Mgwirizano zokwawa zazing'ono kuchokera ku dongosolo la abuluzi. Nyamazi nthawi zina zimatchedwa "Little Dinosaurs" chifukwa chofanana ndi zokwawa izi. Banja loyenda ndi lamba limakhala ndi mitundu pafupifupi 70 ya abuluzi. Abuluziwa adalandira dzina lawo lachilendo chifukwa chakupezeka kwa zikopa zooneka ngati mphete, zomwe, titero, zimazungulira mchira wa buluziyo.
Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera
Chithunzi: Belttail
Lamba-tailed (Cordylidae) ndi nyama yovuta yomwe ili m'chigawo chazing'ono zokwawa, zoyipa, banja lokhala ndi lamba. Mtunduwo ndi mchira wamba wa lamba. Banja la zokwawa izi poyamba zidafotokozedwa ndi biologist Robert Mertens mu 1937.
Banja ili limaphatikizapo mitundu monga:
- mipira yamtundu (mitundu iyi imaphatikizapo michira yayikulu ya lamba, Cordylus transvaalensis, michira ya lamba ya Campbell Cordylus microlepidotus, michira ya Rhodesian lamba, michira yaying'ono ndi ena ambiri);
- nsanja;
- hameswire.
Kanema: Mgwirizano
Mitundu yofala kwambiri ya nyama izi imadziwika kuti Cordylus cordylus (wamba lamba-mchira). Mchira wamba wa lamba uli ndi ma osteoderm mafupa, omwe amakhala pansi pa sikelo; mumitundu ina, mbale izi kulibe. Komanso nthumwi za Cordylus ndizokulirapo kuposa abuluzi ena am'banjali ndipo ali ndi thupi ndi mutu wolimba. Pansi pa mbale za abuluzi awa kumbuyo ndi kumutu kuli ma osteodorms, omwe sapezeka mumitundu ina ya michira ya lamba, ichi ndichinthu chapadera pamtunduwu.
Miyendo ya lamba ya mtundu wa Chamaesaura ndiyosiyana kotheratu ndi michira ya lamba ya mitundu ina. Abuluziwa ali ndi thupi la njoka, ndipo ali ndi miyendo ing'onoing'ono isanu, mitundu ina ya michira ili ndi miyendo yokha yofanana ndi ndodo.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Momwe mchira wa lamba umawonekera
Mikanda yamba wamba ndi abuluzi ang'onoang'ono kuyambira kumutu mpaka kumapazi okutidwa ndi masikelo akulu, momwe mumakhala ma osteodorms. Kutalika kwa thupi la munthu wamkulu kumachokera pa masentimita 14 mpaka 42. Mtundu wa zokwawa zapabanjali ndi zofiirira, kutengera malo omwe nyamayi imakhala, utoto wake umatha kukhala wagolide mpaka woderapo, pamakhala mtundu wakuda pamimba. Kumbuyo kwa buluzi, mamba okhala ndi nthiti nthawi zambiri amapezeka mizere yopingasa. Pamalo amchira, masikelo amapanga mikwingwirima yozungulira; mitundu ina imakhala ndi mitsempha yayikulu mchira.
Pamimba pa buluzi, zolakwazo ndizosalala. Mbali zonse ziwiri za thupi, mamba amatulutsa zopindika ziwiri.Mutu wa buluzi ndi wochepa, wamakona atatu, mu chigaza, zipilala zakanthawi zimapangidwa bwino ndipo diso la parietal limatchulidwa. Maso a buluziwo ndi akuluakulu, ana ake ndi ozungulira. Malamba ali ndi maso owoneka bwino ndipo amatha kusiyanitsa pakati pazithunzi za zinthu ndi mitundu ina. Pamutu pa lamba-mchira, ma scute adakonzedwa mofanana; pansi pawo palinso ma osteoderms. Ma osteoderms am'mutu amaphatikizidwa ndi chigaza, ndipo amapanga mtundu wa denga lotsegulira kwakanthawi pamwambapa. Mano a mchira wa lamba ndi pleurodont.
Dzino likatayika, pakapita kanthawi dzino latsopano limamera m'malo mwake, pomwe kumangidwa kwa mano atsopano kumachitika msinkhu uliwonse. Mu mitundu ina ya lamba-miyendo, miyendo ili ndi zala zisanu, chala chilichonse chili ndi chikhadabo chakuthwa. M'michira wamba ya lamba, miyendo ndi yosakhazikika, ndipo pali zokhazokha mwendo. Miyendo ndi yaying'ono kukula, koma yamphamvu kwambiri. Zoyipa zakugonana m'mitundu yambiri yokomera amuna.
Kutengera mtundu wa mchira wa lamba, utali wamtundu wa nyamazi ndiwosiyana. Miyendo yokhazikika ndi yayikulu ya lamba imakhala zaka 26. Mu ukapolo, kamchira kakang'ono kansalu kakang'ono kamakhala zaka 6-7.
Kodi mchira wa lamba umakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Girdletail m'chipululu
Kunyumba kwa zokwawa izi ndi chipululu. Nyama izi zimakonda nyengo yotentha komanso youma. Zambiri mwazinthu zodabwitsa izi zimapezeka pachilumba chotentha cha Madagascar. Ndiponso michira ya lamba ndizofala m'zipululu ndi m'zipululu za Africa. Amapezeka ku Kenya ndi Tanzania. Mitsinje yamiyala, madera ouma, zipululu zamchenga komanso zamiyala zimasankhidwa kwanthawi zonse. Nthawi zambiri, abuluziwa amatha kupezeka pafupi ndi mizinda yaku Africa m'malo amvula, ngakhale michira sakonda kukhazikika pafupi ndi nyumba yomwe anthu amakhala.
Abuluzi amakhala m'ming'alu ya miyala, nthawi zina amakumba timabowo tating'ono tomwe timakhala pansi pamiyala. Amayesetsa kusankha malo okhala ndi khomo lopapatiza kuti adani asalowe. Amatha kukhala mulu wamiyala, m'mapanga. Nthawi zina michira ya lamba imakwera mapiri, imatha kukhala pamalo okwera mokwanira, komanso kusowa kwa mpweya pamtunda sikulepheretsa nyama izi.
Lamba wachikopa amakonda kusaka m'ziyangoyango za zitsamba zowuma, zipululu ndi zipululu, kusankha malo omwe sangakhalepo ndi nyama yomwe buluzi amasaka. Michira ya m'Galimoto ndizochezeka kwambiri ndipo amakhala m'magulu ang'onoang'ono olamulidwa ndi amuna akulu. Mchira wa lamba amaika malo awo pafupi ndi wina ndi mnzake kuti zamoyozi zizikhala zotetezeka.
Kodi mchira wa lamba umadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Belt-tailed Lizard
Michira ya mkanda ndi abuluzi olusa.
Chakudya chachikulu cha zokwawa izi ndi izi:
- akangaude ang'onoang'ono;
- nyongolotsi;
- kafadala;
- zokonda;
- chiswe;
- dzombe;
- Ntchentche ndi udzudzu;
- zinkhanira;
- abuluzi ang'onoang'ono;
- makoswe ndi nyama zazing'ono;
- zipatso;
- zomera.
Munthawi yamvula ku Africa, ma chiswe ambiri amabwera pa iwo ndikudya msipu. Nthawi zina, zokwawa zimasaka tizilombo tating'onoting'ono tosiyanasiyana, timakumba nyongolotsi ndi tizilomboto pansi.
Chosangalatsa: Mipira ya lamba imatha kukhala yopanda chakudya ndi madzi kwa nthawi yayitali ikubisala. Pakadali pano, thupi limagwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zochepa zomwe limalandira kuchokera kosunga mafuta kale.
Pakati pa michira ya lamba, palinso zokwawa zokhazokha. Pali milandu ya kudya anzawo pakati pa adani. Nthawi zina michira yaying'ono yasungidwa ngati ziweto. Tisaiwale kuti ndi michira yokhayo ya mtundu wa Cordylus cataphractus yomwe imatha kusungidwa mu ukapolo. Zokwawa zina sizichita bwino mu ukapolo. Kunyumba, zokwawa izi zimadyetsedwa ndi tizilombo tating'onoting'ono, tomwe timawaza vitamini ndi mchere wapadera. Zitsamba zatsopano ndi zipatso zodulidwa bwino zitha kuperekedwanso ngati gwero la mavitamini.
Muyenera kudyetsa ziweto zanu kamodzi pa sabata. Nthawi yomweyo, mukamadyetsa, ndibwino kusakaniza ziwetozo mu terrarium ndi chopanda kanthu, kotero ndikosavuta kumvetsetsa kuti chakudya chonse chadyedwa, ndipo tizilombo sizinabisala kumbuyo kwa timiyala tating'ono kapena mchenga.
Tsopano mukudziwa zomwe mungadyetse mchira wa lamba. Tiyeni tiwone momwe amapulumutsira kuthengo.
Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Mchira wanyumba
Mchira wamphepete ndi zokwawa zolimba kwambiri zomwe zasintha moyo wam'chipululu. Makhalidwe omwe amakonzedwa kuthengo amakhala m'magulu ang'onoang'ono, alpha wamwamuna amatenga gawo lalikulu pagulu. Amuna amateteza gawo kwa alendo ndipo amateteza akazi ndi achinyamata. Zokwawa izi zimagwira ntchito masana, usiku zimakonda kupuma m'mayenje ndi ming'alu zawo pakati pa miyala. Masana, nthawi yambiri masana, abuluzi amatenga tizilombo tosaka chakudya chawo.
Chosangalatsa: Pozindikira zoopsa, mchira wake umapinda, ndikulumira mchira wake mwamphamvu mu mpira. Chifukwa chake, buluzi amatseka malo osatetezeka - m'mimba. Buluzi akatenga mawonekedwe otere, zimakhala zosatheka kuti atembenuke, amamatira kwambiri kumchira ndi mano ake, chifukwa moyo wa zokwawa umadalira kugwira uku.
Pangozi, anthu ena amabisala m'ming'alu yopapatiza kapena akwawa pansi pa miyala, amamatira mwamphamvu ndi zikhadabo ndi kutupa. Ndiye kuti, abuluziwa amachita chilichonse kuti chilombocho chisawakokere kunkhondoko. M'nyengo yozizira, abuluzi omwe amakhala kumadera akumwera amatha kubisala chifukwa cha nyengo yovuta komanso kusowa kwa chakudya. Michira ya lamba yomwe imakhala kumpoto kwa Africa simabisala nthawi yozizira. Makhalidwe a lamba ndi odekha, ma skirmish ndi osowa makamaka pakati pa amuna akulu.
Amakhala ochezeka kwambiri munyengo yokhwima, abuluziwa amanyambilana komanso amalumikizana ndi zizindikiro, monga kugwedeza mutu ndi kusuntha mchira. Anthu amathandizidwa mosalowerera ndale, ndi okhawo omwe akuyimira mitundu yaying'ono yazingwe zokhala ndi zingwe omwe amakhala mu ukapolo. Mitundu ina mu ukapolo simazika mizu ndipo imamva kuwawa. Ndi bwino kukhala ndi ziweto zotere ziwirizi, popeza michira ya lamba siyimalekerera kusungulumwa.
Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Giant Belttail
Mipira ya lamba imafika pakukula msinkhu wazaka 3-4. Ndizovuta kwambiri kusiyanitsa amuna ndi akazi, chifukwa zazikazi zokwawa sizimasiyana ndi amuna amtundu wina, mwina ndi zina kapena zina. Amuna atha kukhala okulirapo kuposa akazi, ndipo ndiwo okha kusiyana kwawo kwakunja.
Mu chaka chimodzi, chachikazi chimabweretsa mwana mmodzi kapena awiri. Miyendo yambiri ndi ya viviparous, komabe, pali mitundu ina yomwe imayikira mazira. Nyengo yokwanira ya zokwawa izi imakhala kuyambira koyambirira kwa Okutobala mpaka kumapeto kwa Marichi. Mimba mwa akazi imakhala miyezi 4 mpaka 6 (kutengera mitundu). Ana amabadwa m'dzinja kumapeto kwa Ogasiti-Okutobala.
Nthawi yokolola, abuluzi amatha kuvulazana. Amuna amatha kumenyana wina ndi mzake chifukwa cha akazi ndi gawo. Pobadwa, abuluzi ang'onoang'ono amakhala ndi chipolopolo chochepa kwambiri. Kukula kwa lamba wobadwa kumene kuli pafupifupi masentimita 4-6 kutalika.
Abuluzi omwe angobadwa kumene amakhala okonzeka moyo wodziyimira pawokha, amatha kupeza chakudya chawo, kudya zomwezo zomwe akulu amadya. Kwa kanthawi, anawo amakhala ndi amayi awo. Mayi amateteza mwanayo mosamala ku ngozi zakutchera makanda kulikonse. Amuna samasamalira anawo, koma amateteza gawo lawo kwa alendo ndi adani. Abuluzi akuluakulu amatha kusaka ana, makamaka panthawi yakusowa kwa zakudya zina.
Lamba Mchira Adani Achilengedwe
Chithunzi: Belt-tailed Lizard
Adani achilengedwe a michira ya lamba ndi awa:
- mbalame zodya nyama (makoko, ziwombankhanga, miimba, akhwangwala ndi ena);
- nkhandwe;
- amphaka amchipululu;
- nyalugwe ndi ziphuphu;
- njoka;
- abuluzi akulu.
Pofuna kudziteteza kwa adani, michira ya lamba imakhala m'mayenje ang'onoang'ono pakati pamiyala, ndi m'ming'alu yopapatiza, momwe nyamazi zimamverera kukhala zotetezeka, ngati kuti chilombo chimayesa kukoka buluzi pamalo ake, zoyesayesa zonse zimatha. Michira ya lamba imatha kukulitsa thupi lawo, pomwe imagwira mwamphamvu pansi ndi mawoko awo.
Ngati nyamayo inagwidwa ndi nyamayi modzidzimutsa, ndipo palibe nthawi yobisalira mchira-lamba, buluziyu amapota mpaka mpira, kuteteza gawo lomwe lili pachiwopsezo cha thupi lake - m'mimba. Buluzi amatha kukhala pamalowo kwa nthawi yayitali. Chilombocho sichingatembenuzire buluzi ndipo amangodikira. Mchira wa lamba umathawa mwayi woyamba.
Komabe, mdani wamkulu wa zokwawa izi ndi munthu ndi ntchito zake. Ngakhale kusaka mitundu yambiri ya abuluzi kuli koletsedwa, anthu opha nyama mosaka nyama amagwirabe malamba ndikuwagulitsa mwakunyemekeza abuluzi obadwira mu ukapolo. Kuphatikiza apo, kubwera kwachitukuko kumadera awo kumakhudza abuluzi. M'malo awo okhala, anthu amapanga misewu, mabizinezi ndi izi amathamangitsa abuluzi m'malo mwawo.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chithunzi: Momwe mchira wa lamba umawonekera
Mitundu ina ya michira ya lamba imafunikira chitetezo chapadera. Mitundu monga Giant Belt-Tail (Smaug giganteus), East African Belt-tails, Cordylus rhodesianus, Cordylus tropidosternum, Cordylus coeruleopunctatus ndi mitundu ina yambiri ya abuluzi imeneyi yatchulidwa mu Red Book ngati mitundu yosawerengeka komanso yomwe ili pangozi.
Zokwawa izi zili ndi adani okwanira m'chilengedwe. Kuphatikiza apo, nyama izi zimabereka pang'onopang'ono, mkazi amabweretsa ana 1-2 okha pachaka. Poterepa, ana nthawi zonse amakhala pachiwopsezo chodya nyama zolusa kapena abuluzi ena.
Kugwidwa kwa nyamazi ndikoletsedwa ndikulangidwa mwalamulo. Koma izi nthawi zambiri sizimayimitsa osaka nyama omwe akufuna kupindula pogulitsa michira ya lamba, chifukwa mtengo wamachira zikuluzikulu lamba umafika ma euro masauzande angapo kwa munthu wokhwima.
Mwachitsanzo, asayansi awona kuti kuyambira nthawi ya 1986 mpaka 2013, pafupifupi michira lamba imodzi ndi theka yomwe idagwidwa m'malo awo achilengedwe idatumizidwa kumayiko 15 padziko lonse lapansi. Pambuyo pa kafukufukuyu, choletsa kutumiza ma pangolin kunja kunayambika ku South Africa.
Panalinso mlandu pamilandu yaku Africa yokhudza malonda osavomerezeka a zokwawa izi, pomwe zolembera zamtunduwu zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati umboni. Pambuyo pake, palibe chilolezo ngakhale chimodzi chomwe chidasainidwa kuti chigulitse ma tailings akunja.
Lamba Mchira Alonda
Chithunzi: Belttail kuchokera ku Red Book
Popeza kuchuluka kwa mitundu yambiri ya michira m'malo awo achilengedwe, m'zaka zaposachedwa, yatsika kwambiri chifukwa chakugwidwa kwa nyama izi ndi anthu ku South Africa, kuletsedwa kwa kugwira michira ya lamba kwakhazikitsidwa. Posachedwa, anthu ochulukirachulukira akufuna kukhala ndi "chinjoka chotere" kunyumba, ndipo opha nyama mosavomerezeka amapeza malamba ogulitsa.
Tsopano kugula mchira wa lamba si ntchito yophweka. Pofuna kugwira mitundu yambiri ya nyamazi, akuluakulu aku South Africa amapereka chilango chokhwima komanso kukhala m'ndende. Mitundu yambiri ya zokwawa zidalembedwa mu Red Book. Kutumiza kunja kwa zokwawa sikuletsedwa konse. M'malo amitundu yosaoneka bwino ya malamba, malo osungira ndi madera oteteza zachilengedwe akukonzedwa. Mtundu umodzi wokha wa lamba umalimidwa kuti ugulitsidwe - lamba wawung'ono. Mitundu ina yamtunduwu sikhala ndi moyo ukapolo.
Kusunga michira panyumba si ntchito yophweka, koma michira yaying'ono yobadwira ndikundende imazolowera eni ake ndikukhala ofatsa. Komabe, michira ya lamba imamveka bwino m'malo awo achilengedwe, momwe amatha kulumikizana komanso kukhala m'malo ozolowereka. Chifukwa chake, kuti tisunge kuchuluka kwa nyama zokongolazi, ndibwino kuti tizisiye tokha ndikuzisiya kuthengo.
Mgwirizano zolengedwa zodabwitsa kwambiri zofanana kwambiri ndi zimbalangondo kuchokera m'nthano zina. Zilombozi zimatha kukhala mwamtendere m'malo ovuta m'chipululu, zimatha kukhala osadya kwa nthawi yayitali ndipo zimakhala ndi zizolowezi zosangalatsa zodzitchinjiriza. Tiyeni tiyesetse kuteteza zolengedwa izi pokhala osamala ndi chilengedwe, kuti ana athu azitha kusangalala ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zinyama ndi zinyama za dziko lathu lapansi.
Tsiku lofalitsa: 18.10.2019
Idasinthidwa: 11.11.2019 pa 12:12
