Lathyathyathya nyongolotsi (Platyhelminthes) ndi gulu la nyama zopanda zofewa, zophatikizika zomwe zimapezeka m'madzi, m'madzi oyera komanso mvula yam'mlengalenga. Mitundu ina ya ziphuphu zimakhala zaulere, koma pafupifupi 80% ya ziphuphu zonse zimakhala ndi majeremusi, ndiye kuti amakhala kapena chamoyo china ndipo amapeza chakudya chawo.
Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera
Chithunzi: Ziphuphu
Chiyambi cha ziphuphu ndi kusintha kwa magulu osiyanasiyana sikudziwika bwinobwino. Komabe, pali madera awiri akulu. Malinga ndi malingaliro ambiri ovomerezeka, turbellaria imayimira makolo a nyama zina zonse zokhala ndi zigawo zitatu za minofu. Komabe, ena adavomereza kuti ziphuphu zimatha kuchepetsedwa kachiwirinso, ndiye kuti, zimatha kusokonekera kuchokera kuzinyama zovuta kwambiri chifukwa cha kutayika kapena kuchepa kwazovuta.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Moyo wa nyongolotsi sudziwika, koma mu ukapolo, mamembala amtundu umodzi adakhala masiku 65 mpaka 140.
Ziphuphu zimagwera pansi pa nyama, zomwe zimadziwika ndi tizilombo tambiri tambiri ta eukaryotic. M'magawo ena, amatchulidwanso ngati gulu loyambirira la nyama za eumetazoi, chifukwa ndi ma metazoans omwe amagwera pansi pa nyama.
Kanema: Ziphuphu
Ziphuphu zimayambanso kufanana pakati pa eumetazoids. Magawowa akuphatikizapo nyama zomwe zimakhala zofanana, zomwe zimakhala ndi mutu ndi mchira (komanso gawo lakumbuyo ndi pamimba). Monga mamembala a protosomal subspecies, ziphuphu zimapangidwa ndi zigawo zitatu za majeremusi. Mwakutero, nthawi zambiri amatchedwa protostomes.
Kupatula magawo apamwambawa, mtunduwo udagawika m'magulu otsatirawa:
- ciliary mphutsi;
- anthu amodzi;
- ziphuphu;
- ziphuphu.
Gulu la nyongolotsi zomwe zimakhala ndi mitundu pafupifupi 3,000 ya zamoyo zomwe zimagawidwa m'madongosolo 10. Gulu la monogenea, ngakhale lili mgulu lina losiyanasiyana lokhala ndi ma trematode, limafanana nawo kwambiri.
Komabe, amasiyanitsidwa mosavuta ndi ma trematode ndi ma cestode chifukwa chokhala ndi chiwalo cham'mbuyo chotchedwa haptor. Amonogeneans amasiyanasiyana kukula ndi mawonekedwe. Mwachitsanzo, ngakhale mawonedwe akulu atha kuwoneka opyapyala komanso owoneka ngati masamba (ofiira masamba), mawonedwe ang'onoang'ono amakhala ozungulira.
Kalasi ya cestode ili ndi mitundu yoposa 4,000, yomwe imadziwika kuti tapeworms. Poyerekeza ndi mitundu ina ya ziphuphu, ma cestode amadziwika ndi matupi awo ataliatali, omwe amatha kutalika mpaka mita 18 ndipo amapangidwa ndi ziwalo zambiri zoberekera (proglottids). Mamembala onse a trematode class ndi parasitic mwachilengedwe. Pakadali pano, pafupifupi mitundu 20,000 ya trematode class yadziwika.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Momwe nyongolotsi imawonekera
Zizindikiro za nthumwi za ciliary ndi izi:
- thupi limazunguliridwa kumapeto onse ndi makulidwe ochepera poyerekeza ndi pakati pa thupi;
- ndi gawo lopanikizika la dorsoventral la thupi, mphutsi za ciliary zimakhala ndi malo okwera mpaka kuchuluka kwake;
- kuyenda kumakwaniritsidwa mothandizidwa ndi cilia yolumikizidwa bwino, yomwe imayenda mobwerezabwereza mbali imodzi;
- sagawanika;
- ziphuphu za ciliary zilibe thupi lonse (matupi a thupi omwe ali pakati pakhoma la thupi ndi ngalande yamatumbo mwa nyama zambiri);
- ali ndi subepidermal rhabditis mu ciliary epidermis, yomwe imasiyanitsa kalasi iyi ndi ziphuphu zina;
- akusowa anus. Zotsatira zake, chakudya chimayamwa kudzera mu kholingo ndikutulutsidwa pakamwa;
- pomwe zamoyo zambiri mkalasi ndizoyambitsa tizilombo tating'onoting'ono tating'onoting'ono, zina zimakhala ngati nyama yodya zinyama, zowononga nyama, ndi ectoparasites;
- maselo amtundu wa pigment ndi ma photoreceptor omwe amapezeka pamawonekedwe awo amagwiritsidwa ntchito m'malo mwa maso amalingaliro;
- Kutengera mtundu wa mitunduyi, dongosolo lamanjenje lam'mimba la nyongolotsi zam'mimba zimayambira pazosavuta kupita kuzinthu zolumikizana zolumikizana zomwe zimayendetsa kusuntha kwa minofu.
Zina mwa mawonekedwe a monogenes ndi awa:
- oimira onse a gulu la monogenea ndi ma hermaphrodites;
- monogeneans alibe makamu apakatikati m'moyo wawo;
- ngakhale ali ndi mawonekedwe amtundu wina kutengera mtundu, awonetsedwa kuti amatha kutalika ndi kufupikitsa matupi awo akamayenda m'malo awo;
- alibe anus ndipo chifukwa chake amagwiritsa ntchito njira yoyeserera kutulutsa zinyalala;
- alibe kupuma ndi kuzungulira kwa magazi, koma dongosolo lamanjenje, lopangidwa ndi mphete yamitsempha ndi mitsempha yomwe imafikira kumbuyo ndi kutsogolo kwa thupi;
- monga tiziromboti, ma monogenean nthawi zambiri amadyetsa khungu, mamina, ndi magazi am'magazi, zomwe zimawononga mamina ndi khungu lomwe limateteza nyama (nsomba).
Makhalidwe a kalasi ya cestode:
- zovuta zamoyo;
- alibe njira yogaya chakudya. M'malo mwake, matupi awo amaphimbidwa ndi zotulutsa zing'onozing'ono zonga ma microvill, ofanana ndi omwe amapezeka m'matumbo ang'onoang'ono amtundu wambiri;
- kudzera munjira izi, tapeworm imatha kuyamwa michere kudzera mu zokutira zakunja (chikhomo);
- ali ndi minofu yabwino;
- cilia yosinthidwa pamtunda wawo amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati mathero am'malingaliro;
- dongosolo lamanjenje limapangidwa ndi mitsempha iwiri yotsatira.
Zizindikiro za Trematode:
- ali ndi oyamwa pakamwa komanso oyamwa amkati omwe amalola kuti zamoyo zizilumikizana ndi omwe akuwasamalira. Izi zimapangitsa kuti zamoyo zikhale zosavuta kudyetsa;
- Akuluakulu amatha kupezeka m'chiwindi kapena m'mayendedwe a wolandirayo;
- ali ndi njira yabwino yogaya chakudya komanso njira yosakira;
- ali ndi dongosolo labwino laminyewa.
Kodi flatworms amakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Ziphuphu m'madzi
Mwambiri, ziphuphu zogona zaulere (turbellaria) zimapezeka kulikonse komwe kumapezeka chinyezi. Kupatula ma darkcephalids, nyongolotsi zimafalikira padziko lonse lapansi. Amapezeka m'madzi amchere komanso amchere ndipo nthawi zina m'malo okhala chinyezi, makamaka kumadera otentha komanso otentha. Darkcephalids, yomwe imawononga nkhono zam'madzi, imapezeka makamaka ku Central ndi South America, Madagascar, New Zealand, Australia ndi zisumbu za South Pacific Ocean.
Ngakhale mitundu yambiri ya ziphuphu imakhala m'malo am'madzi, pali zina zambiri zomwe zimapezeka m'madzi am'madzi abwino komanso m'malo otentha komanso ozizira. Chifukwa chake, amafunikira mvula yambiri kuti akhale ndi moyo.
Kutengera mitundu, nthumwi za gulu la nyongolotsi za ciliary zimakhalapo ngati zamoyo zaulere kapena tiziromboti. Mwachitsanzo, nthumwi za dongosolo la darkcyphalids zimakhalapo ngati commensals kapena majeremusi.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Mitundu ina ya ziphuphu zimakhala ndi malo osiyanasiyana. Chimodzi mwazinthu zakuthambo komanso zolekerera kwambiri pazikhalidwe zosiyanasiyana ndi turbellar Gyratrix hermaphroditus, yomwe imapezeka m'madzi abwino pamtunda wa mamita 2000, komanso m'madzi am'madzi am'nyanja.
Monogeneans ndi amodzi mwamagulu akuluakulu am'mimba, omwe ndi tizirombo tambiri ta m'madzi (ectoparasites). Amagwiritsa ntchito ziwalo zomatira kuti alumikizane ndi omwe akukhala nawo. Kupangidwaku kumakhalanso ndi makapu oyamwa. Cestode nthawi zambiri imakhala nyongolotsi zamkati (endoparasites) zomwe zimafunikira anthu opitilira m'modzi pazomwe zimakhala zovuta pamoyo wawo.
Tsopano mukudziwa kumene amapezeka ziphuphu. Tiyeni tiwone chomwe amadya.
Kodi ziphuphu zimadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Lathyathyathya annelid nyongolotsi
Nyama zam'madzi zopanda nyama makamaka zimadya nyama, makamaka zosinthidwa kuti zigwire nyama. Kukumana kwawo ndi nyama kumawoneka mwachisawawa, kupatula mitundu ina yomwe imatulutsa ulusi wonyezimira. Chimbudzi chimakhala chamagetsi komanso chama cell. Mavitamini am'mimba (othandizira zamoyo) omwe amaphatikiza ndi chakudya m'matumbo amachepetsa kukula kwamitundu yazakudya. Zinthu zopukutidwa pang'ono kenako zimatengedwa (phagocytosed) ndimaselo kapena kuyamwa; chimbudzi chimamalizidwa m'maselo am'matumbo.
M'magulu azirombo, chimbudzi chama cell ndi ma cell chimachitika. Momwe izi zimachitikira zimadalira mtundu wa chakudyacho. Tiziromboti tikawona tizidutswa ta chakudya kapena minyewa ya alendo, kupatula zamadzimadzi kapena zamadzimadzi (monga magazi ndi ntchofu), monga michere, chimbudzi chimakhala chapadera kwambiri. Mwa iwo omwe amadya magazi, chimbudzi chimakhala chophatikizira, chomwe nthawi zambiri chimapangitsa kuti hematin, yomwe imatha kusungunuka, yomwe imapangidwa ndi kuwonongeka kwa hemoglobin.
Ngakhale kuti nyongolotsi zina zimakhala zaulere komanso zosawononga, mitundu ina yambiri (makamaka ma trematode ndi tapeworm) imawononga anthu, ziweto, kapena zonse ziwiri. Ku Europe, Australia, America, kuyambitsa tapeworm mwa anthu kwachepetsedwa kwambiri chifukwa chakuwunika nyama. Koma kumene ukhondo umakhala woipa ndipo nyama imadyedwa mosaphika, nthawi zambiri matenda opatsirana ndi kachilombo amakhala ambiri.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Mitundu makumi atatu mphambu zisanu ndi chimodzi kapena kupitirirapo akuti ndi majeremusi mwa anthu. Matenda akomwe amapezeka (akomweko) amapezeka pafupifupi m'maiko onse, koma matenda ofala amapezeka ku Far East, Africa ndi ku America kotentha.
Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Ziphuphu
Kukwanitsa kusinthika kwa minofu, kuwonjezera pa machiritso osavuta, kumachitika m'magulu awiri a ziphuphu: turbelaria ndi cestode. Turbellaria, makamaka planaria, imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pamaphunziro obwezeretsa. Mphamvu zazikulu zobwezeretsanso zimapezeka m'mitundu yomwe imatha kuberekana. Mwachitsanzo, zidutswa za gawo lililonse la stenostum lomwe limasokonekera limatha kukhala nyongolotsi zatsopano. Nthawi zina, kusinthika kwa tizidutswa tating'onoting'ono kumatha kubweretsa mapangidwe azinthu zopanda ungwiro (mwachitsanzo, zopanda mutu).
Kubadwanso, ngakhale kumakhala kosowa m'mphutsi za parasitic wamba, kumachitika mu cestode. Ziphuphu zambiri zimatha kubwereranso kuchokera kumutu (scolex) ndi m'khosi. Katunduyu nthawi zambiri amalephera kuchiza matenda opatsirana ndi kachilombo ka tapeworm. Chithandizochi chimachotsa thupi lokha, kapena strobila, kusiya scolex yomwe idalumikizidwa ndi khoma la m'mimba mwaomwe akukhalamo ndipo potero amatha kupanga strobila yatsopano yomwe imakonza chiwembucho.
Mphutsi za Cestode kuchokera ku mitundu ingapo zimatha kudzikonzanso zokha kuchokera m'malo osadulidwa. Mtundu wa mphutsi wa Sparganum prolifer, womwe ndi kachiromboka mwaumunthu, umatha kuberekanso komanso kusinthika.
Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Ziphuphu zobiriwira
Kupatula zochepa zochepa, ma hermaphrodites ndi machitidwe awo oberekera amakhala ovuta. Ziphuphuzi nthawi zambiri zimakhala ndi mayeso ambiri, koma zimakhala ndi ovary imodzi yokha. Njira yachikazi ndiyachilendo chifukwa imagawika m'magulu awiri: thumba losunga mazira ndi vitellaria, lomwe nthawi zambiri limadziwika kuti ma yolk gland. Maselo a Vitellaria amapanga zigawo za yolk ndi eggshell.
Mu tapeworms, thupi longa tepi nthawi zambiri limagawika m'magulu angapo kapena ma proglottids, omwe amakhala ndi ziwalo zoberekera za amuna ndi akazi. Chida chovuta kwambiri chophatikizira chimakhala ndi mbolo yamuyaya (yokhoza kutembenukira kunja) mwa mamuna ndi ngalande kapena nyini mwa mkazi. Pafupi ndi kutseguka kwake, ngalande yachikazi imatha kusiyanasiyana m'matumbo osiyanasiyana.
Kuberekana kwa nyongolotsi za ciliary kumatheka kudzera munjira zingapo, zomwe zimaphatikizapo kuberekana (nthawi imodzi hermaphroditis) ndi kuberekana kwa asexual (cross-fission). Pakubalana, mazira amapangidwa ndikumangidwa mu zikopa, momwe ana amaswa ndikukula. Pakuchulukana kwa asexual, mitundu ina imagawika m'magawo awiri, yomwe imabwezeretsedwanso, ndikupanga theka lomwe likusowapo, motero limasandulika thupi lonse.
Thupi la tapeworms yeniyeni, ma cestode, limapangidwa ndimagulu ambiri omwe amadziwika kuti proglottids. Amodzi amtunduwu amakhala ndi ziwalo zoberekera zazimuna ndi zachikazi (monga ma hermaphrodites) omwe amatha kuberekana okha. Popeza kuti tapeworm imodzi imatha kutulutsa ma proglottids okwana chikwi, izi zimathandiza kuti ziphuphu zipitirire kukula. Mwachitsanzo, proglottid imodzi imatha kupanga mazira masauzande ambiri, ndipo nthawi yawo yozungulira imatha kupitilirabe kwina pamene mazirawo amezedwa.
Wosamalira yemwe amameza mazira amadziwika kuti wapakati, chifukwa ndikuti munthawi imeneyi ndimomwe mazirawo amaswa kuti apange mphutsi (coracidia). Komabe, mphutsi zimapitilizabe kukula pagulu lachiwiri (womaliza) ndikukhwima msinkhu wachikulire.
Adani achilengedwe a ziphuphu
Chithunzi: Momwe nyongolotsi imawonekera
Zowononga zimatha kukhala ndi ziwombankhanga zoyenda mwaulere zochokera m'kalasi la turbelaria - pambuyo pake, sizingokhala ndi matupi anyama okha. Mimbuluyi imakhala m'malo osiyanasiyana, kuphatikizapo mitsinje, mitsinje, nyanja, ndi mayiwe.
Malo okhala chinyezi kwambiri ndiyofunikira kwambiri kwa iwo. Amakonda kucheza pansi pamiyala kapena pamulu wa masamba. Zimbalangondo zam'madzi ndi chitsanzo chimodzi cha nyama zodya zinyama zam'madzi izi - makamaka zikumbu zam'madzi ndi agulugufe achichepere. Crustaceans, nsomba zing'onozing'ono, ndi tadpoles nthawi zambiri amadya pamitundu iyi ya ziphuphu.
Ngati muli ndi nyanja yamchere yamchere ndipo mukawona kupezeka kwadzidzidzi kwa mphutsi zosasangalatsa, zitha kulowa m'nyanja yamchere yanu. Eni ake ena am'madzi am'madzi amakonda kugwiritsa ntchito mitundu ina ya nsomba kuti azitha kuwongolera ziphuphu. Zitsanzo za nsomba zinazake zomwe nthawi zambiri zimadyetsa ziwombankhanga mwachangu ndi makoswe okhala ndi zingwe zisanu ndi chimodzi (Pseudocheilinus hexataenia), makoswe achikasu (Halichoeres chrysus), ndi mandarins owoneka (Synchiropus picturatus).
Mimbulu yambiri ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda omwe safuna, koma ena mwa iwo ndi odyetsa enieni. Nyama zotchedwa flatworms nthawi zambiri zimadya nyama. Tizilombo tating'onoting'ono tating'onoting'ono timakonda kwambiri zakudya zawo, kuphatikizapo nyongolotsi, crustaceans, ndi rotifers.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chithunzi: Ziphuphu
Mitundu yoposa 20,000 tsopano yazindikiritsidwa, mtundu wanyongolotsi ndi umodzi mwamitundu yayikulu kwambiri pambuyo pamavuto, molluscs ndi arthropods. Pafupifupi 25-30% ya anthu pakadali pano ali ndi kachilombo ka mtundu umodzi wamatenda. Matenda omwe amayambitsa amakhala owopsa. Matenda a Helminth amatha kubweretsa zovuta zosiyanasiyana monga kufooka kwa maso ndi khungu, kutupa kwamiyendo ndi kuuma, kutsekeka kwa chimbudzi ndi kuperewera kwa zakudya m'thupi, kuchepa magazi komanso kutopa.
Osati kale kwambiri, zimaganiziridwa kuti matenda amunthu omwe amayamba chifukwa cha ziphuphu zoyambilira anali ochepa chifukwa cha zinthu zochepa ku Africa, Asia ndi South America.Koma m'nthawi ino yapaulendo wapadziko lonse komanso kusintha kwa nyengo, nyongolotsi za parasitic zikuyenda pang'onopang'ono koma mosakayikira zimapita kumadera aku Europe ndi North America.
Zotsatira zakutali zakuchulukirachulukira kwa nyongolotsi za parasitic ndizovuta kuneneratu, koma zovulaza zomwe zimayambitsa matenda zikuwonetsa kufunikira kokonza njira zoyendetsera zomwe zingachepetse chiwopsezo chazachipatala m'zaka za zana la 21. Nyongolotsi zodalitsanso zitha kupanganso zachilengedwe. Ofufuza pa Yunivesite ya New Hampshire apeza kuti ziphuphu zam'madzi m'mitsinje zimatha kuwonetsa zachilengedwe mwa kuziwononga.
Lathyathyathya nyongolotsi - tizinthu tofananirana tomwe tili ndi matupi angapo omwe amawonetsa kuyanjana. Ziphuphu, monga lamulo, ndi ziwalo zoberekera za amuna ndi akazi zomwe zimapezeka mwa munthu m'modzi. Umboni wina wapano ukusonyeza kuti mitundu ina ya ziphuphu zimatha kuchepetsedwa kachiwiri kuchokera kwa makolo ovuta kwambiri.
Tsiku lofalitsa: 05.10.2019
Idasinthidwa: 11.11.2019 pa 12:10
