnik: zipululu ndi zitunda, madambo obiriwira ndi madambo, malo odyetserako ziweto ndi mitsinje, nyanja ndi mapiri a Alps, - madera okwera mpaka 3500 m pamwamba pa nyanja. Russia ili ndi chiwerengero chachikulu kwambiri njoka njoka opezeka mdera la Lower Volga ndi Primorsky Krai.
Malinga ndi malo okhala, mitundu imasiyanitsidwa:
- Ussuri njoka kapena njoka yam'nyanjawamba ku Far East;
- stony moutonKukhala pamtunda ndi miyala yamiyala yamiyala yamadzi;
- njoka yamadzi kapena wodya nsomba yemwe amakhala kumwera chakum'mawa kwa United States;
- Mphuno yamutu wamkuwa, dzina lachiwiri ndi mocassin, amakhala kumadera akum'mawa kwa North America.
Palinso mitundu ina yofanana ndi morphologically. Achibale onse ali ndi zofanana zambiri. Ululu wa njoka za mphiri siupha kwa anthu, koma muyenera kusamala mukakumana nawo.Kuluma pakamwa zopweteka kwambiri, zimayambitsa kutuluka kwamkati mwa ziwalo zamkati komanso pamalo olumirako.
Neurotoxins amakhudzanso machitidwe amanjenje ndi kupuma. Ziphe ndizoopsa makamaka kwa anthu ofooka, ana kapena nyama. Zotsatira zake zimakhala zabwino, pambuyo poti kuluma kumatha bwino pambuyo pa sabata mpaka atachira.
Chikhalidwe ndi moyo wa shitomordnik
Njoka sizisonyeza kupsa mtima, pokhapokha ngati palibe njira yobwerera. Misonkhano yapafupipafupi imachitika ndi alendo osakhala ndi mwayi omwe, m'malo osadziwika, samakhala osamala komanso osasamala malo opititsa patsogolo ndipo amatha kuponda njoka mosavuta. Ngati njokayo ili wokonzeka kuukira, ndiye nsonga ya mchira wake imagwedezeka.
Nyama zakutchire, njoka zomwezo zimakhala ndi wina woziwopa. Pali mbalame zomwe zimakonda kudya: chiwombankhanga, chotchinga, kadzidzi, nkhwangwa, jay, chiwombankhanga choyera, ngakhale khwangwala, ndipo pambali pawo, mbira, agalu a raccoon, ndi harza saopa njoka.
Nyama ya njoka ndi chakudya chokoma chakum'mawa, chifukwa kuwasaka kunamupangitsa kukhala mdani wamkulu. Komanso, poizoni wa njoka ndi nyama zouma zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pa mankhwala.
Zochita za njenjete zimadalira malo okhalamo, koma nthawi zambiri zimawonekera masika ndi nthawi yophukira masana, komanso chilimwe - madzulo ndi usiku. M'madera amapiri komanso kumpoto kwa malo okhala, ntchito zamasana zimachitika, kumadera akumwera - usiku.
Kuyambira koyambirira kwa masika, nyengo yachilimwe itatha, nyengo yokhwima imayamba mpaka kugwa, komanso kukhazikika komwe kumatsatira nyengo yotentha m'malo omwe mumawakonda: pakati pa miyala, mpaka kutsetsereka, mipata pakati pa miyala, ming'alu ya mapiri ataliatali a gombe.
Tengani chivundikiro njoka ya njoka chitha m'mabowo a makoswe, pakati pamapiri otsetsereka, zomera zamatanthwe, tchire lolimba Mutu wamba wa njoka nthawi zambiri umapezeka m'malo osiyidwa, mabwinja a nyumba zakale ndi manda. Kuimitsa dzuwa ndichizolowezi masana kumayambiriro kwa chilimwe. Kusambira m'madzi amakopanso njoka.
Kusaka nyama kumayambira madzulo. Njoka nthawi zambiri sizichita nawo omwe akhudzidwa. Kuluma mwadzidzidzi ndikwanira, ndiye kuti nyamayo imayesetsa kuthawa, koma poyizoni amachita. Kuphatikiza apo, njokayo imangopeza chakudya chake chamadzulo chifukwa chokhoza kugwira ma radiation.
Thermosensitive fossa pamutu akuwonetsa njira yopita kwa wozunzidwayo. Njoka za njoka zimayamba kukonzekera nyengo yachisanu mu Okutobala. Kuphatikizika kwakanthawi pakati pa nyengo yachisanu kumafika anthu 20. Hibernation imatha mpaka nyengo yamvula ya 18-20 ° C.
Chakudya cha Shitomordnik
Nyama zonse zomwe zitha kugonjetsedwa ndikumeza zokwawa zimaphatikizidwanso muzakudya za shitomordnikov. Kukula kwa wovulalayo kumadalira kukula kwa njokayo komanso dera lomwe ikukhalamo. Zomwe zimatchedwa pulasitiki yachilengedwe zimawalola kufalikira kwambiri ndikukhala m'malo osiyanasiyana.
Shitomordnik iliyonse ili ndi gawo lake losaka, kupitirira komwe silipita. Katemera amadziwika ndi kutentha, kenako ndikumuluma mwadzidzidzi komanso mwachangu.
Poizoni wa Shieldmouth imapha nyama, chifukwa chake imatsalira kuti idye nyama. Nthawi zambiri, makoswe amakhala maziko a chakudya. M'chigawo cha steppe, kuchuluka kwa njoka kumayenderana mwachindunji ndi madera ovomerezeka, chifukwa chake sichisiya malo awo okhala chifukwa chotsatira chakudya.
Kuphatikiza pa mbewa zakumunda, zikopa, mbalame zokhazokha pansi nthawi zambiri zimakhala chakudya cha njoka. Mazira m'chisa ndi kuwaswa anapiye amakhala chakudya chokoma. Nthawi zonse pali achule akudya, abuluzi, zitsamba, komanso nsomba za shitomordnikov wokhala pafupi ndi matupi amadzi.
Kudyetsa achibale ang'onoang'ono ndizofala. Njoka zazing'ono zimadya tizilombo. Zinkhanira, akangaude, mbozi zimapezeka m'mimba. Malo osakira ndi pafupifupi 100-150 m m'mimba mwake.
Kubereka ndi chiyembekezo cha moyo wa shitomordnik
Nyengo ikakwerana, nthawi yakubadwa kwa njoka ikudza. Njoka zamisala, kuphatikiza njoka, ndizachidziwikire. Makanda obadwa kumene amawoneka m'matumba opindika.
Makoma owonda samatchinga shitomordnikov yaying'ono kulowa mdziko lapansi. Ana amodzi amakhala ndi ana 2 mpaka 14. Ana amoyo abwereza kwathunthu mtundu wa makolo awo. Kukula kwawo pakubadwa kumakhala pafupifupi 15-20 cm, ndipo kulemera kwawo ndi 5-7 g.
Poyamba, anawo amadyetsa tizilombo ndi nyama zopanda mafupa, kenako amasamukira ku chakudya wamba. Kukula msinkhu kumachitika pambuyo pa nyengo yachiwiri kapena yachitatu, pamene kutalika kwa thupi kumafika pafupifupi 40 cm.
Amakhala ndi moyo pafupifupi zaka 9 mpaka 15; mu ukapolo, nthawi imatha kukulirakulira. Kuyankhulana kwa munthu yemwe ali ndi shitomordnik kumatha kukhala kotetezeka ngati simumapanga njoka.
Amadzipereka nthawi zonse ndipo amapewa msonkhano wosafunikira ngati sangadodometsedwe. Mwachilengedwe, munthu ayenera kukumbukira kuti pano ali pagawo la nyama ndikudziwonetsa modekha komanso mwaulemu.
