Mkango (Pterois) ndi kukongola kwakupha kochokera kubanja la chinkhanira. Kuyang'ana nsomba zokongolazi, simungaganize kuti ndi chibale cha nsomba, nsomba yonyansa kwambiri m'banjamo. Mwakuwoneka, nsomba yamkango singasokonezeke ndi nsomba zina. Lili ndi dzina lake chifukwa cha zipsepse zake zazitali ngati mapiko omwe amafanana ndi mapiko. Wokhala munyanja, mkango wa mkango nthawi yomweyo umakopa chidwi ndi utoto wake. Mayina ena ndi nsomba zamtchire ndi nsomba za mbidzi.
Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera
Chithunzi: Lionfish
Ndi mtundu wam'mbuyomu wamtundu wa lionfish, ofufuza adazindikira mitundu yambiri yofanana ya Pterois volitans, koma ma Pterois miles okha ndi omwe adalandira chitsimikiziro chachikulu ngati mtundu womwewo.
Zonse pamodzi, pali mitundu 10 yamtundu wa Pterois, yomwe ndi:
- P. komanso;
- P. antennata - Antenna mkango;
- P. brevipectoralis;
- P. lunulata;
- P. mtunda - Indian lionfish;
- P. mombasae - Mombasa lionfish;
- P. radiata - Mkango wamtambo;
- P. russelii;
- P. nkhwangwa;
- P. volitans - Zebra mkango.
Kanema: Mkango
Atasanthula zowerengera ku Indo-Pacific, asayansi adazindikira kuti mitundu iwiri yokhayokha itha kuzindikirika ngati P. miles ku Indian Ocean ndi P. volitans kumadzulo ndi kumwera chapakati pakati pa Pacific ndi Western Australia.
Chosangalatsa: P. volitans ndi imodzi mw nsomba zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'madzi m'madzi ambiri m'malo ambiri padziko lapansi. Palibe dziko lina kupatula United States ndi Caribbean lomwe limawona ngati mtundu wowononga. Ngakhale ku United States, ndi imodzi mwamadzi 10 ofunika kwambiri am'madzi omwe amalowetsedwa mdziko muno.
Posachedwapa, kwadziwika kuti mtundu wa lionfish umafikira ku Sumatra, komwe kumakhala mitundu yosiyanasiyana. Kusiyana pakati pa maphunzirowa, komwe kwachitika zaka zopitilira makumi awiri, kungatipangitse kukhulupirira kuti pazaka zapitazi nkhono yamphongo yakulitsa gawo lawo kudzera pakugawa kwachilengedwe. Chiwerengero cha kuwala kofewa pazipsepse nthawi zambiri chimagwiritsidwa ntchito kusiyanitsa mitundu ya mtundu womwewo.
Ntchito zaposachedwa kwambiri zakusonyeza kuti gulu la nkhono za Atlantic limapangidwa makamaka ndi a P. volitans, okhala ndi ma P. ochepa. Chifukwa, mofanana ndi nsomba zapoizoni, nkhono yamphongo imadziwika kuti ndi yolakwika chifukwa cha kuthekera kwake komwe kumakhudza magulu am'madzi am'madzi am'deralo komanso thanzi la anthu.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Momwe mkango wa mkango umawonekera
Lionfish (Pterois) ndi mtundu wa nsomba zopangidwa ndi ray zochokera kubanja la Scorpaenidae. Amasiyanitsidwa ndi zipsepse zazitali zokhala ndi nthenga, mawonekedwe olimba mtima komanso machitidwe apadera. Akuluakulu amatha kutalika pafupifupi masentimita 43 ndipo amalemera 1.1 kg. Kuphatikiza apo, anthu olowerera amalemera kwambiri. Monga nsomba zina za nkhanira, nkhono yamphongo imakhala ndi zipsepse zazikulu za nthenga zomwe zimatuluka mthupi mwa mawonekedwe a mkango. Zonunkhira zakumutu ndi zamphesa zaululu m'mapiko am'mimbamo, kumatako ndi m'chiuno zimapangitsa nsombazi kukhala zosafunikira kwa adani.
Ziphuphu zambiri pamutu zimatha kutengera kukula kwa ndere, kubisa nsomba ndi pakamwa pake kuchokera kuzinyama. Lionfish ili ndi mano angapo ang'onoang'ono pa nsagwada ndi pamwamba pakamwa omwe amasinthidwa kuti agwire ndikugwira nyama. Kujambula kumasiyana, ndi mikwingwirima yolimba yofiira, burgundy kapena bulauni yofiirira, kusinthana ndi mikwingwirima yoyera kapena yachikaso, ya lionfish. Nthitizi zimakhala zowala.
Zosangalatsa: Mwa anthu, chifuwa cha lionfish chimapweteka kwambiri komanso kutupa. Zizindikiro zazikulu monga kupuma, kupweteka m'mimba, kukokana, komanso kutaya chidziwitso zimatha kuchitika. "Mbola" yamtundu wa mkango siimapha kawirikawiri, ngakhale kuti anthu ena amakhala pachiwopsezo chachikulu cha poizoni wake kuposa ena.
Lionfish ili ndi cheza chakuthwa chakupha 13, kunyezimira kowala kofewa kwa 9 ndi 14 yayitali, yonga nthenga ngati chifuwa. Kumapeto kwa kumatako kumakhala ndi mitsempha itatu ndi kuwala kwa 6-7. Lionfish imakhala ndi moyo zaka 10-15. Lionfish imadziwika kuti ndi imodzi mwazinthu zokongola kwambiri zam'madzi am'madzi. Ali ndi mutu wamizeremizere ndi thupi lokhala ndi mikwingwirima yofiira, yofiirira golide kapena yoyera yomwe imadutsa mchikaso. Mtundu umatha kusiyanasiyana kutengera komwe kuli, mitundu ya m'mphepete mwa nyanja nthawi zambiri imawoneka yakuda, nthawi zina imakhala yakuda.
Kodi mkango umakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Sea lionfish
Mitundu ya lionfish ndimadzulo a Pacific Ocean komanso kum'mawa kwa Indian Ocean. Amapezeka mdera lomwe lili pakati pa Nyanja Yofiira ndi Sumatra. Zitsanzo za P. volitans adatoleredwa kuchokera ku Sharm el-Sheikh, Egypt ndi Gulf of Aqaba, Israel, komanso kuchokera ku Inhaka Island, Mozambique. Malo okhala a lionfish amafotokozedwa kuti ndi miyala yam'mbali yam'mbali yam'madzi yakuya pafupifupi 50 m. Komabe, m'malo awo achilengedwe, amawonekeranso m'madzi osaya a m'mphepete mwa nyanja komanso kunyanja, komwe kumakhala kocheperako kwambiri m'madzi osaya agombe. Akulu akulu awonedwa akuya pamamita 300 panyanja.
Kugawidwa kwa lionfish kumaphatikizanso dera lalikulu kuyambira kumadzulo kwa Australia ndi Malaysia kum'mawa mpaka ku French Polynesia ndi zilumba za Pitcairn, kuchokera kumpoto mpaka kumwera kwa Japan ndi South Korea, ndi kumwera mpaka ku Lord Howe Island kufupi ndi gombe lakum'mawa kwa Australia ndi zilumba za Kermadec ku New Zealand. Mitunduyi imapezeka ku Micronesia yonse. Lionfish imagwirizanitsidwa kwambiri ndi miyala yamchere, koma imapezekanso m'madzi ofunda amchere am'madera otentha. Amakonda kuyenda m'miyala ndi miyala yamiyala yamadzulo usiku ndikubisala m'mapanga ndi mphako masana.
Mitundu yomwe idayambitsidwayi ikuphatikiza madera ambiri a Caribbean ndi gombe lakumwera chakum'mawa kwa US. Lionfish inathera m'madzi a m'mphepete mwa nyanja pachilumba cha Key Biscayne, Florida, pomwe madzi am'madzi am'derali adawonongeka panthawi yamkuntho Andrew mu 1992. Kuphatikizanso apo, kutulutsidwa kwadala kwa ziweto zam'madzi aku aquarium kwathandizira kukulira kwa anthu owopsa ku Florida, zomwe zadzetsa kale zotsatira zachilengedwe.
Tsopano mukudziwa komwe nsomba yamkango imapezeka. Tiyeni tiwone chomwe amadya.
Kodi mkango umadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Lionfish
Lionfish ndiimodzi mwamagawo apamwamba kwambiri azakudya m'malo ambiri amiyala yamchere yamchere. Amadziwika kuti amadyetsa makamaka ma crustaceans (komanso nyama zina zopanda mafupa) ndi nsomba zazing'ono, zomwe zimaphatikizapo mwachangu za mitundu yawo. Nyamayi imadya pafupifupi 8.2 kuposa kulemera kwake. Mwachangu amadya 5.5-13.5 g patsiku, ndipo akulu 14.6 g.
Dzuwa likulowa ndi nthawi yabwino kuyamba kudyetsa chifukwa ndi nthawi imeneyi pomwe miyala yamchere yamchere imakhala yokwera kwambiri. Dzuwa likulowa, nsomba ndi nyama zopanda mafupa zimapita kumalo awo opuma usiku, ndipo nsomba zonse zakumadzulo zimatuluka kukasaka. Lionfish samaika mphamvu zambiri pakudyera nyama. Amangodumphira kuphompho, ndipo okhala m'makorali nawonso amapita kulanda nyama yosaoneka. Poyenda pang'onopang'ono, nkhandwe imatsegula cheza chobisa kuti ibise kayendedwe ka mbalamezi. Kutchinjiriza uku, komanso mitundu yodabwitsa ya nyamayo, imagwira ntchito ngati chobisalira ndikuletsa omwe angatenge nyama kuti asayione.
Chosangalatsa: Ngakhale mtundu wamizeremizere wa lionfish umakhala wowonekera komanso wosavuta kuwona m'nyanja yamadzi, pamiyala yamiyala, utoto wowoneka bwinowu umalola kuti nsombazi zigwirizane ndi kumbuyo kwa nthambi zamakorali, nyenyezi za nthenga ndi zikopa zam'nyanja.
Nyamayi imangoyendetsa msangamsanga ndipo imayamwa nyamayo mkamwa mwake. Amasakanso pafupi ndi madzi pogwiritsa ntchito njira zosiyanasiyana. Nsombazi zimadikirira pakuya masentimita 20-30, zikuyang'ana m'masukulu ang'onoang'ono a nsomba akutumphuka m'madzi, kuyesera kuthawa nyama zina. Akadziponya m'madzi, mkango ndi wokonzeka kuukira.
Lionfish kusaka:
- nsomba zazing'ono (zosakwana 10 cm);
- nkhanu;
- shirimpi;
- nkhanu zazing'ono ndi zina zopanda mafupa.
Nsombayo imasaka yokha, ikumayandikira pang'onopang'ono nyama yake, pamapeto pake imayigwira mwamphamvu ndi mphezi ndikumenyetsa nsagwada zake. Nthawi zambiri, mkango umadyetsa nsomba zambiri chakudya chikakhala chochuluka, kenako chimafa ndi njala chakudya chikasowa.
Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Mbidzi wa Lionfish
Nsombazi zomwe zimayenda usiku zimayenda mumdima, ndipo pang'onopang'ono zimawomba kuwala kofewa kwa zipsepse zakuthambo ndi kumatako. Ngakhale kudyetsa kwamatchire kwamphamvu kumamalizidwa ola loyamba la usiku, amapitilizabe pabwalo mpaka masana. Dzuwa likatuluka, nsombazi zimabwerera kumalo obisika pakati pa miyala yamiyala ndi miyala.
Lionfish amakhala m'magulu ang'onoang'ono ali ndi zaka zachangu komanso nthawi yokwatirana. Komabe, m'moyo wawo wonse wachikulire, amakhala osungulumwa ndipo amateteza mwankhanza nyumba zawo kuchokera kwa anthu amtundu womwewo kapena mitundu ina pogwiritsa ntchito zipsepse zakuthambo zakumbuyo.
Zosangalatsa: Zowawa za kulumidwa ndi mkango womwe umaperekedwa kwa anthu zimatha kukhala masiku angapo ndikupangitsa kuvutika, thukuta, ndi kupuma movutikira. Umboni woyesera ukusonyeza kuti mankhwalawa amathandizira poizoni wa lionfish.
Pa nthawi ya chibwenzi, amuna amakhala aukali kwambiri. Mwamuna wina akafika m'dera la amuna okonzekeretsa akazi, wolandirayo amayandikira wolandayo ndi zipsepse zapakati. Kenako imasambira ikubwerera kutsogolo ndi kutsogolo kwa munthuyo, ikumathamangira kutsogolo kwake kwaululu. Mwamuna wankhanza amakhala wamdima wakuda ndipo amatsogolera zipsepse zakuthwa zakuphwa kwa munthu wina, zomwe zimapinda zipsepse zake zam'mimba ndikusambira.
Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Lionfish munyanja
Lionfish ili ndi luso lodabwitsa lobereka. Amafika pakukula msinkhu wosakwana chaka chimodzi ndikubala chaka chonse m'madzi ofunda. Ndi pakatikati pa chibwenzi pomwe mkango umapanga magulu ndi anthu ena amtunduwo. Mmodzi wamphongo amalumikizana ndi akazi angapo, ndikupanga magulu a nsomba 3-8. Akazi amatulutsa mazira 15 mpaka 30,000 pagulu lililonse, motero nsomba imodzi m'madzi ofunda imatha kupanga mazira mpaka mamiliyoni awiri pachaka.
Zosangalatsa: Nkhumba zamphongo zikafuna kukaswana, kusiyana kwakuthupi pakati pa amuna ndi akazi kumawonekera kwambiri. Amuna amakhala akuda komanso owoneka mofananamo (mikwingwirima yawo siyowonekera kwambiri). Akazi omwe ali ndi mazira okhwima, m'malo mwake, amakhala ochepa. Mimba yawo, pharyngeal dera, ndi pakamwa zimasanduka zoyera.
Chibwenzi chimayamba kutatsala pang'ono mdima ndipo nthawi zonse chimayambitsidwa ndi champhongo. Yamphongoyo itapeza yaikazi, imagona pafupi naye pa gawo lapansi ndikuyang'ana pamwamba pamadzi, kutsamira pamapiko amchiuno. Kenako imazungulira pafupi ndi yaikazi ndipo ikadutsa mabwalo angapo, imakwera pamwamba pamadzi, ndipo yaikaziyo imamutsatira. Pokweza, zipsepse za m'mimba za mkazi zimanjenjemera. Awiriwo amatha kutsika ndikukwera kangapo. Pamwamba pokwera, nthunzi imayandama pamwamba pamadzi. Kenako mkazi amatulutsa mazira.
Mazira amakhala ndi timachubu tating'onoting'ono tomwe timayandama pansi pomwe mutatulutsidwa. Pakatha pafupifupi mphindi 15, mapaipi awa amadzazidwa ndi madzi am'nyanja ndikusandulika mipira yolowa pakati pa masentimita awiri mpaka 5. Mkati mwa mipira yocheperayi muli magawo 1-2 a dzira lililonse. Kuchuluka kwa mazira mu mpira kumasiyana pakati pa 2000 mpaka 15000. Momwe mazira amawonekera, champhongo chimatulutsa umuna wake, womwe umalowa m'malo am'mimba ndikutulutsa mazira mkati.
Mazirawo amayamba kupanga patatha maola 20 kuchokera umuna utakwera. Pang`onopang`ono, tizilombo ting'onoting'ono kuwononga kuwononga makoma ake makoma ndipo, maola 36 pambuyo umuna, ndi mphutsi kuwaswa. Patatha masiku anayi atatenga pathupi, mphutsi ndizomwe zimasambira kale ndipo zimatha kudya timiyala tating'ono. Amatha kukhala masiku 30 pagulu la pelagic, lomwe limalola kuti lifalikire kwambiri panyanja.
Adani achilengedwe a nsomba zamtchire
Chithunzi: Momwe mkango wa mkango umawonekera
Lionfish ndi aulesi ndipo amachita ngati kuti ali ndi chidaliro chachikulu kapena samanyalanyaza zoopseza. Amadalira mtundu wawo, kubisala kwawo, ndi mitsempha yakupha kuti ateteze adani. Akuluakulu omwe amakhala payekha nthawi zambiri amakhala m'malo amodzi kwa nthawi yayitali. Adzitchinjiriza molimba mtima nyumba zawo kuchokera ku mitundu ina ya mkango ndi mitundu ina ya nsomba. Ndi oweta ochepa okha achilengedwe omwe ali m'gulu la lionfish omwe adalembedwapo, ngakhale mwachilengedwe.
Sizikudziwikiratu bwino momwe mitundu ya lionfish imayendetsedwera mwachilengedwe. Amawoneka kuti sangatengeke ndi majeremusi akunja kuposa nsomba zina, mwanjira zonse zachilengedwe komanso zowononga. Pakati pawo, zikutheka kuti nsombazi ndi nsomba zina zikuluzikulu sizinazindikire kuti mkango ndi mkango. Komabe, ndizolimbikitsa kuti nsomba zamapiko zapezeka m'mimba mwa magulu ku Bahamas.
Zosangalatsa: Kuwongolera kwaumunthu kwa mkango wolimbana ndi mkango sikuwoneka kuti kuwononga kwathunthu kapena kwakanthawi. Komabe, ndizotheka kuwongolera kuchuluka kwa nsomba za mkango m'malo ochepa okhala ndi mayesedwe pochotsa ntchito nthawi zonse.
Ku Gulf of Aqaba, Nyanja Yofiira, mluzu wokhala ndi mawanga abuluu umawoneka ngati wolusa wa mkango. Poyerekeza ndi mtundu waukulu wa nkhono m'mimba mwake, zidatsimikizika kuti nsombayo imagwiritsa ntchito njira zake zobisalira kuti igwire nkhosayo kumbuyo, ndikuyigwira mchira. Zochitika zaposachedwa za lionfish zawonetsa kuchuluka kochepa kwa ma endo- ndi ectoparasites poyerekeza ndi nsomba zam'deralo.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chithunzi: Lionfish
Lionfish pano sanatchulidwe kuti ali pangozi. Komabe, kuwonjezeka kwa kuipitsidwa kwa matanthwe a miyala yamchere kumayembekezereka kupangitsa kufa kwa nsomba zambiri ndi nyama zakutchire zomwefishfish imadalira. Ngati lionfish singakwanitse kusintha zosinthazi posankha njira zina zopezera chakudya, chiwerengerochi chikuyembekezeranso kutsika. Amawerengedwa kuti ndi mtundu wosavomerezeka wosavomerezeka ku United States, Bahamas ndi Caribbean.
Nyamayi imalingaliridwa kuti idalowa m'madzi aku US chifukwa cha zotulutsa zochokera m'madzi ozungulira kapena m'madzi a zombo. Milandu yoyambirira yomwe idanenedwa idachitika ku South Florida ku 1985. Amafalikira modabwitsa m'mphepete mwa nyanja ya kum'mawa kwa United States ndi Persian Gulf, komanso ku Caribbean konse.
Chosangalatsa: kuchuluka kwa nkhono zolusa zikuwonjezeka pafupifupi 67% pachaka. Kuyesera kwam'munda kwasonyeza kuti lionfish imatha kuthamangitsa msanga 80% ya nsomba zakomweko pamiyala yamchere. Magawo omwe akuyembekezeredwa akukhudza Gulf yonse ya Mexico, Caribbean, ndi gombe lakumadzulo kwa Atlantic kuchokera ku North Carolina kupita ku Uruguay.
Mkango zimayambitsa nkhawa zazikulu zakukhudza kwawo madera olimba, mangroves, algae ndi miyala yamiyala yamchere, komanso malo okhala kunyanja. Chodetsa nkhaŵa sikuti nsomba zamapiko zokha zimadyedwa pa nsomba zachilengedwe komanso mpikisano ndi nsomba zakomweko kuti zipeze chakudya, komanso kusokonekera kwachilengedwe.
Tsiku lofalitsa: 11.11.2019
Idasinthidwa: 09/04/2019 pa 21:52
