Zamgululi Ndi mtundu wopatsa chidwi wa mollusc wamkulu kwambiri, womata pansi. Amadziwika ngati gwero la chakudya komanso kuwonera m'madzi am'madzi. Mitundu ya tridacna inali mitundu yoyamba ya aquaculture yama molluscs. Amakhala m'miyala yamiyala yamchere ndi m'mapiri momwe amatha kupeza dzuwa lokwanira.
Kumtchire, ma tridacnas ena akuluakulu amadzazidwa kwambiri ndi masiponji, miyala yamchere yamchere ndi ndere kotero kuti mawonekedwe awo samadziwika! Izi zadzetsa zikhulupiriro zambiri ndi mantha onena za "ziphuphu zodyera anthu". Komabe, lero tikudziwa kuti tsankho ili ndi lopanda pake. Tridacna siwokwiya kwenikweni.
Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera
Chithunzi: Tridacna
Banjali lili ndi molluscs wamkulu kwambiri wamoyo masiku ano, kuphatikiza chimphona chachikulu (T. gigas). Ali ndi zipolopolo zolemera kwambiri zokhala ndi zipinda za 4-6. Mtundu wa zovala ndizowala kwambiri. Amakhala m'mphepete mwa miyala yamchere yam'madzi ofunda m'nyanja ya Indo-Pacific. Molluscs ambiri amakhala mu mgwirizano ndi photosynthetic zooxanthellae.
Kanema: Tridacna
Nthawi zina nkhono zazikulu, monga kale, zimawerengedwa ngati banja losiyana la Tridacnidae, komabe, kuwunika kwamakono kwamankhwala kumapangitsa kuti zikhale ngati banja m'banja la Cardiidae. Ma data aposachedwa awonetsa kuti ndi ofanana mlongo taxa. Tridacna idasankhidwa koyamba mu 1819 ndi Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck. Adawaika kwakanthawi ngati banja ku dongosolo la Venerida.
Pakadali pano, mitundu khumi ili m'gulu laling'ono la Tridacninae:
Mtundu wa Hippopus:
- Mvuu ya mvuu;
- Mvuu porcellanus.
Ndodo Tridacna:
- T. ndalama;
- T. crocea;
- T. magigasi;
- T. maxima;
- T. squamosa;
- T. derasa;
- T. mbalavuana;
- T. rosewateri.
Zikhulupiriro zosiyanasiyana zamangidwa mozungulira tridacna kuyambira nthawi zakale. Mpaka pano, anthu ena amawatcha "akupha" ndipo amanamizira kuti zimphona zazikuluzikulu zinaukira ena kapena zolengedwa zina ndikuzisunga. M'malo mwake, kutseka kwamagetsi a mollusk kumachedwa pang'onopang'ono.
Ngozi yakufa yomwe idalembedwa mwalamulo idachitika ku Philippines mzaka za m'ma 1930. Wosaka ngaleyo akusowa. Pambuyo pake adapezeka atamwalira ndi zida zomata mu 160 tridacne. Atachotsa pamwamba pake, ngale yayikulu inapezeka m'manja, mwachiwonekere pachikumba. Kuyesera kuchotsa ngale iyi kunapha.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Momwe tridacna imawonekera
Tridacna ndi nkhono zazikulu kwambiri zamoyo. Chipolopolocho chimatha kutalika kwa mita 1.5. Amadziwika ndi kupezeka kwa 4 mpaka 5 yayikulu, mkati moyang'anizana ndi makona atatu otseguka a chipolopolo, zipolopolo zazikulu, zolemera zopanda zishango (achinyamata atha kukhala ndi zishango zingapo) ndi sipon yopumira yopanda zingwe.
Chovalacho nthawi zambiri chimakhala chofiirira golide, wachikaso, kapena chobiriwira chokhala ndi utoto wambiri wabuluu, wofiirira, kapena wobiriwira, makamaka kuzungulira m'mbali mwa chovalacho. Anthu okulirapo atha kukhala ndi madontho ochuluka kwambiri kotero kuti chovalacho chikuwoneka ngati cholimba buluu kapena mtundu wofiirira. Tridacne imakhalanso ndi mawanga ambiri otumbululuka kapena owonekera pachovala chomwe chimatchedwa "windows".
Zosangalatsa: Giant Tridacnae sangathe kutseka kwathunthu chipolopolo chawo akakula. Ngakhale itatsekedwa, gawo lina la malaya limakhalabe lowoneka, mosiyana ndi Tridacna deraz yofanana kwambiri. Mipata yaying'ono imakhala pakati pa zipolopolo zomwe chovala chofiirira chachikaso chikuwonekera.
Ma tridacnids achichepere ndi ovuta kusiyanitsa ndi mitundu ina ya mollusc. Komabe, izi zitha kuzindikirika ndi msinkhu komanso kutalika. Ali ndi mapindawo anayi mpaka asanu ndi awiri pachikopa chawo. Molluscs a bivalve okhala ndi zooxanthellae amakonda kukulitsa zipolopolo zazikulu za calcium carbonate. M'mphepete mwa chovalacho mumadzaza ndi zooxanthellae, zomwe amati zimagwiritsa ntchito mpweya woipa, phosphates, ndi nitrate kuchokera ku nkhono.
Kodi tridacna amakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Tridacna panyanja
Tridacnae amapezeka kudera lotentha la Indo-Pacific, kuchokera ku South China nyanja kumpoto mpaka kugombe lakumpoto kwa Australia komanso kuchokera kuzilumba za Nicobar kumadzulo kupita ku Fiji kum'mawa. Amakhala m'malo okhala ndi miyala yamchere yamchere, makamaka pamtunda wamamita 20. Ma molluscs amapezeka nthawi zambiri m'mapiri osazama ndi zigwa zam'madzi ndipo amapezeka m'magawo amchenga kapena m'matanthwe a coral.
Tridacnes ali pafupi ndi madera ndi mayiko ngati:
- Australia;
- Kiribati;
- Indonesia;
- Japan;
- Micronesia;
- Myanmar;
- Malaysia;
- Palau;
- Zilumba za Marshall;
- Tuvalu;
- Philippines;
- Singapore;
- Zilumba za Solomon;
- Thailand;
- Vanuatu;
- Vietnam.
Zitha kupezeka m'malo monga:
- Guam;
- Zilumba za Mariana;
- Fiji;
- Caledonia Chatsopano;
- Taiwan, chigawo cha China.
Chojambula chachikulu kwambiri chodziwika bwino chinali masentimita 137. Anapezeka cha m'ma 1817 pagombe la Sumatra, Indonesia. Kulemera kwake kunali pafupifupi 250 kg. Masiku ano zitseko zake zikuwonetsedwa m'malo owonera zakale ku Northern Ireland. Tridacna ina yayikulu modabwitsa idapezeka mu 1956 pachilumba cha Ishigaki ku Japan. Sinafufuzidwe mwasayansi mpaka pafupifupi 1984. Chipolopolocho chinali chachikulu masentimita 115 ndipo chimalemera 333 kg ndi gawo lofewa. Asayansi apeza kuti kulemera kwake kuli pafupifupi 340 kg.
Tsopano mukudziwa komwe tridacna imapezeka. Tiyeni tiwone chomwe amadya.
Kodi tridacna amadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Giant Tridacna
Mofanana ndi ma bollveve molluscs, tridacna imatha kusefa tinthu tating'onoting'ono tambiri, kuphatikiza zomera zazing'ono kwambiri zam'madzi (phytoplankton) ndi zooplankton zanyama, m'madzi am'nyanja omwe amagwiritsa ntchito mphepo. Tinthu tating'onoting'ono tazakudya tomwe timakutidwa ndi chovalacho timakumata palimodzi ndipo timatumiza pakamwa pakamwa pamunsi pa mwendo. Kuchokera pakamwa, chakudya chimapita kummero kenako kumimba.
Komabe, tridacna amatenga gawo lalikulu la zakudya zake kuchokera ku zooxanthellae wokhala m'matumba ake. Amakula ndi nkhono zomwe zimakonzedwa mofanana ndi miyala yamtengo wapatali. Mu mitundu ina ya tridacne, zooxanthellae imapereka 90% yamaketoni amakanidwe a kaboni. Uwu ndi mgwirizano wovomerezeka wa ma molluscs, adzafa pakalibe zooxanthellae, kapena mumdima.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Kupezeka kwa "mawindo" mu chovalacho kumapereka kuwala kochuluka kulowa m'matumba amkati ndikulimbikitsa photosynthesis ya zooxanthellae.
Algae awa amapatsa tridacnus zowonjezera zowonjezera. Mitengoyi imakhala ndi ulusi wofanana ndi umodzi, womwe zida zake zamagetsi zimaphatikizidwira pachakudya cha nkhono. Zotsatira zake, amatha kukula mpaka mita imodzi, ngakhale m'madzi amchere okhala ndi michere yochepa. Molluscs amakula ndere mumayendedwe apadera, omwe amawathandiza kuti azisunga ziwonetsero zazikulu kwambiri pamiyeso yonse.
Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Tridacna mollusk
Tridacnae ndi aulesi komanso osagwira ntchito molluscs. Zitseko zawo zimatsekedwa pang'onopang'ono. Akuluakulu, kuphatikiza Tridacna gigas, amangokhala, amadziphatika pansi pansi. Ngati malo awo owerengedwa asokonezeka, minofu yowala kwambiri (yomwe ili ndi zooxanthellae) imachotsedwa, ndipo mavavu a zipolopolo amatsekedwa.
Chinsombacho chikakula, chimataya khungu lake, lomwe amatha kulikoka nalo. Ziwombankhanga za Tridacna zimadalira chipangizochi kuti zizimangirira zokha m'malo mwake, koma chimphona chachikulu chimakhala chachikulu komanso cholemera mwakuti chimangokhala pomwe chili ndipo sichingasunthe. Adakali achichepere, amatha kutseka zipolopolo zawo, koma osati ngati nkhono zazikulu zazikulu zotayika.
Zosangalatsa: Ngakhale ma tridacnae amawonetsedwa ngati "kuwombera kwakupha" m'mafilimu apamwamba, palibe chifukwa chenicheni cha anthu omwe agwidwa ndikumizidwa nawo. Komabe, zovulala zokhudzana ndi Tridacnid ndizofala, koma zimakonda kuphatikizidwa ndi hernias, kuvulala msana, ndi zala zakuphazi zomwe zimachitika anthu akatulutsa nkhono zikuluzikulu m'madzi osazindikira kulemera kwawo kwakukulu mlengalenga.
Kuphulika kwa mollusk kumagwirizana ndi mafunde amchigawo chachiwiri (chathunthu), komanso gawo lachitatu + lachinayi (latsopano) la mwezi. Kuchepetsa kuchepa kumachitika pafupipafupi mphindi ziwiri kapena zitatu zilizonse, ndikubala mwachangu kuyambira mphindi makumi atatu mpaka maola atatu. Tridacnae osayankha pakubzala ma molluscs oyandikana nawo nthawi zambiri amabereka.
Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Chipolopolo cha Tridacna
Tridacna imaberekanso zachiwerewere ndipo ndi hermaphrodite (yotulutsa mazira ndi umuna). Kudzibereketsa ndikosatheka, koma izi zimawalola kuti aziberekana ndi membala wina aliyense wamtunduwu. Izi zimachepetsa nkhawa yopeza wokwatirana naye woyenera, pomwe nthawi yomweyo kumachulukitsa kuchuluka kwa ana omwe amabereka pakubereka. Monga mitundu yonse yobereketsa, hermaphroditism imatsimikizira kuti kuphatikiza kwa majini atsopano kumaperekedwa m'badwo wotsatira.
Chosangalatsa: Popeza ma tridacnid ambiri sangathe kuyenda okha, amayamba kutulutsa potulutsa umuna ndi mazira m'madzi. Wosamutsirayo amathandizira kulumikizitsa katulutsidwe ka umuna ndi mazira kuti zitsimikizire kuti umuna ubereka.
Kuzindikira kwa chinthucho kumapangitsa tridacne kutupa m'chigawo chapakati cha chovalacho ndikutenga minofu ya adductor. Mbalameyi imadzaza zipinda zake zamadzi ndikutseka siphon wapano. Bokosilo limakanikizidwa mwamphamvu ndi adductor kuti zomwe zili mchipinda ziwayende kudzera mu siphon. Zitakakamira kambirimbiri m'madzi okhaokha, mazira ndi umuna zimatuluka m'chipinda chakunja kenako ndikudutsa sipon m'madzi. Kutulutsa mazira kumayambira njira yobereka. Wamkulu amatha kumasula mazira opitilira 500 miliyoni nthawi imodzi.
Mazira achonde amayenda mozungulira nyanja pafupifupi maola 12 mpaka mphutsi zitaswa. Pambuyo pake, amayamba kupanga chipolopolocho. Pambuyo masiku awiri, imakula mpaka ma micrometer 160. Kenako amakhala ndi "mwendo" wogwiritsidwa ntchito poyenda. Mphutsi zimasambira ndikudyera m'madzi mpaka atakhwima mokwanira kuti akhazikike pagawo loyenera, nthawi zambiri mchenga kapena miyala yamiyala, ndikuyamba moyo wawo wachikulire ngati mollusk.
Ali ndi pafupifupi sabata imodzi, tridacna imakhazikika pansi, komabe, nthawi zambiri imasintha malo ake milungu yoyamba. Mphutsi sizinapezebe ndere zam'madzi, motero zimadalira plankton. Zooxanthellae zosunthika zaulere zimagwidwa mukamasefa chakudya. Pomaliza, minofu yakunja kwa adductor imazimiririka, ndipo pambuyo pake imasunthira pakatikati pa mollusc. Ma tridacnas ang'onoang'ono ambiri amafa panthawiyi. Mollusk imawerengedwa kuti ndi yaying'ono mpaka ikafika kutalika kwa 20 cm.
Adani achilengedwe a tridacna
Chithunzi: Marine tridacna
Tridacnae amatha kukhala nyama yosavuta chifukwa chotseguka kotseguka. Ziweto zowopsa kwambiri ndi nkhono za piramidi ya piramidi zopindulitsa kwambiri za mtundu wa Tathrella, Pyrgiscus ndi Turbonilla. Ndi nkhono za parasitic kukula kwake ngati njere ya mpunga kapena zochepa, sizimafikira kutalika pafupifupi 7 mm m'litali. Amalimbana ndi tridacnus pomenya zibowo m'matumba ofewa a mollusk, kenako amadya madzi ake.
Ali m'chilengedwe, ma tridacnias akuluakulu amatha kuthana ndi nkhono zingapo zamatenda, mu ukapolo nkhonozi zimakonda kukhala zowopsa. Amatha kubisala mumtsinje wa clam kapena mu gawo lapansi masana, koma nthawi zambiri amapezeka m'mbali mwa chovala cha clam kapena kudzera mumtsinje (kutsegula kwakukulu kwa miyendo) mdima utatha. Amatha kupanga mazira ang'onoang'ono, otsekemera, mazira pazipolopolo za nkhono. Masa awa ndi owonekera motero ndi ovuta kuwazindikira.
Pali anthu angapo okhala m'nyanja yam'madzi omwe amatha kudya chovalacho kapena kuwononga nkhono zonse, ndipo nthawi zina zimabweretsa chisokonezo ku chimphona chachikulu:
- choyambitsa nsomba;
- nkhonya;
- nsomba za agalu (Blenny);
- nsomba za agulugufe;
- zosokoneza;
- mngelo nsomba;
- anemones;
- ena nkhanu.
Akuluakulu sangathe kutseka zipolopolo zawo motero amakhala pachiwopsezo chachikulu. Adzafunika kutetezedwa ku anemones ndi miyala yamiyala ina pamlingo uliwonse wokula. Sayenera kukhala pafupi ndi ziweto zomwe zikuyaka ndipo ayenera kukhala kutali ndi zovuta zawo. Ma anemone amayenera kuyang'aniridwa chifukwa amatha kubwera pafupi ndi nkhono ndikuiluma kapena kuidya.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chithunzi: Momwe tridacna imawonekera
Tridacnae ndi ena mwa nyama zam'madzi zotchuka kwambiri zam'madzi. Komabe, chomwe sichidziwika kwenikweni ndichakuti chimakhala chobala kwambiri pamtima, chomwe morphology mwa akulu adakonzedweratu chifukwa chazomwe adachita posintha ndi zithunzi za mboni. Agwidwa nsomba zambiri m'malo awo onse ndipo kuwedza kosaloledwa (poaching) kumakhalabe vuto lalikulu masiku ano.
Chiwerengero cha tridacnus chimakhudzidwa ndi:
- kutsika kwakanthawi m'malo omwe amagawidwa;
- kukula ndi mtundu wa malo okhala;
- kusodza kosaloleka komanso kuwononga nyama mopanda chilolezo.
Kuchuluka kwa tridacnids kudapangitsa kuchepa kwakukulu kwa anthu. Anthu okhala pazilumba zina amagwiritsa ntchito zipolopolo ngati zomangira kapena zaluso. Pali zilumba pomwe ndalama zimapangidwa ndi iwo. Mwinamwake mollusks adzapulumutsidwa mkati mwanyanja, chifukwa atha kuyenda pansi pamadzi mosatetemera mpaka kufika mamita 100. Pali chosankha chomwe amchere amadzi, omwe mzaka zaposachedwa aphunzira kuwabalalitsa m'malo opangira, atha kupulumutsa tridacnus.
Ma Tridacnids ndioyimilira komanso odziwika bwino azachilengedwe zam'madzi am'madzi a Indo-Pacific. Mitundu isanu ndi itatu ya ziphuphu zazikulu kwambiri ikulimidwa. Mabizinesi a aquaculture ali ndi zolinga zosiyanasiyana, zomwe zimaphatikizapo mapulogalamu osamalira ndi kukonzanso zinthu. Ziphuphu zazikulu zomwe zimagulitsidwa zimagulitsidwanso ngati chakudya (minofu ya adductor imadziwika kuti ndi yabwino).
Chitetezo cha Tridacna
Chithunzi: Tridacna wochokera ku Red Book
Ma molluscs akuluakulu adatchulidwa pa IUCN Red List kuti ndi "Ovutika" chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa chakudya, nsomba zam'madzi, komanso kugulitsa kumadzi. Chiwerengero cha anthu kuthengo chachepetsedwa kwambiri ndipo chikucheperachepera. Izi zimadzetsa nkhawa pakati pa ofufuza ambiri.
Pali nkhawa pakati pa osamalira zachilengedwe ngati zachilengedwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito mopitirira muyeso ndi omwe amagwiritsa ntchito mitunduyo kuti azipeza ndalama. Chifukwa chachikulu chomwe ma molluscs akuluakulu ali pangozi mwina ndikugwiritsa ntchito kwambiri zombo za bivalve. Makamaka akulu akulu amamwalira chifukwa ndi omwe amapindulitsa kwambiri.
Chosangalatsa: Gulu la asayansi aku America ndi aku Italiya adasanthula ma bivalve molluscs ndipo adapeza kuti ali ndi ma amino acid omwe amakulitsa kuchuluka kwamahomoni ogonana. Zinc zofunikira kwambiri zimathandizira kupanga testosterone.
Zamgululi ankaona kuti ndi zokoma ku Japan, France, Asia ndi zilumba zambiri za Pacific. Zakudya zina zaku Asia zimakhala ndi nyama yochokera m'gulu la nkhonozi. Pamsika wakuda, zipolopolo zazikulu zimagulitsidwa ngati zinthu zokongoletsera. Anthu achi China amalipira ndalama zambiri mkati, chifukwa amawona kuti nyamayi ndi aphrodisiac.
Tsiku lofalitsa: 09/14/2019
Idasinthidwa: 25.08.2019 pa 23:06
