Solpuga ndi arachnid wachipululu wokhala ndi chelicerae yayikulu, yosiyanasiyananso yokhotakhota, nthawi zambiri bola cephalothorax. Ndi nyama zolusa zomwe zimatha kuyenda mwachangu. Salpuga amapezeka m'malo otentha komanso otentha padziko lonse lapansi. Nthano zina zimakokomeza kuthamanga ndi kukula kwa nkhono zam'madzi, komanso kuwopsa kwawo kwa anthu, zomwe ndizochepa kwenikweni.
Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera
Chithunzi: Solpuga
Salpugi ndi gulu la ma arachnids omwe ali ndi mayina osiyanasiyana. Solpugs amakhala payekha, alibe mafinya owopsa ndipo saopseza anthu, ngakhale ali achiwawa kwambiri ndipo amayenda mwachangu ndipo amatha kupweteketsa mtima.
Dzinalo "solpuga" limachokera ku Chilatini "solifuga" (mtundu wa nyerere kapena kangaude wopha), womwe, umachokera ku "fugere" (kuthamanga, kuwuluka, kuthawa) ndi sol (dzuwa). Zolengedwa zapaderazi zili ndi mayina odziwika mu Chingerezi ndi Chiafrikaans, ambiri mwa iwo amaphatikiza mawu oti "kangaude" kapena "chinkhanira." Ngakhale sichimodzi kapena chimzake, "kangaude" ndiwosangalatsa kuposa "chinkhanira." Mawu oti "kangaude wa dzuwa" amagwiritsidwa ntchito ku mitundu yomwe imagwira ntchito masana, yomwe imayesetsa kuthawa kutentha ndikudziponyera mthunzi mpaka mthunzi, zomwe zimapereka chithunzi chosokoneza kwa munthuyo kuti akumusakasaka.
Kanema: Solpuga
Mawu oti "ofiira achi Roma" mwina amachokera ku liwu lachiAfrikaans "rooyman" (munthu wofiira) chifukwa cha mtundu wofiirira wofiirira wamitundu ina. Mawu odziwika akuti "haarkeerders" amatanthauza "oteteza" ndipo amachokera pamakhalidwe achilendo a ena mwa nyamazi akagwiritsa ntchito nkhokwe. Zikuwoneka kuti solpug wamkazi amawona tsitsilo ngati chovala choyenera cha chisa. Malipoti aku Gauteng ati solpugi adadula tsitsi kumutu kwa anthu osazindikira. Ma salpugs sioyenera kudula tsitsi, ndipo mpaka atatsimikiziridwa kuti izi ziyenera kukhala zabodza, ngakhale atha kuphwanya nthenga za nthenga za mbalame.
Maina ena a solpug amaphatikizapo akangaude a dzuwa, akangaude achiroma, zinkhanira za mphepo, akangaude amphepo, kapena akangaude a ngamila. Ofufuza ena amakhulupirira kuti ali pafupi kwambiri ndi zinkhanira zabodza, koma izi zimatsutsidwa ndi kafukufuku waposachedwa.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Momwe solpuga imawonekera
Thupi la solpuga limagawika magawo awiri: prosoma (carapace) ndi opisthosoma (m'mimba).
Prosoma ili ndi magawo atatu:
- propeltidium (mutu) uli ndi chelicerae, maso, zopindika ndi ma pews awiri oyamba;
- mesopeltidium ili ndi ma paws achitatu;
- metapeltidium ili ndi pews yachinayi.
Zosangalatsa: Solpugs akuwoneka kuti ali ndi miyendo 10, koma kwenikweni, zowonjezera zoyambirira ndizolimba kwambiri zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito zosiyanasiyana monga kumwa, kugwira, kudyetsa, kukwatira, ndi kukwera.
Mbali yachilendo kwambiri ya solpugs ndi ziwalo zapadera zokhala ndi nsonga pamapazi awo. Zimadziwika kuti ma salpugs ena amatha kugwiritsa ntchito ziwalozi kukwera pamalo owongoka, koma izi sizofunikira kuthengo. Ma paws onse ali ndi chikazi. Zoyala ziwiri zoyambirira ndizochepa komanso zazifupi ndipo zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati ziwalo zolimba (zopindika) m'malo mozembera ndipo mwina sangakhale ndi zikhadabo.
Salpugs, pamodzi ndi pseudocorpions, alibe patella (gawo la nkhono lomwe limapezeka mu akangaude, zinkhanira ndi ma arachnids ena). Mapazi achinayi ndi atali kwambiri ndipo ali ndi akakolo, ziwalo zapadera zomwe mwina zimakhala ndi zida zama chemosensory. Mitundu yambiri imakhala ndi mapaipi asanu a akakolo, pomwe achinyamata amakhala ndi awiriawiri 2-3.
Ma salpug amasiyana kukula (kutalika kwa thupi 10-70 mm) ndipo amatha kukhala ndi chikho mpaka 160 mm. Mutu ndi waukulu, umathandizira chelicerae wamkulu (nsagwada). Propeltidium (carapace) imakwezedwa kuti ikwaniritse minofu yowonjezera yomwe imayang'anira chelicerae. Chifukwa chakapangidwe kameneka, dzinali kangaude amagwiritsidwa ntchito ku America. Chelicera ili ndi chala chakuthwa chokhazikika komanso chala chakumaso chosunthika, zonse ziwiri zokhala ndi mano owoneka bwino kuti aphwanye nyama. Mano amenewa ndi amodzi mwazinthu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pozindikira ma solpugs.
Salpugs ali ndi maso awiri osavuta pakamwa kakang'ono kakang'ono kamaso pamphepete mwa propeltidium, koma sizikudziwika ngati amangopeza kuwala komanso mdima kapena ali ndi luso lowonera. Amakhulupirira kuti masomphenya amatha kukhala akuthwa ndipo amatha kugwiritsidwa ntchito poyang'ana nyama zowononga. Maso apezeka kuti ndi ovuta kwambiri chifukwa chake kafukufuku wina amafunika. Maso otsogola nthawi zambiri amakhala kulibe.
Kodi solpuga amakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Solpuga ku Russia
Lamulo la solpug limaphatikizapo mabanja 12, pafupifupi magulu 150 ndi mitundu yoposa 900 padziko lonse lapansi. Amapezeka kwambiri kumadera otentha komanso otentha ku Africa, Middle East, Western Asia, ndi America. Ku Africa, amapezekanso m'madambo ndi m'nkhalango. Zimapezeka ku United States ndi Southern Europe, koma osati Australia kapena New Zealand. Mabanja awiri akulu a salpugs ku North America ndi Ammotrechidae ndi Eremobatidae, onse omwe akuyimiridwa ndi mibadwo 11 ndi mitundu pafupifupi 120. Ambiri mwa awa amapezeka kumadzulo kwa United States. Kupatula kwake ndi Ammotrechella stimpsoni, yomwe imapezeka pansi pa khungwa la termitic lomwe ladzala ku Florida.
Zosangalatsa: Salpugs fluoresce pansi pa kuwala kwina kwa UV kwa kutalika ndi mphamvu yolondola, ndipo pomwe samatulutsa kuwala bwino ngati zinkhanira, iyi ndiyo njira yowasonkhanitsira. Magetsi a UV a LED samagwira ntchito pazolimba zam'madzi.
Ma salpug amawerengedwa kuti ndi omwe amapezeka m'chipululu ndipo amakhala pafupifupi m'zipululu zonse zotentha ku Middle East ndi madera akumtunda kumayiko onse kupatula Australia ndi Antarctica. Ndizosadabwitsa kuti solpug sangapezeke ku Antarctica, koma bwanji sakhala ku Australia? Tsoka ilo, ndizovuta kunena - ndizovuta kuwona zotsekemera zamtchire kuthengo, ndipo sizikhala bwino ukapolo. Izi zimawapangitsa kukhala ovuta kwambiri kuphunzira. Popeza pali mitundu pafupifupi 1,100 ya solpugs, pali kusiyana kambiri komwe amawonekera komanso zomwe amadya.
Tsopano mukudziwa komwe solpuga imapezeka. Tiyeni tiwone chomwe kangaudeyu amadya.
Kodi solpuga amadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Spider solpuga
Salpugs amadyera tizilombo tosiyanasiyana, akangaude, zinkhanira, tizilombo tating'onoting'ono, mbalame zakufa, ngakhale wina ndi mnzake. Mitundu ina yamtunduwu ndi yodya chabe. Ena solpugi amakhala mumthunzi ndikubisalira nyama yawo. Ena amapha nyama yawo, ndipo akangoyigwira ndi misozi yamphamvu ndi nsagwada zamphamvu ndipo nthawi yomweyo amaidya, pomwe wozunzidwayo adakali moyo.
Kanema wa kanema adawonetsa kuti opopera nyama amatenga nyama yawo ndi ma pedipalps owonjezera, pogwiritsa ntchito ziwalo zakutali za zoyikirazo kuti zizimitse nyamayo. Chiwalo chokoma nthawi zambiri sichiwoneka chifukwa chatsekedwa mkamwa ndi pakamwa pamitsempha. Nyamayo ikangogwidwa ndikusamutsidwira ku chelicerae, gland yotsekayo imatseka. Kupanikizika kwa hemolymph kumagwiritsidwa ntchito kutsegula ndi kutulutsa chiwalo cha m'mawere. Zikuwoneka ngati lilime lofupikitsidwa la bilimankhwe. Zomatira zake zimawoneka ngati gulu la Van der Waals.
Mitundu yambiri yamchere yamchere ndi nyama zodya usiku zomwe zimatuluka m'mayenje osatha omwe amadya nyamakazi zosiyanasiyana. Alibe zopangitsa zamankhwala. Monga odyetsa osiyanasiyana, amadziwikanso ndi kudyetsa abuluzi ang'onoang'ono, mbalame, ndi zinyama. Ku zipululu za kumpoto kwa America, magawo osakhwima a salpugs amadyetsa chiswe. Solpugs samaphonya chakudya. Ngakhale atakhala kuti alibe njala, solpugi adzadya nkhomaliro. Iwo ankadziwa bwino lomwe kuti pakhoza kukhala nthawi zina pamene izo zidzakhala zovuta kwa iwo kupeza chakudya. Ma salpug amatha kudziunjikira mafuta m'thupi kuti azikhala munthawi yomwe safuna chakudya chambiri chambiri.
Pazifukwa zina, solpugs nthawi zina amatsata chisa cha nyerere, amangokhalira nyerere pakati kumanja ndi kumanzere mpaka atazunguliridwa ndi mulu waukulu wa mitembo ya nyerere yodulidwa pakati. Asayansi ena amaganiza kuti mwina akupha nyerere kuti ziwapulumutse ngati chotupitsa mtsogolo, koma mu 2014 Reddick adasindikiza nkhani yokhudza Zakudya za Salpug, ndipo ndi wolemba mnzake, adazindikira kuti a Salpugs samakonda kudya nyerere. Kufotokozera kwina kwa khalidweli mwina ndikuti akuyesera kuchotsa chisa cha nyerere kuti apeze malo abwino ndikuthawa dzuwa lachipululu, koma zenizeni sizikudziwika kuti ndichifukwa chiyani amachita izi.
Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Crimeaan solpuga
Ma solpug ambiri amakhala atagona usiku, amatha tsiku lonse atayikidwa m'mizu ya butress, m'mabowo kapena pansi pa khungwa, ndipo amawoneka kuti amakhala ndikudikirira nyama ikada. Palinso mitundu yanthawi yayitali yomwe nthawi zambiri imakhala yowala kwambiri ndi mikwingwirima yakuda komanso yakuda kutalika kwake, pomwe mitundu yamadzulo imakhala yamoto ndipo nthawi zambiri imakhala yayikulu. Thupi la mitundu yambiri limakutidwa ndi ma bristles amitundumitundu, ena mpaka 50 mm kutalika, ofanana ndi tsitsi lowala. Zambiri mwazimenezi ndizopanga masensa.
Solpuga ndi mutu wa nthano zambiri zakumizinda ndikukokomeza pakukula kwake, kuthamanga, machitidwe, chilakolako chawo ndi kupha kwawo. Sizowonjezera kwenikweni, zazikuluzikulu zimakhala ndi chikoka cha masentimita pafupifupi 12. Zimathamanga pamtunda, kuthamanga kwawo kwakukulu kuli pafupifupi 16 km / h, zili pafupifupi gawo limodzi mwachitatu kuposa othamanga othamanga kwambiri.
Ma salpug alibe zilonda zamatenda kapena zida zilizonse zotulutsa poizoni, monga zilonda za akangaude, kulumidwa ndi mavu, kapena ziphuphu zoyipa za mbozi za lonomia. Kafukufuku yemwe amatchulidwa kawirikawiri kuchokera ku 1987 adanenanso kuti apeza chosagwirizana ndi lamuloli ku India chifukwa chakuti salpuga idali ndi zotupa za poizoni, ndipo kubaya ziweto zawo mu mbewa nthawi zambiri kumabweretsa imfa. Komabe, palibe kafukufuku amene atsimikizira izi pankhaniyi, mwachitsanzo, kudziyimira pawokha kwa ma gland, kapena kufunikira kwa zomwe awona, zomwe zingatsimikizire kukhulupirika kwawo.
Zosangalatsa: Solpugs amatha kumveka mokweza akawona kuti ali pachiwopsezo. Chenjezo ili likuperekedwa kuti athe kuwachotsa muvuto.
Chifukwa cha mawonekedwe ake ngati kangaude komanso kuyenda mwachangu, ma solpugs adatha kuwopseza anthu ambiri. Kuopa kumeneku kunali kokwanira kuthamangitsa banjali m'nyumba pamene solpugu idapezeka m'nyumba ya msirikali ku Colchester, England, ndipo banjali lidakakamizidwa kuimba mlandu solpuga chifukwa chakufa kwa galu wawo wokondedwa. Ngakhale alibe poyizoni, chelicerae wamphamvu wa anthu akuluakulu amatha kupweteketsa mtima, koma malinga ndi zamankhwala, izi zilibe kanthu.
Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Solpuga wamba
Kuberekanso kwa solpugs kumatha kuphatikizira umuna mwachindunji kapena mwachindunji. Ma solpugs amuna amakhala ndi ma flagella ofanana ndi mpweya pa chelicerai (ngati tinyanga tomwe timatembenukira chakumbuyo), wopangidwa mwapadera pamtundu uliwonse, womwe mwina umathandizira kukhatira. Amuna amatha kugwiritsa ntchito ma flagella awa kuti alowetse spermatophore potsegulira kwa mkazi.
Amuna amafufuza wamkazi pogwiritsa ntchito chiwalo chake, chomwe amatulutsa chachikazi pothawira pake. Amuna amagwiritsa ntchito zotumphukira kuti azimitse mkazi ndipo nthawi zina amasisita mimba yake ndi chelicerae kwinaku akuyika spermatophore potsegulira maliseche achikazi.
Pafupifupi mazira 20-200 amapangidwa ndikuswedwa mkati mwa milungu inayi. Gawo loyamba la chitukuko cha solpuga ndiye mphutsi, ndipo chipolopolocho chitatha, gawo la mwana limachitika. Solpugs amakhala pafupifupi chaka chimodzi. Ndi nyama zokhazokha zomwe zimakhala m'malo okhala ndi mchenga wotsukidwa, nthawi zambiri pansi pamiyala ndi zipika kapena m'mabowo mpaka 230 mm. Chelicerae amagwiritsidwa ntchito kukumba thupi likamenyetsa mchenga, kapena miyendo yakumbuyo imagwiritsidwa ntchito mosiyanasiyana kuchotsa mchengawo. Amakhala ovuta kusunga ukapolo ndipo nthawi zambiri amafa pasanathe milungu 1-2.
Chosangalatsa: Solpugs amadutsa magawo angapo, kuphatikiza dzira, mibadwo ya zidole 9-10, komanso gawo la achikulire.
Natural adani solpug
Chithunzi: Momwe solpuga imawonekera
Ngakhale kuti nthawi zambiri amawonedwa ngati olusa, amathanso kukhala othandiza kuwonjezera pazakudya za nyama zambiri zomwe zimapezeka m'malo azouma komanso ouma. Mbalame, nyama zazing'ono zazing'ono, zokwawa ndi ma arachnid monga akangaude ndi ena mwa nyama zolembetsedwa ngati nyama ya solpug. Zinawonanso kuti solpugs amadyetsana.
Ziwombankhanga zimawoneka kuti ndizodziwika kwambiri kum'mwera kwa Africa, potengera kupezeka kwa zotsalira zomwe zimapezeka mu ndowe za kadzidzi. Kuphatikiza apo, zidadziwika kuti mahatchi a New World, ma lark ndi ma Old World ngolo nawonso amasaka solpug, ndipo zotsalira za chelicera zimapezekanso mu ndowe za bustard.
Zinyama zina zazing'ono zimaphatikizaponso solpug m'zakudya zawo, monga umboni wa kusanthula kwa scat. Nkhandwe ya chiuno chachikulu yawonetsedwa kuti imadya mankhwala amchere munthawi yamvula komanso youma ku Kalahari Gemsbok National Park. Zolemba zina zomwe salpugi zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati nsembe kwa nyama zazing'ono zaku Africa zimapangidwa pofufuza momwe zinthu zimafalira za geneta wamba, civet yaku Africa, ndi nkhandwe.
Chifukwa chake, mbalame zingapo zodya nyama, akadzidzi, ndi nyama zazing'ono zazing'ono zimadya nsombazi, kuphatikizapo:
- nkhandwe yamakutu akulu;
- chibadwa wamba;
- Nkhandwe waku South Africa;
- Civet waku Africa;
- nkhandwe yakuda.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chithunzi: Solpuga
Mamembala a solpug, omwe nthawi zambiri amatchedwa akangaude a ngamila, akangaude abodza, akangaude achiroma, akangaude achizungu, zinkhanira zam'mlengalenga, ndi osiyanasiyana komanso osangalatsa, koma odziwika odziwika bwino, makamaka usiku, akuthamangira arachnids osaka, odziwika ndi magawo awo awiri amphamvu kwambiri chelicerae ndi osakhala liwiro lalikulu kwambiri. Amakhala gulu lachisanu ndi chimodzi la ma arachnids potengera kuchuluka kwa mabanja, genera ndi mitundu.
Salpugs ndizosavuta kupeza ma arachnids omwe amakhala m'zipululu padziko lonse lapansi (pafupifupi kulikonse, kupatula Australia ndi Antarctica). Amakhulupirira kuti pali mitundu pafupifupi 1,100, ndipo yambiri mwa iyo sinaphunzirepo. Izi ndichifukwa choti nyama zakutchire ndizovuta kuziwona, mwinanso chifukwa sizingakhale motalika labu. South Africa ili ndi nyama zolemera zamchere zamchere zokhala ndi mitundu 146 m'mabanja asanu ndi limodzi. Mwa mitundu iyi, 107 (71%) amapezeka ku South Africa. Nyama zaku South Africa zikuyimira 16% ya nyama zapadziko lonse lapansi.
Ngakhale mayina awo ambiri amatanthauza mitundu ina ya zokwawa - zinkhanira za mphepo, akangaude a dzuŵa - zimakhala zawo zokha za arachnids, zosiyana ndi akangaude enieni. Kafukufuku wina akuwonetsa kuti nyama ndizogwirizana kwambiri ndi zinkhanira zabodza, pomwe ena amalumikiza solpug ndi gulu la nkhupakupa. Salpugs sizitetezedwa, ndizovuta kusunga mu ukapolo, chifukwa chake sizodziwika pamalonda azinyama. Komabe, amatha kuwonongedwa ndi kuwonongeka kwa malo ndi kuwonongeka kwa malo okhala. Pakadali pano, amadziwika kuti mitundu 24 ya solpugs imakhala m'malo osungira nyama.
Solpuga Ndi msaki wofulumira usiku, yemwenso amadziwika kuti kangaude wa ngamila kapena kangaude wa dzuwa, omwe amadziwika ndi chelicerae wawo wamkulu. Amapezeka makamaka m'malo ouma. Ma salpug amasiyana kukula pakati pa 20 mpaka 70 mm. Pali mitundu yopitilira 1100 yofotokozedwa yama solpugs.
Tsiku lofalitsa: 06.01.
Tsiku losinthidwa: 09/13/2019 pa 14:55
