Wopanda - mbalame yayikulu, yachifumu ya zigwa zopanda mitengo ndi masoka achilengedwe, okhala m'malo ena azaulimi otsika kwambiri. Amayenda modabwitsa, koma amatha kuthamanga m'malo mouluka ngati wasokonezeka. Kuuluka kwa bustard ndikolemera komanso kofanana ndi tsekwe. Bustard amakonda kucheza, makamaka nthawi yozizira.
Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera
Chithunzi: Bustard
Bustard ndi membala wa banja la bustard ndipo ndi yekhayo m'banja la Otis. Ndi imodzi mwa mbalame zouluka kwambiri zomwe zimapezeka ku Europe konse. Amphongo akuluakulu, olimba koma owoneka bwino amakhala ndi khosi lolimba komanso chifuwa cholemera chokhala ndi mchira wokhotakhota.
Nthenga za abambo zimaphatikizapo ndevu zoyera zazitali masentimita 20, ndipo msana ndi mchira wawo umakhala wowoneka bwino kwambiri. Pachifuwa ndi kumunsi kwa khosi, amakula ndi nthenga zomwe zimakhala zofiira ndipo zimawala ndikukula ndi msinkhu. Mbalamezi zimayenda mowongoka ndipo zimauluka mwamphamvu komanso mwamphamvu nthawi zonse.
Kanema: Bustard
Pali mitundu 11 ndi mitundu 25 ya banja la bustard. Chikuku ndi chimodzi mwa mitundu 4 ya mtundu wa Ardeotis, womwe umakhalanso ndi Arabia Arabia, A. arabs, wamkulu wa ku India A. nigriceps, ndi Australia bustard A. australis. Mu mndandanda wa Gruiformes, pali abale ambiri a bustard, kuphatikiza oyimba malipenga ndi magalasi.
Pali mitundu pafupifupi 23 ya bustard yolumikizidwa ndi Africa, kumwera kwa Europe, Asia, Australia ndi magawo ena a New Guinea. Bustard ili ndi miyendo yayitali, yosinthidwa kuti izitha kuthamanga. Amangokhala ndi zala zitatu ndipo alibe chala chakumbuyo. Thupi ndilophatikizika, limasungidwa bwino, ndipo khosi limayimirira kutsogolo kwa miyendo, monga mbalame zina zazitali zothamanga.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Momwe bustard imawonekera
Mbalame yotchuka kwambiri ndi yayikulu kwambiri (Otis tarda), mbalame yayikulu kwambiri ku Europe, yamphongo yolemera mpaka 14 kg ndi 120 cm kutalika ndi mapiko a 240 cm.Amapezeka m'minda ndi madera otseguka kuchokera pakati ndi kumwera kwa Europe kupita ku Central Asia ndi Manchuria.
Pansi pake ndi yofanana ndi mtundu, imvi pamwambapa, ndi mikwingwirima yakuda ndi yabulauni, yoyera m'munsimu. Yamphongo ndi yolimba ndipo imakhala ndi nthenga zoyera, zotupa kumunsi kwa mlomo. Mbalame yochenjera, yamtchire, ndi yovuta kufikako chifukwa imathamanga msanga ikakhala pangozi. Pamtunda, akuwonetsa mayendedwe abwino. Mazira awiri kapena atatu, okhala ndi mawanga a bulauni, amaikidwiratu m'maenje osaya otetezedwa ndi zomera zochepa.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Bustard imawonetsa kuwuluka pang'ono, koma kwamphamvu komanso kokhazikika. M'chaka, miyambo yokwatirana imakhala yofanana kwa iwo: mutu wamwamuna umatsamira mmbuyo, pafupifupi kukhudza mchira wakwezedwa, ndipo pakhosi pathupi patupa.
Bustard yaying'ono (Otis tetrax) imachokera ku Western Europe ndi Morocco kupita ku Afghanistan. Bustards ku South Africa amadziwika kuti pau, yayikulu kwambiri ndi nkhono zazikulu kapena za chikuku (Ardeotis kori). Arabian bustard (A. arabs) amapezeka ku Morocco ndi kumpoto chakum'mwera kwa Sahara ku Africa, monganso mitundu yambiri ya mitundu ingapo. Ku Australia, bustard Choriotis australis amatchedwa Turkey.
Tsopano mukudziwa momwe bustard imawonekera. Tiyeni tiwone kumene mbalame yachilendo imapezeka.
Kodi bustard amakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Mbalame ya Bustard
Bustards amapezeka kudera lakumwera ndi kumwera kwa Europe, komwe ndi mitundu yayikulu kwambiri ya mbalame, komanso ku Asia konse. Ku Europe, anthu amakhala makamaka m'nyengo yozizira, pomwe mbalame zaku Asia zimapitanso kumwera m'nyengo yozizira. Mtundu uwu umakhala m'malo odyetserako ziweto, m'mapiri komanso m'malo otseguka olima. Amakonda malo oberekera opanda anthu ochepa kapena osakhalako.
Mamembala anayi am'banja la bustard amapezeka ku India:
- Indian bustard Ardeotis nigriceps ochokera kumapiri otsika ndi zipululu;
- bustard MacQueen Chlamydotis macqueeni, yemwe amakhala nthawi yozizira kumadera achipululu a Rajasthan ndi Gujarat;
- Lesp Florican Sypheotides indica, wopezeka pazidikha zazifupi kufupi ndi kumadzulo kwa India;
- Bengal florican Houbaropsis bengalensis ochokera kumapiri okwera, onyowa a Terai ndi chigwa cha Brahmaputra.
Zamoyo zonse zakubadwa zaikidwa pangozi, koma Indian bustard ikuyandikira kwambiri. Ngakhale kuchuluka kwake pakadali pano kumakulira kwambiri ndi mbiri yakale, pakhala kuchepa kwakukulu pakukula kwa anthu. Bustardyu wasowa pafupifupi 90% yamtundu wake wakale, ndipo chodabwitsa, wasowa m'malo awiri osungidwa kuti ateteze mitunduyo.
M'malo ena osungira, mitunduyo ikuchepa mwachangu. M'mbuyomu, makamaka kuwononga nyama ndi kuwononga malo komwe kudabweretsa mavuto oterewa, koma tsopano kasamalidwe ka malo okhala kosatetezeka, chitetezo chachitetezo cha nyama zina zovutikira ndizovuta kwa bustards.
Kodi bustard amadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Bustard akuthawa
Bustard amakonda kudya masamba onse monga udzu, nyemba, zopachika pamtanda, tirigu, maluwa, ndi mphesa. Amadyetsanso makoswe, anapiye amitundu ina, mavuwomba, agulugufe, tizilombo tambiri ndi mphutsi. Abuluzi ndi amphibiya amadyanso ndi bustards, kutengera nyengo.
Chifukwa chake, amasaka:
- zosiyanasiyana nyamakazi;
- nyongolotsi;
- nyama zazing'ono zazing'ono;
- amphibiya ang'onoang'ono.
Tizilombo monga dzombe, crickets ndi kafadala ndiwo ambiri mwa zakudya zawo m'nyengo yamvula yotentha pomwe nsonga zam'mvula zaku India komanso nyengo yobereketsa mbalame ndizo zikuluzikulu. Mosiyana ndi izi, mbewu (kuphatikiza tirigu ndi mtedza) zimapanga magawo akulu kwambiri azakudya m'nyengo yozizira kwambiri, yowuma kwambiri pachaka.
Ziwombankhanga zaku Australia nthawi ina zimasakidwa komanso kusakidwa nyama, ndipo ndimasinthidwe amalo okhala ndi nyama zoyamwitsa monga akalulu, ng'ombe ndi nkhosa, tsopano amangokhala kumadera akumwera. Mitunduyi idatchulidwa ngati nyama zomwe zatsala pang'ono kutha ku New South Wales. Amangoyendayenda, pofunafuna chakudya nthawi zina amatha kusokonezedwa (kudziunjikira msanga), kenako kumwazikana. M'madera ena, monga Queensland, nthawi zambiri mumakhala zigawenga.
Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: bustard wamkazi
Mbalamezi zimasinthasintha ndipo pakati pa nyama zakufa zimakhala ndi kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa amuna ndi akazi. Pachifukwa ichi, amuna ndi akazi amakhala m'magulu osiyana pafupifupi chaka chonse, kupatula nyengo yokhwima. Kusiyana uku kukula kumakhudzanso zofunika pazakudya komanso kuswana, kufalikira komanso kusamuka.
Akazi amakonda kusonkhana ndi abale awo. Ndiopatsa chidwi kwambiri komanso ochezeka kuposa amuna ndipo nthawi zambiri amakhala m'malo awo achilengedwe kwanthawi zonse. M'nyengo yozizira, amuna amakhazikitsa magulu olowa m'malo mochita zachiwawa, ndewu zazitali, kumenya mutu ndi khosi la amuna ena, nthawi zina kuvulaza koopsa, machitidwe omwe amakhala ndi ma bustards. Anthu ena amasuntha.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Ma bustards akulu amayenda masitepe apakati pa 50 mpaka 100 km. Mbalame zamphongo zimadziwika kuti zimakhala zokha m'nyengo yoswana, koma zimapanga timagulu tating'ono m'nyengo yozizira.
Mwamuna amakhulupirira kuti amatenga mitala pogwiritsa ntchito njira yokwatirana yotchedwa "yaphulika" kapena "yabalalika." Mbalameyi ndi yamphongo ndipo imadyetsa tizilombo, kafadala, makoswe, abuluzi ndipo nthawi zina ngakhale njoka zazing'ono. Amadziwikanso kuti amadya udzu, mbewu, zipatso, ndi zina zotero. Poopsezedwa, mbalame zazing'ono zimanyamula anapiye ang'ono pansi pa mapiko awo.
Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Pair of bustards
Ngakhale zikhalidwe zina zoberekera za bustards zimadziwika, tsatanetsatane wabwino wa kukaikira mazira ndi kukhalira, komanso zosunthira zomwe zimakhudzana ndi zisa ndi kuswana, amakhulupirira kuti zimasiyanasiyana kwambiri pakati pa anthu komanso anthu. Mwachitsanzo, amatha kuswana chaka chonse, koma kwa anthu ambiri, nyengo yobereketsa imayamba kuyambira Marichi mpaka Seputembala, yomwe imakhudza nyengo yamvula yam'chilimwe.
Momwemonso, ngakhale samabwerera ku zisa zomwezo chaka ndi chaka ndipo amakonda kupanga zatsopano m'malo mwake, nthawi zina amagwiritsa ntchito zisa zopangidwa zaka zapitazo ndi zigawenga zina. Zisa zokha ndizosavuta ndipo nthawi zambiri zimapezeka m'matope opangidwa m'nthaka m'malo otsika olimapo ndi madambo, kapena m'nthaka yotseguka.
Sizikudziwika ngati mtunduwo umagwiritsa ntchito njira inayake yokomerana, koma zinthu zonse zachiwerewere (momwe amuna ndi akazi amagonana ndi akazi angapo) komanso polygynous (pomwe amuna amagonana ndi akazi angapo) awonedwa. Mitunduyi sikuwoneka kuti ikuphatikizidwa. Kuperewera, komwe amuna amasonkhana m'malo owonetsera pagulu kuti achite ndikusamalira akazi, kumachitika m'magulu ena.
Komabe, nthawi zina, amuna osungulumwa amatha kukopa akazi kumalo awo ndikufuula mokweza komwe kumamveka patali pafupifupi 0,5 km. Chionetsero chowoneka champhongo ndikuyimirira pabwalo ndikukweza mutu ndi mchira, nthenga zoyera zoyera komanso thumba lamagalasi lodzaza mpweya (thumba pakhosi pake).
Ikaswana, yaimuna imachoka, ndipo yaikazi imangokhala yosamalira ana ake. Amayi ambiri amaikira dzira limodzi, koma matumba awiri a mazira sadziwika. Amakwiririra dzira pafupifupi mwezi umodzi lisanabadwe.
Anapiye amatha kudya okha pakatha sabata, ndipo amakhuta akadzakwanitsa masiku 30-35. Ana ambiri amasulidwa kwathunthu kwa amayi awo kumayambiriro kwa nyengo yotsatira yobereketsa. Amayi amatha kuberekana ali ndi zaka ziwiri kapena zitatu, pomwe amuna amakhala okhwima atakwanitsa zaka zisanu kapena zisanu ndi chimodzi.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Mitundu ingapo yosamuka yakhala ikuwonedwa pakati pa ma bustard kunja kwa nyengo yoswana. Ena mwa iwo amatha kusamukira kwakanthawi m'derali, pomwe ena amayenda maulendo ataliatali kudutsa subcontinent.
Adani achilengedwe a bustard
Chithunzi: Steppe bird bustard
Chiwombankhanga chimakhala choopsa makamaka mazira, ana komanso ana osakhwima. Nyama zazikuluzikulu ndi ankhandwe ofiira, nyama zina zodya nyama monga mbira, martens ndi nkhumba, komanso akhwangwala ndi mbalame zodya nyama.
Mbalame zazikuluzikulu zimakhala ndi adani achilengedwe ochepa, koma zimawonetsa chisangalalo chachikulu pafupi ndi mbalame zina zodya nyama monga ziwombankhanga ndi ziwombankhanga (Neophron percnopterus). Nyama zokha zomwe zaziwonapo ndi mimbulu yakuda (Canis lupus). Kumbali inayi, anapiye amatha kusakidwa ndi amphaka, mimbulu ndi agalu amtchire. Nthawi zina mazira amabedwa ku zisa zawo ndi nkhandwe, mongoose, abuluzi, komanso miimba ndi mbalame zina. Komabe, chiwopsezo chachikulu kwa mazira chimachokera ku ng'ombe zoweta, chifukwa nthawi zambiri amazipondaponda.
Mitunduyi imavutika ndi kugawikana komanso kutayika kwa malo okhala. Kuwonjezeka kwachuma kwa nthaka ndi zipolowe za anthu zikuyembekezeka kuyambitsa kuwonongeka kwakukulu kwa malo okhala mwa kulima, nkhalango, kulima mwamphamvu, kugwiritsa ntchito njira zothirira, komanso kumanga mizere yamagetsi, misewu, mipanda ndi maenje. Manyowa achilengedwe ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo, makina, moto ndi ziweto ndizoopsa zomwe zimaopseza anapiye ndi ana, pamene kusaka mbalame zazikulu kumayambitsa kufa kwambiri m'maiko ena omwe amakhala.
Chifukwa ma bustard nthawi zambiri amauluka ndipo amatha kuyenda mosavuta chifukwa cha kulemera kwake kwakukulu ndi mapiko akulu, kugundana ndi zingwe zamagetsi kumachitika pomwe pali mizere yambiri yamagetsi pamizeremizere, m'malo oyandikana nawo, kapena m'njira zouluka pakati pamiyala yosiyanasiyana.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chithunzi: Momwe bustard imawonekera
Chiwerengero chonse cha ma bustard ndi anthu pafupifupi 44,000-57,000. Mitunduyi tsopano ili m'gulu loopsa ndipo manambala ake akuchepa masiku ano. Mu 1994, ma bustards adatchulidwa kuti ali pachiwopsezo ku International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List of Endangered Species. Pofika chaka cha 2011, kuchepa kwa anthu kunali kovuta kwambiri kotero kuti IUCN idasankhanso mitunduyo kuti ili pachiwopsezo.
Kuwonongeka kwa malo ndi kuwonongeka kwa zinthu zikuwoneka ngati zifukwa zazikulu zakuchepa kwa anthu okhala ndi banjali. Akatswiri a zachilengedwe akuti pafupifupi 90% yamitundu yachilengedwe, yomwe kale idalipo kumpoto chakumadzulo ndi kumadzulo kwa India, yatayika, idagawika chifukwa chakumanga misewu ndi ntchito zamigodi, ndikusinthidwa ndi ulimi wothirira komanso kulima kwamakina.
Malo ambiri olimapo omwe kale anali ndi mbewu za manyuchi ndi mapira, zomwe bustard adakula bwino, zidasanduka minda ya nzimbe ndi thonje kapena minda yamphesa. Kusaka komanso kupha nyama mwangozi kwathandizanso kuti anthu achepe. Zochita izi, kuphatikiza kuchepa kwa mitundu ya zamoyozo komanso kukakamizidwa kwa nyama zachilengedwe, zimaika bustard pangozi.
Chitetezo cha Bustard
Chithunzi: Bustard wochokera ku Red Book
Mapulogalamu a anthu omwe ali pachiwopsezo komanso omwe ali pangozi akhazikitsidwa ku Europe ndi mayiko omwe kale anali Soviet Union, komanso kwa wamkulu waku Africa ku United States of America. Ntchito zomwe zili ndi mitundu ya ziweto zomwe zatsala pang'ono kutha zimayesetsa kupanga mbalame zochulukirapo kuti zizimasulidwa kumalo otetezedwa, potero zikuthandizira kuchepa kwa nyama zakutchire, pomwe ntchito za Hubar bustard ku Middle East ndi North Africa zikufuna kupereka mbalame zochulukirapo kuti zimasulire m'malo otetezedwa. kusaka mosasunthika pogwiritsa ntchito mphamba.
Mapulogalamu obereketsa ku United States a bustards ndi sinamon bustards (Eupodotis ruficrista) amayesetsa kuteteza anthu omwe ali ndi chibadwidwe chokwanira komanso osadalira kulowetsedwa kosatha kuchokera kuthengo.
Mu 2012, Boma la India lidakhazikitsa Project Bustard, pulogalamu yosamalira zachilengedwe yoteteza Indian Indian bustard, pamodzi ndi Bengal florican (Houbaropsis bengalensis), florican yocheperako (Sypheotides indicus) ndi malo awo asapitirire kuchepa. Pulogalamuyi idatengera Project Tiger, ntchito yayikulu yapadziko lonse lapansi yomwe idapangidwa koyambirira kwa zaka za m'ma 1970 kuteteza akambuku a India ndi malo awo okhala.
Wopanda Ndi imodzi mwamankhwala othamangitsa kwambiri omwe alipo masiku ano. Amapezeka ku Europe konse, akusunthira kum'mwera mpaka Spain, komanso kumpoto, mwachitsanzo, m'mapiri a Russia. Great bustard adatchulidwa kuti ali pachiwopsezo, kuchuluka kwake kukucheperachepera m'maiko ambiri. Ndi mbalame yakutchire yomwe imadziwika ndi khosi lalitali ndi mapazi komanso kansalu kakuda pamwamba pamutu pake.
Tsiku lofalitsa: 09/08/2019
Tsiku losinthidwa: 07.09.2019 pa 19:33
