Astronotus Yodziwika yogawidwa padziko lonse lapansi ngati nsomba ya m'madzi, komanso ali ndi anthu omwe amakhala m'malo awo achilengedwe - ku South America. Nsombayi ndiyokulirapo malinga ndi nsomba za m'nyanja yam'madzi ndipo imawoneka bwino kwambiri, koma mawonekedwe ake ndi ovuta, ndipo muyenera kukhala ndi luso losunga nsomba zosavuta za m'madzi kuti mupeze chiweto ichi.
Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera
Chithunzi: Ocellated Astronotus
Astronotus wozungulira uja adafotokozedwa ndi Jean-Louis Agassiz mu 1831, adatchedwa Astronotus ocellatus m'Chilatini. Mmodzi mwa mitundu ya mtundu wa Astronotus wa banja la Cichlov (iwonso ndi cichlids). Kupeza koyambirira kwa nsomba kumatsalira m'banjali kuyambira nthawi ya Eocene ndipo ali ndi zaka pafupifupi 45 miliyoni. Koma amakhala kumayiko osiyanasiyana: ku America, Africa, Asia, ndipo izi zidadzutsa asayansi kale ndi funso lofunika: kodi nsomba zomwe zimakhala m'madzi abwino zidatha bwanji kuthana ndi mtunda pakati pawo? Kwa nthawi yayitali sizinali zotheka kupeza yankho.
Kanema: Ocellular Astronotus
Ena mpaka adanena kuti zowona ma cichlid adayamba kalekale, komabe, palibe umboni wa izi womwe udapezeka, ndipo kulekana kwamakontinenti kunachitika kalekale (zaka 135 miliyoni zapitazo) kuti palibe umboni woti kuli ma cichlid omwe adatsalira kwakanthawi kodabwitsa. Njira ina - yomwe idachokera kwa makolo wamba kale, iyenso iyenera kutayidwa, popeza pambuyo pofufuza za majini zidapezeka kuti, ndizosiyanasiyana zamitundu, kudzipatula kwawo sikunachitike zaka 65 miliyoni zapitazo.
Zotsatira zake, mtundu womwe akatswiri aku Britain aku paleoanthologists akuti cichlids iwowo adasambira kuwoloka nyanja ndikukhala pamakontinenti adakhala odziwika. M'malo mwake zikutsimikiziridwa ndikuti mitundu ina yamakono imatha kukhala m'madzi amchere - ndizotheka kuti ma cichlid akale adapulumuka m'madzi amchere.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Momwe ma astronotus ocular amawonekera
Mwachilengedwe, nsombazi zimakula mpaka 30-35 cm, mu aquarium sizimafikira magawo amenewa, koma imatha kukhala yayikulu kwambiri - masentimita 20-25. Thupi la astronotus wamaso ndilachilendo, likuwoneka wonenepa. Zipsepse zake ndi zazikulu, monga mutu, pomwe maso amaonekera, komanso kukula kwake kwakukulu. Mitundu itatu imasakanizidwa ndi utoto wa nsombayo: chakumbuyo kumatha kukhala chakuda kapena chofiirira mpaka chakuda; liwu lachiwiri limachokera ku chikaso mpaka kufiyira-lalanje, pafupifupi lofiira; lachitatu ndi lotuwa, pang'ono. Kuphatikizana kwawo kumapangitsa mtundu wa nsombayi kukhala yapadera, ndipo mawanga, mikwingwirima ndi mizere imabalalika mthupi lake lonse, lomwe limawoneka lokongola kwambiri.
N'zochititsa chidwi kuti sayansi ya zakuthambo iliyonse yokhala ndi malo okhala ndi chikaso mpaka kufiyira kumapeto kwa kumapeto kwa caudal, wokutidwa ndi wakuda - imawoneka ngati diso, chifukwa chake nsombayi idatchedwa dzina. Mwa amuna, mtunduwo umakhala wowala kwambiri komanso wolimba kwambiri kuposa akazi. Koma kusiyana kumeneku sikukuwonekera nthawi zonse, ndipo apo ayi kusiyana pakati pa amuna ndi akazi kumakhalanso kocheperako, kupatula kuti thupi lamphongo ndilotambalala pang'ono, iyemwini ndi wokulirapo ndipo maso ali patali kwambiri. Koma nthawi zambiri munthu amangoganiza kuti nsomba iyi ndiyotani, mpaka nthawi yobereka, nthawi yomwe mkazi amakhala ndi ovipositor.
Kuphatikiza pa mawonekedwe ofananira ndi omwe amakhala m'chilengedwe, maalubino amapezeka pakati pa akatswiri azakuthambo am'madzi am'nyanja yam'madzi: mtundu wakumbuyo kwawo ndi woyera, gawo lina la thupi ndi zipsepse zimajambulidwa, ndipo lachiwiri ndi lofiira.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Achinyamata a zakuthambo samawoneka ngati achikulire - ndi akuda ndi oyera, nyenyezi zimwazikana pathupi lawo.
Kodi nyenyezi zakuthambo zimakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Maso a Astronotus
Mwachilengedwe, oimira mitundu iyi amapezeka ku South America, mitundu yawo ndiyotakata ndipo imaphatikizapo:
- Venezuela;
- Guiana;
- Brazil;
- Paraguay;
- Uruguay;
- Argentina.
Chifukwa chake, mtundu wa nsombazi umaphatikizapo theka la kontrakitala, kapena kupitilira apo. Amamva bwino makamaka m'mabeseni amitsinje monga Orinoco, Amazonka, Rio Negro ndi Parana. Nsombayi imamva bwino osati m'malo ake okha, imazolowera mosavuta. Chifukwa chake, adabweretsedwa ku USA, Australia ndi China, ndipo m'maiko onsewa adachulukitsa ndikukhala bwino m'chilengedwe, mitundu ina ya nsomba zazing'ono imadwala nayo. Zimaberekanso bwino ukapolo, chifukwa chake ma Astronotus amasungidwa m'madzi ozungulira padziko lonse lapansi.
Mwachilengedwe, nthawi zambiri imapezeka m'mitsinje, koma imapezekanso m'madzi ndi ngalande. Amakonda malo okhala ndi mchenga kapena matope pansi. Amakonda madzi akuda: ku South America, m'malo awo, ndi oyera kwambiri komanso ofewa, amtundu wakuda, ndipo akawoneka kuchokera kumwamba amawoneka ngati wakuda.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Zochita za akatswiri a zakuthambo zitha kudabwitsidwa - osayesa molimbika ndikupanga kapangidwe kapadera ka aquarium komwe nsomba iyi izikhalamo, chifukwa zidzasandutsa chilichonse. Malowo, ngati asankhidwa, ndi akulu, kotero kuti kumakhala kovuta kuwasuntha.
Zomera zidzakhalanso ndi nthawi yovuta: Akatswiri a zakuthambo azidya ndikuzidula, kapena kuzikumba, kuti asakhale ndi moyo nthawi yayitali. Ndikofunika kunyamula zida zolimba ndikuyesera kuziphimba.
Kodi astronotus wamafuta amadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Maso akuda Astronotus
Akasungidwa m'nyanja yamadzi, amapatsidwa chakudya chamoyo, mwachitsanzo:
- ziwala;
- nyongolotsi;
- ziphuphu;
- mphutsi za agulugufe.
Ngakhale amadya nyama zina zazing'ono, zomwe amapatsa nsomba zaku aquarium, sizovuta kudyetsa ma astronotus nawo chifukwa cha kukula kwake ndi chidwi chawo, ndipo nthawi zambiri simungathe kusungira ziwala zambiri. Chifukwa chake, kuwonjezera pa chakudya chamoyo, amaperekanso chakudya chouma, nthawi zambiri mu granules. Chakudyacho chimagwiritsidwa ntchito mwapadera, chopangira ma cichlids akulu. Koma simuyenera kuchulukitsa nayo, chifukwa cha iyo, madziwo amaipitsidwa mwachangu ndipo mabakiteriya amayamba kuchulukiramo.
Ndi chisangalalo, amadya nsomba zonse za m'nyanja kapena timatumba tating'onoting'ono, nyama ya shrimp ndi mussel, ndi ma molluscs ena atadulidwa. Ndi nyama ya nyama zam'nyanja yomwe ndiyofunika kwambiri, ndiye kuti mungaperekenso mtima ndi chiwindi cha ng'ombe - chinthu chachikulu sikuti muchite kawirikawiri. Kuti musavutike, mutha kupotoza zomwe zalembedwa mu chopukusira nyama ndikusakaniza.
Nyama yosungunuka yomwe ikubwera imangoyenera kuzizidwa m'matope, kenako nkusungunuka ngati pakufunika ndikupatsidwa ma astronotus. Koma ndibwino kuti musawadyetse nsomba za mumtsinje, chifukwa chiopsezo chake ndi chachikulu kwambiri kuti atenge kachilomboko kuchokera munyama yake. Akatswiri a zakuthambo omwe nthawi zina amatha kudyetsedwa ndi masamba ochokera ku zomera zomwe zikukula mumtsinje wa aquarium, koma amapanga gawo laling'ono lazakudya zawo. Mutha kuwapatsa zakudya zamasamba: zukini, nkhaka, sipinachi, nandolo, letesi.
Mukamadyetsa, amatenga chakudya mwachangu, amatha kutenga chakudya kuchokera m'manja mwawo, kenako ndikuwonetsa mosalekeza kuti akufuna zochulukira. Koma sayenera kutsogozedwa ndi iwo, muyenera kudziletsa nokha ku gawo lomwe akulimbikitsidwa ndi nsomba zamtunduwu.
Amazolowera kudya mopitirira muyeso ndipo samachita zambiri. Muyenera kudyetsa nsomba zazing'ono kawiri patsiku, komanso akulu kamodzi patsiku kapena kamodzi pamasiku awiri. Ndikudyetsa tsiku lililonse sabata iliyonse, osachepera tsiku limodzi liyenera kudumpha kuti njira yodyera nsomba isamasulidwe (kwa akulu okha).
Tsopano mukudziwa momwe mungadyetsere zakuthambo zakuthambo. Tiyeni tiwone momwe mungapangire nsomba zachilendo moyenera.
Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Ocellated Astronotus kunyumba
Mukasunga ma astronotus mu aquarium, zovuta zazikulu zimakhudzana ndi kukula kwake kwakukulu. Chifukwa chake, onetsetsani kuti muli ndi aquarium yayikulu: voliyumu yocheperako ndi malita 100, ndikokwanira nsomba ziwiri zokha. Ndipo ndikofunikira kukhala ndi aquarium yokhala ndi voliyumu yayikulu, kwa malita 300-500, ndiye kuti ndizotheka kuyambitsa nsomba zina mmenemo.
Ma Astronotus ang'onoang'ono angawoneke ngati amtendere, koma ndikofunikira kuti musanyengedwe ndi izi! Amakula msanga ndikusandulika nyama zowononga zenizeni, chifukwa chake, palibe chifukwa choti muyenera kuzikhazika pamodzi ndi nsomba zina mu aquarium yaying'ono, chifukwa posachedwa iyamba nkhondo yeniyeni. Ngati musunga ma astronotus ndi nsomba zina, ndiye kuti ayenera kupatsidwa malo - sayenera kukhala ochepa, apo ayi ayamba kumenya nkhondo. Kuphatikiza apo, oyandikana nawo ayenera kukhala okwanira mokwanira: akatswiri azakuthambo amathamangitsa opanda chifundo nsomba zazing'ono kwambiri kuposa iwo kukula ndipo zitha kubweretsa kukhumudwa.
Anthu ochepa kwambiri amangodya. Ma cichlids ena, arowans, catfish andfish ofanana ndi oyenera ngati oyandikana nawo - akulu komanso amtendere. Ayenera kusunthidwa akadali achichepere kwambiri, ngati adzipeza ali limodzi atakula, adzakhala ndi mwayi wochepa wogwirizana. Amachita mosiyana ndi anthu: ena amalola kuti akhudzidwe, pomwe ena amaluma, ngakhale kuti ndizopweteka - amawasiya zokopa. Ma astronotus siamanyazi ndipo nthawi zambiri samabisala kwa anthu. Othandizira amatha kuzindikira ndikumvera mawu awo, adzilole okha.
Ma astronotus amafunikira miyala kapena mchenga wolimba mu aquarium, ndikofunikira kuti pali miyala yayikulu mmenemo. Amafunika chifukwa nsombazi zimakonda kukumba pansi ndipo zimatha kuchita izi kwa maola ambiri, zimangoyambitsa china pamenepo. Koma muyenera kutola miyala kuti isakhale ndi ngodya zakuthwa, apo ayi nsomba zitha kuvulala. Amafunikanso zomera zoyandama ndi zolimba, popanda iwo nsomba sizidzakhala zomasuka mu aquarium. Pansi, ndikofunikira kumanga nyumba zingapo zokhala ndi timiyala ndi nthambi kuti nsomba zizibisalamo ngati zingafune - kuti asakhale ndi nkhawa.
Ndiyeneranso kukumbukira kuti sakonda madzi ofunda mopitirira muyeso, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zovuta kuwasunga pamodzi ndi mitundu ina. Ndikofunika kuti kutentha kwake kukhale 22-24 ° C. Kusintha kwamadzi pafupipafupi, kusefera ndi aeration kumafunika. Nsombazi zimakhala m'malo abwino mpaka zaka 10, ndipo nthawi zina motalikirapo.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Kuti mtundu wa Astronotus ukhale wolemera, kamodzi pa sabata kapena awiri onjezerani tsabola pang'ono pachakudya chawo.
Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Maso a Astronotus
Popeza sizovuta kusiyanitsa amuna ndi akazi, ngati mukufuna kupanga ma Astronotus, ndiye kuti nsomba 5-6 zimagulidwa nthawi imodzi. Popita nthawi, iwowo adzaswa awiriawiri. Amafika pakukula msinkhu wazaka ziwiri, kenako amayamba kubala nthawi ndi nthawi. Nthawi isanakwane, nsomba imayamba kukhala ndi mtundu wowala kwambiri: thupi lake limakhala lofiira. Ngati mulibe nsomba zamtundu wina mu aquarium, simukufunikanso kuziyika m'malo opangira ziweto, apo ayi zifunikira kuti mazira asayike.
Nthawi zina wamwamuna amakhala waukali kwambiri. Kenako amafunika kuti azilekanitsa ndi akazi kwakanthawi, ndipo dikirani mpaka zitakhazikika. Atagwirizananso, nsombazi zimakonza malo oti zigonekere, ndikukhazikitsa gawo lina pansi, ndipo zimatha kukumba mpaka pagalasi. Voliyumu ya bokosilo liyenera kukhala malita 150, miyala yoyala imayikidwa pansi pake, ndipo kutentha kwamadzi kuyenera kukwezedwa pang'ono poyerekeza ndi wamba, madigiri 3-4. Ndikofunika kuti panthawi yobzala, nsomba zimakhala zitapuma, ndipo palibe chowopsa chomwe chimachitika mozungulira iwo: nsomba yoopsa imatha kudya mazira.
Amayi achikazi amaikira mazira mazana angapo pafupifupi maola 5, nthawi zambiri osapitirira 500-600. Akuluakulu omwe amafika kukula kwake atha kuyika mazira 1,000 mpaka 1,800. Caviar imatha msanga, zimatenga masiku 3-7 chifukwa cha iyo, pambuyo pake mphutsi zimawonekera. Patsiku loyamba, sangathe kusambira ndikukhala pamakoma a aquarium kapena pazomera. Amayamba kusambira patatha masiku 5-10 atatulukira.
Poyamba amapatsidwa daphnia, brine shrimp ndi zakudya zina zazing'ono. Patatha sabata mutayamba kudyetsa, mutha kuwonjezera chubu yodulidwa pazakudya. Kuphatikiza apo, mwachangu amanyambita zotulutsa pakhungu la makolo, zomwe zimapangidwa pokhapokha panthawiyi makamaka kuti azidya. Zimakula mofulumira kuti kukula kumeneku kusachedwe, ayenera kukhazikitsidwa nthawi zonse, kusanjidwa ndi kukula - nthawi yomweyo izi zichepetsa mikangano pakati pa nsomba. Pomwe nsomba zikukula kwambiri, madzi amayenera kukhala owuma pang'ono: ngati ali ofewa, nsagwada sizingakhale bwino.
Adani Achilengedwe A Astronotus Ocellated
Chithunzi: Momwe ma astronotus ocular amawonekera
Mwa zolusa, amasakidwa ndi nsomba zazikulu ndi mbalame. Ma zakuthambo sathamanga kwambiri motero amakhala nyama yosavuta kwa ambiri mwa ziwombankhangazi - ndizovuta kwambiri kuti athawe. Chifukwa chake, nsomba zambiri zimafera mkamwa mwa nyama zikuluzikulu zam'madzi.
Nambala yocheperako, komanso yambiri, imazunzidwa ndi mbalame, ngakhale kangapo samasokonezedwa ndi akalulu omwe amasankha kuwedza pafupi ndi gombe. Anthu a ma astronotus ocular samasamala kwenikweni: samagwidwa kawirikawiri kuti aswane, popeza ali mu ukapolo wokwanira, kotero kuti amangowoneka mwa mawonekedwe okha.
Nsombazi zimatha kukhala chidani wina ndi mnzake, komanso moopsa kwambiri. Nthawi zambiri, pomenya nkhondo, amateteza ufulu wawo wopita kumadera ena. Nsombazi zitha kuyanjanitsidwa ndikuwonjezera wokhala m'nyanjayi, wofanana kukula kapena kuposa iwo: ndiye akatswiri azakuthambo amakhala odekha kwambiri.
Chitetezo mthupi mwa nsombayi ndichabwino, chifukwa chake samakhala ndi kachilombo kawirikawiri. Matenda amatha kuyambitsidwa ndi matenda kapena tiziromboti. Pofuna kupewa zovuta izi, muyenera kungosamalira bwino nsombazo komanso osawapatsa chakudya chowopsa.
Atangogula, amafunika kukhala okhaokha ndikuwunika. Ma zakuthambo amadwala pafupipafupi chifukwa cha zolakwika. Mwachitsanzo, ngati nsomba ilibe mavitamini kapena kusambira m'madzi osayenda, imatha kukhala hexamitosis.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chithunzi: Ocellated Astronotus
Ocellated Astronotus ndi ena mwa mitundu yocheperako. Chiwerengero cha anthu achilengedwe ndi chokulirapo, monganso magawidwewo. Palibe zochitika zosokoneza: pafupifupi mitsinje yonse yomwe nsomba zakhala zikukhalako, zikupitilizabe kukhala ndi moyo, kuchuluka kwake kumakhalabe kokwezeka.
Kuphatikiza apo, mzaka zapitazi, malo ogawira ma astronotus amaso ku South America adakulanso pang'ono, ndipo tsopano atha kupezeka m'mitsinje momwe sanapezeke kale, popeza adabweretsedwapo ndi anthu. Chizoloŵezi kum'mwera kwa United States, kumene masewera a nsomba amapezeka kawirikawiri, komanso m'malo ena.
Kuwonongeka kwa ntchito za anthu za nsombazi sikuwoneka: kuwonongeka kwa mitsinje ku South America sikunapezebe kotere komwe kungawawopseze kwambiri, makamaka chifukwa amakhala m'malo omwe mulibe anthu ambiri. Chiwerengero chonse cha ma zakuthambo sichinawerengedwe, koma zikuwonekeratu kuti alipo ochepa. Amapezeka kwambiri m'mabeseni a Orinoco ndi Rio Negro: pali ma astronotus ochulukirapo m'mitsinje yaying'ono yomwe imadutsamo, nyama zolusa zazing'onozi pamakhala mabingu enieni a nsomba zazing'ono.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Asayansi amatha kusamalira ana awo, pamodzi. Nthawi zonse amakhala pafupi ndi zowalamulira ndikuziwotcha ndi zipsepse kuti mazira akule bwino, ndipo mazira owonongedwa amaikidwa pambali, mphutsi zitabadwa, amakhalabe nawo koyamba ndikupitiliza kuteteza - mwachilengedwe izi zimalola kuti mphutsi zizitetezedwa kuzilombo zazing'ono.
Astronotus Yoyesedwa - osati nsomba zophweka zaku aquarium zomwe muyenera kusunga, ndipo muyenera kuganizira kawiri musanagule. Koma mbali inayi, ziweto zoterezi zidzakula kwambiri ndipo zidzakondwera ndi machitidwe awo mu aquarium, komanso kuti amatha kuzindikira mwini wake komanso amadzilola kuti azisisitidwa, zomwe ndizosangalatsa nsomba.
Tsiku lofalitsa: 11.10.2019
Tsiku losinthidwa: 29.08.2019 pa 23:16
