Kuyambira kale, ziwombankhanga zakhala chizindikiro cha ulemu komanso kulimba mtima. Chithunzi cha mbalameyi chimadzikongoletsa pa zikwangwani ndi malaya, m'zikhalidwe zambiri zimawerengedwa kuti ndi zopatulika, ndipo m'nthano zakale zachi Greek chiombankhanga chimalumikizidwa ndi Zeus.
Mbalame yaulere kumwamba, ndipo amawerengedwa moyenerera kukhala ukulu ndi mphamvu za banja lamapiko. Koma, ngakhale amalemekeza kwambiri mtundu uwu, pakadali pano chiwombankhanga chagolide chimatetezedwa ndipo chidalembedwa m'mabuku a Red Data a Russia, Kazakhstan, Belarus, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland ndi Ukraine.
Habitat ndi mawonekedwe
Mbalame golide mphungu ndi za dongosolo la Falconiformes, banja la a Yastrebins. Iyi ndi mphungu yayikulu kwambiri, yothamanga kwambiri komanso yokongola kwambiri. Mapiko ake ndi pafupifupi mita ziwiri, kulemera kwake ndi pafupifupi 6 kg. Mbalame yagolide ya mphungu imakhala m'nkhalango, m'mapiri ndi m'mapiri a Eurasia, Korea, Japan.
Mutha kumva za mbalame yagolide ya mphungu ku North Africa. Anagawidwa m'mphepete mwa nyanja yakumadzulo kwa North America, kuchokera ku Alaska kupita kumadera apakati a Mexico. Zosazolowereka kum'mawa kwa Canada ndi United States.
Ku Europe amakhala m'mapiri aku Spain, Scandinavia, Alps ndi Balkan. Malo okondedwa a chiwombankhanga chagolide ndi zigwa ndi mapiri, kutali ndi anthu. Amakhazikika m'mphepete mwa tundra, steppe ndi nkhalango, nkhalango zam'chipululu, tchire, mitundu yonse ya nkhalango.
Mbalame zimasankha malo awo m'mphepete mwa mitsinje ndi nyanja, komanso kumapiri otsetsereka pamtunda wa mamita 2500. Pofuna kusaka, amafunika malo otseguka, chifukwa cha mapiko akuluakulu. Pofuna kupumula, amakonda mitengo yayitali ndi miyala.
Ku Russia, ziwombankhanga zagolide zimakhala pafupifupi kulikonse, koma mutha kuziwona kawirikawiri - zimayesetsa kuti zisakumane ndi anthu. Popeza pamapiri munthu sanasiyirepo mphungu yagolide, nthawi zambiri mbalameyi imakhazikika m'madambo osatha a kumpoto kwa Russia, Baltic States ndi Scandinavia ndi Belarus.
Ziwombankhanga zagolide nthawi zambiri zimapezeka ku Tuva, Transbaikalia ndi Yakutia, koma ndimomwe zisa zoyandikirazo zizikhala pamtunda wa 10-15 km. popanda. Kudziwa chomwe chiwombankhanga chagolide ndi mbalame yomwe imakonda kukhala yokhayokha, sizosadabwitsa kuti zigawo zikuluzikulu, zokhala ndi anthu ambiri, pali malo ochepa okhala ndi ziwombankhanga zagolide.
Moyo wa mphungu zagolide
Ngakhale kuti m'chilengedwe chiwombankhanga chagolide chimayesetsa kukhala kutali ndi malo okhala anthu, anthu ambiri osamukasamuka ku Central Asia asintha ndikugwiritsa ntchito mphungu yagolide posaka nyama, nkhandwe, mimbulu, mbawala kuyambira nthawi zakale.
Mbalame zazikuluzikulu zokhala ndi mapiko olimba, milomo yolimba yakuthwa, zikhadabo zamphamvu zokhala ndi zikhadabo ndi maso akuthwa ndi osaka kwambiri. Ziwombankhanga zagolide zasankha kusaka nyama kuchokera kumtunda ngati njira yayikulu yosakira nyama.
Chiwombankhanga chimatha kuona bwino kuposa anthu 8, choncho palibe nyama imene imatha kupulumuka. Chiwombankhanga chagolide chimauluka mumlengalenga chimawoneka chosathamanga komanso chomasuka, koma chiukiridwa, nyama yosowa imapeza nthawi yolumpha.
Ngakhale, izi sizingakupulumutseni kwa adani. Mbalameyi ikupitirizabe kulimbana ndi chakudya pansi. Chinthu chachikulu ndikufikira nyamayo ndi zikhadabo zanu, kenako ngakhale nyama yayikulu sidzatha kuthawa.
Mphungu yagolide imatha kukweza nyama yolemera makilogalamu 20 mlengalenga, ndipo polimbana ndi dzanja imatha kuthyola khosi la nkhandwe. Ziwombankhanga zagolide nthawi zambiri zimasaka awiriawiri kunja kwa nyengo yoswana. Ngati wina walakwitsa, mnzakeyo azikonza nthawi yomweyo. Kapenanso mbalame imodzi imawopseza nyama, pomwe yachiwiri imakhala ikubisalira.
Ngakhale ali omenyera nkhondo, ziwombankhanga zagolide ndizovuta kwambiri kusokonezedwa ndi zinthu zawo ndi anthu. Mbalame ziwiri zomwe zimakhala ndi chisa cholumikizira kapena anapiye atha kuzisiya, ngati munthu awonekera pafupi ndikuzizunza - anapiye amafa. Ichi ndi chimodzi mwazifukwa zakuchepa kwa mitundu ya ziwombazi.
Chakudya cha mphungu
Kupitiliza kufotokoza awa wolanda nyama mbalameTiyenera kulankhula mwatsatanetsatane za zakudya zawo. Mphungu yagolide imafunikira 1.5 kg. nyama tsiku lililonse, kuipangitsa kukhala yamphongo kwambiri. Kutengera ndi malo okhala, mbalame zazikulu ndi zinyama zimakonda kwambiri ziwombankhanga zagolide.
Hares, marmots, nkhandwe, zokwawa, hedgehogs, akamba - zonse zimapita kukadya. Mwa mbalamezi, chiwombankhanga chagolide chimakonda kusaka atsekwe akuluakulu, abakha, zitsamba ndi cranes. Chiwombankhanga chagolide sichifuna kutsatira ma pheasants okhazikika komanso achangu.
Kaŵirikaŵiri chiombankhanga chachikulu chimagwirira nyama yolemera kwambiri kuposa kulemera kwake. Milandu idalembedwa pomwe chiwombankhanga chagolide chinaukira ndege zazing'ono ndikuphwanya magalasi. M'nyengo yozizira, ziwombankhanga zagolide nazonso sizinyoza nyama zakufa.
Pakusaka, chiwombankhanga chagolide chimachita zinthu m'njira zosiyanasiyana: chimatha kuukira msanga mwadzidzidzi kuchokera kumtunda, kugwera mozungulira nyama yosatetezedwa, imatha kunyenga ndikudziyesa kuti sichisaka kusaka.
Ndi kuwuluka kudutsa kudikirira ndikuzembera banja lomwe likubowola nyama, ndikugwiritsa ntchito kubisa kusayenda bwino kwa malowa. Kuphatikiza pa milanduyi, chiwombankhanga chotsalira chagolide ndi mlenje wachindunji komanso wosasunthika, sangawononge nyama yake, koma amasankha kuwukira nthawi yomweyo.
Ngakhale wovutikayo asagonjetsedwe kuyambira koyamba kumenyedwa, mbalameyo imawabweza mobwerezabwereza mpaka itafika. Ngati tikulankhula za nyama yayikulu, ndiye kuti nyamayo yokhala ndi zikhadabo zazitali imaboola khungu ndi matumbo, ndikupweteka.
Chiwombankhanga chimagwira nyama zing'onozing'ono ndi khasu limodzi pamutu, inayo kumbuyo, ndikuphwanya khosi. Nthawi zambiri munthu amatha kuthawa miyendo yachitsulo ya chiwombankhanga chagolide. Zithunzi zambiri za zithunzi zosaka za mbalameyi zimalankhula za mphamvu zake komanso luso losaka mwanzeru. Polimbana ndi chakudya, chiwombankhanga chagolide chimatha kutenga nyama zina.
Kubereka ndi chiyembekezo cha moyo
Mphungu za golide ndizokhazikika, zimapanga ndikusunga awiriwa moyo wonse. Wokondedwa amasankhidwa ali ndi zaka zitatu. Nthawi yakumasirana, yomwe idayamba mu February - Epulo, imawoneka yosangalatsa kuchokera kunja.
Amuna ndi akazi amawonetsera kukongola ndi nyonga kwa wina ndi mnzake. Izi nthawi zambiri zimawonekera ngati kuwuluka ngati mphepo - chiwombankhanga chagolide, chitakula, chimatsikira pansi ndikutsegula mapiko ake kutsogolo kwa nthaka yomwe.
Mbalame zimasonyezananso kuthekera kwawo ngati alenje, kuwonetsa zikhadabo, kutsanzira wina ndi mnzake, kuthamangitsa.
Awiriwa atasankha za kusankhana wina ndi mnzake, mkaziyo amaikira mazira 1-3 a utoto woyera wokhala ndi madontho abulauni. Pafupifupi nthawi zonse amakhala pamazira, ndi masiku 40-45, nthawi zambiri amuna samalowa m'malo mwake.
Mphungu za golide zimasankha malo otetezedwa bwino kuti amange zisa. Nthawi zambiri amakhala otalika kwambiri ndipo amafika 2 mita kukula ndi 3 mita m'mimba mwake.
Awiriwa amamanga chisa kuchokera munthambi, ndikutidwa ndi udzu wofewa ndi moss. Kwa moyo wawo wonse, ziwombankhanga ziwiri zagolide zimamanga zisa zingapo mdera lomwe lasankhidwa, kenako zimasinthana pakati pawo.
Nthawi zambiri anapiye amaswa, ndipo ngati wamkulu amakhala wamkulu kuposa wamng'ono, ndiye kuti amamukankhira kutali ndi chakudya chomwe abambo amabweretsa ndikuphwanya chachikazi mzidutswa tating'ono.
Makolo amayang'ana izi mosasamala, ndipo nthawi zambiri mwana wankhuku wamng'ono kwambiri amamwalira. Anapiye amakhala pachisa kwa masiku pafupifupi 80, pambuyo pake mayiwo amawaphunzitsa kuuluka. Mukamayankhulana ndi anapiye, mutha kumva kuvota laconic, nthawi wamba, ziwombankhanga zagolide.
Anapiye omwe akhala ndi mapiko amakhalabe mu chisa ndi makolo awo mpaka masika otsatira. Kutalika kwa ziwombankhanga zagolide kuthengo pafupifupi zaka 20-23. M'malo osungira nyama, atha kukhala zaka 50. Tsoka ilo, mbalame zokongola izi zikuchepa chaka chilichonse.
