Takahe (Porphyrio hochstetteri) ndi mbalame yopanda ndege, yochokera ku New Zealand, ya m'banja la abusa. Amakhulupirira kuti adatha atachotsedwa anayi omaliza mu 1898. Komabe, atafufuza mosamalitsa, mbalameyi idapezedwanso pafupi ndi Lake Te Anau, South Island mu 1948. Dzina la mbalameyo limachokera ku mawu oti takahi, kutanthauza kupondaponda kapena kupondaponda. A Takahe anali odziwika bwino kwa anthu achi Maori, omwe amayenda maulendo ataliatali kukawasaka.
Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera
Chithunzi: Takahe
Mu 1849, gulu la osaka chisindikizo ku Duski Bay adakumana ndi mbalame yayikulu, yomwe adaigwira kenako ndikudya. Walter Mantell anakumana ndi alenjewo mwangozi ndipo anatenga khungu la nkhuku. Anazitumiza kwa abambo ake, katswiri wamaphunziro achikale a Gideon Mantell, ndipo adazindikira kuti ndi Notornis ("mbalame yakumwera"), mbalame yamoyo yomwe imangodziwika ndi mafupa okhaokha omwe kale amalingaliridwa kuti atha ngati moa. Anapereka bukuli mu 1850 pamsonkhano wa Zoological Society of London.
Kanema: Takahe
M'zaka za zana la 19, azungu adapeza anthu awiri okha a takaha. Chojambula chimodzi chinagwidwa pafupi ndi Lake Te Anau mu 1879 ndipo chinagulidwa ndi State Museum ku Germany. Idawonongedwa pakuphulitsa bomba ku Dresden mu Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yapadziko Lonse. Mu 1898, chojambula chachiwiri chinagwidwa ndi galu wotchedwa Rough, wa Jack Ross. Ross anayesera kupulumutsa mkazi wovulalayo, koma adamwalira. Kope lake linagulidwa ndi boma la New Zealand ndipo likuwonetsedwa. Kwa zaka zambiri anali chiwonetsero chokha chomwe chimawonetsedwa kulikonse padziko lapansi.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Pambuyo pa 1898, malipoti a mbalame zazikulu zobiriwira zamtambo adapitilira. Palibe chilichonse chomwe chidatsimikizika, motero takahe adawonedwa ngati atayika.
Live takahe idapezekanso modabwitsa ku Mapiri a Murchison pa Novembala 20, 1948. takahe awiri adagwidwa koma adabwerera kutchire zitatha kujambulidwa za mbalame yomwe idangopezeka kumeneyi. Kafukufuku wowonjezera wamatenda amoyo ndi kutha kwa takahe adawonetsa kuti mbalame zaku North ndi South Islands zinali mitundu yosiyanasiyana.
Mitundu ya North Island (P. mantelli) imadziwika ndi a Maori ngati mōho. Imatha ndipo imadziwika kokha kuchokera kumafupa a mafupa ndi mtundu umodzi wokha. Amoo anali otalika komanso ofooka kuposa takahē, ndipo anali ndi makolo ofanana. South Island Takahe imachokera pamzera wina ndipo imayimira kulowera kosiyana ndikulowera ku New Zealand kuchokera ku Africa.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Kodi takahe amawoneka bwanji
Takahe ndiye membala wamkulu kwambiri wamabanja a Rallidae. Kutalika kwake kwathunthu kumakhala pafupifupi 63 cm, ndipo kulemera kwake kumakhala pafupifupi 2.7 kg kwa amuna ndi 2.3 kg ya akazi mulitali 1.8-4.2 kg. Ndi wamtali pafupifupi masentimita 50. Ndi mbalame yolimba, yamphamvu yokhala ndi miyendo yamfupi yolimba komanso mlomo waukulu womwe mosazindikira ungathe kuluma kowawa. Ndi cholengedwa chosauluka chomwe chili ndi mapiko ang'onoang'ono omwe nthawi zina amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuthandiza mbalameyo kukwera m'malo otsetsereka.
Nthenga, milomo ndi miyendo ya takahe zimawonetsa mitundu ya gallinula. Nthenga za takahe wamkulu ndizosalala, zotumphuka, makamaka mdima wabuluu kumutu, khosi, mapiko akunja ndi mbali yakumunsi. Msana ndi mapiko amkati ndi obiriwira mdima komanso obiriwira, ndipo mitundu kumchira imakhala yobiriwira. Mbalamezi zimakhala ndi chishango chofiira kwambiri chakutsogolo ndipo "zimapanga milomo yokutidwa ndi mithunzi yofiira." Manja awo ndi ofiira kwambiri.
Pansi pake ndi chimodzimodzi. Akazi ndi ocheperako pang'ono. Anapiye okutidwa ndi buluu wakuda mpaka wakuda pomwe amaswa ndipo amakhala ndi miyendo yayikulu yofiirira. Koma amapeza msanga mtundu wa achikulire. Mwana wachinyamata yemwe ali ndi mwana wamkulu amakhala ndi mtundu wachikulire, wokhala ndi mlomo wakuda womwe umasanduka wofiira akamakula. Zoyipa zakugonana sizimawoneka, ngakhale amuna amakhala ochepa polemera pang'ono.
Tsopano mukudziwa momwe takahe amawonekera. Tiyeni tiwone kumene mbalameyi imakhala.
Kodi takahe amakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Takahe mbalame
Porphyrio hochstetteri imapezeka ku New Zealand. Zakale zakufa zikuwonetsa kuti idafalikira kale ku North and South Islands, koma "itapezekanso" mu 1948, mitunduyo idangokhala m'mapiri a Murchison ku Fiordland (pafupifupi 650 km 2), ndipo imangokhala mbalame 250-300 zokha. idatsikira kutsika kwambiri mzaka za 1970 ndi 1980, kenako idasinthasintha kuchoka pa mbalame 100 mpaka 160 pazaka 20 ndipo poyambilira imaganiziridwa kuti imatha kuberekanso. Komabe, chifukwa cha zochitika zokhudzana ndi mahomoni, chiwerengerochi chatsika ndi 40% mu 2007-2008, ndipo pofika 2014 adali atatsika ndi anthu 80.
Zowonjezerapo ndi mbalame zochokera kumadera ena zidakulitsa anthuwa kufika 110 pofika 2016. Dongosolo lobereketsa ogwidwa ukapolo lidayamba mu 1985 ndi cholinga chowonjezera kuchuluka kwa anthu kuti asamukire kuzilumba zopanda chilombo. Pafupifupi 2010, njira yoberekera ukapolo idasinthidwa ndipo anapiye adaleredwa osati ndi anthu, koma ndi amayi awo, zomwe zimawonjezera mwayi wokhala ndi moyo.
Masiku ano anthu osowa kwawo akupezeka pazilumba zisanu ndi zinayi za m'mphepete mwa nyanja ndi kumtunda:
- Chilumba cha Mana;
- Tiritiri-Matangi;
- Cape Sanctuary;
- Chilumba cha Motutapu;
- Tauharanui ku New Zealand;
- Kapiti;
- Chilumba cha Rotoroa;
- likulu la Taruja ku Berwood ndi malo ena.
Kuphatikiza apo, kudera limodzi losadziwika, komwe kuchuluka kwawo kudakwera pang'onopang'ono, ndi achikulire 55 mu 1998 chifukwa chothothoka ndi nthenga zomwe zimakhudzana ndi kuchuluka kwa kubereka kwa akazi awiriwa. Chiwerengero cha zilumba zazing'ono tsopano zitha kukhala pafupi ndi katundu wonyamula. Anthu okhala mkati amapezeka m'mapiri a Alpine komanso zitsamba za subalpine. Anthu okhala pachilumbachi amakhala m'malo odyetserako ziweto osinthidwa.
Kodi Takahe amadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Shepherd Takahe
Mbalameyi imadya udzu, mphukira ndi tizilombo, koma makamaka masamba a Chionochloa ndi mitundu ina ya udzu wa m’mapiri. Takahe akuwoneka akutola tsinde la udzu wachisanu (Danthonia flavescens). Mbalame imatenga mbewuyo mumzere umodzi ndipo imangodya mbali zofewa zapansi, zomwe ndi chakudya chomwe imakonda kwambiri, ndikuzitaya zina zonsezo.
Ku New Zealand, takahe adawonedwa akudya mazira ndi anapiye a mbalame zina zazing'ono. Ngakhale khalidweli silimadziwika kale, logwirizana ndi takahe sultanka nthawi zina limadyetsa mazira ndi anapiye a mbalame zina. Mtundu wa mbalamewu umangokhala m'malo odyetserako ziweto a kumtunda ndipo amadyetsa makamaka timadziti tomwe timakhala pansi pa udzu wachisanu ndi imodzi mwa mitundu ya fern rhizomes. Kuphatikiza apo, nthumwi za mitunduyi mosangalala zimadya zitsamba ndi mbewu zomwe zimabweretsedwa kuzilumbazi.
Zokonda za takahe zimaphatikizapo:
- masamba;
- mizu;
- tubers;
- mbewu;
- tizilombo;
- mbewu;
- mtedza.
Takahe amawonanso masamba ndi mbewu za Chionochloa rigida, Chionochloa pallens ndi Chionochloa crassiuscula. Nthawi zina amatenganso tizilombo, makamaka tikamalera anapiye. Chakudya cha mbalameyi ndi masamba a Chionochloa. Amatha kuwoneka akudya zimayambira ndi masamba a Dantonia wachikaso.
Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Takahe
Takahe amakhala akugwira ntchito masana ndikupuma usiku. Amadalira kwambiri madera, ndipo kuwombana kambiri pakati pa awiriawiri opikisana kumachitika panthawi yophatikizira. Izi si mbalame zouluka zomwe zimakhala pansi. Njira yawo yamoyo idapangidwa mikhalidwe yakudzipatula kuzilumba za New Zealand. Malo okhala Takahe amasiyana kukula ndi makulidwe. Kukula koyenera kwambiri kwa madera omwe akukhalako ndi ochokera mahekitala 1.2 mpaka 4.9, ndipo kuchuluka kwa anthu kwambiri kumakhala m'malo okhala chinyezi.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Mitundu ya takahe imasinthasintha mwapadera kutengera mphamvu zouluka za mbalame zapachilumba. Chifukwa chakuchepa kwawo komanso kusazolowereka kwawo, mbalamezi zimathandizira kuyendetsa zachilengedwe kwa anthu omwe akufuna kuwona mbalame zosowa kwambiri pazilumba za m'mphepete mwa nyanja.
Takahe amapezeka kumapiri akumapiri, komwe amapezeka chaka chonse. Imakhalabe m'malo odyetserako ziweto mpaka chipale chofewa chikuwonekera, pambuyo pake mbalamezo zimakakamizika kutsikira kunkhalango kapena m'nkhalango. Pakadali pano, palibe chidziwitso chochepa chokhudza njira yolumikizirana pakati pa mbalame za takahe. Zizindikiro zowoneka ndi zovuta zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi mbalamezi posakanizirana. Anapiye amatha kuswana kumapeto kwa chaka choyamba, koma nthawi zambiri amayamba chaka chachiwiri. Takahe ndi mbalame zokhazokha: maanja amakhala limodzi kuyambira zaka 12, mwina mpaka kumapeto kwa moyo.
Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Takahe mbalame
Kusankha banja kumaphatikizira njira zingapo zokhalira pachibwenzi. Kugundana ndi khosi, amuna ndi akazi, ndi machitidwe ofala kwambiri. Pambuyo pa chibwenzi, chachikazi chimakakamiza champhongo mwa kuwongola msana wake kwa champhongo, kutambasula mapiko ake ndikutsitsa mutu wake. Amuna amasamalira nthenga za mkazi ndipo ndiye amayambitsa kutsutsana.
Kuswana kumachitika pambuyo pa nyengo yozizira ku New Zealand, kutha nthawi ina mu Okutobala. Awiriwa akukonza chisa chozama ngati mphika pansi chopangidwa ndi timitengo ting'onoting'ono ndi udzu. Ndipo yaikazi imasungira mazira 1-3, amene amatuluka patatha masiku pafupifupi 30 atakhazikika. Mitengo yosiyanasiyananso yakhala ikudziwika, koma pafupifupi mwana wankhuku m'modzi yekha ndi amene amakhala ndi moyo atakula.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Zochepa ndizodziwika bwino pazaka za moyo wa takaha kuthengo. Ofufuza akuti akhoza kukhala kuthengo zaka 14 mpaka 20. Ali mu ukapolo kwa zaka 20.
Mapawiri a Takahe pachilumba cha South Island nthawi zambiri amakhala oyandikana wina ndi mzake pamene samasakaniza mazira. Mosiyana ndi izi, awiriawiri oswana samawonedwa limodzi nthawi yophathamiritsa, motero amaganiza kuti mbalame imodzi imakhala mchisa nthawi zonse. Zazikazi zimafungatira nthawi yochulukirapo masana, ndipo amuna usiku. Zochitika zaposachedwa zikuwonetsa kuti amuna ndi akazi amathera nthawi yofanana kudyetsa ana. Ana amapatsidwa chakudya mpaka atakwanitsa miyezi itatu, kenako amadziyimira pawokha.
Adani achilengedwe a Takahe
Chithunzi: Shepherd Takahe
Takahe analibe zilombo zakomweko m'mbuyomu. Chiwerengero cha anthu chatsika chifukwa chakusintha kwachilengedwe monga kuwononga malo ndi kusintha kwa malo, kusaka ndi kuyambitsa nyama zolanda nyama ndi omwe amapikisana nawo, kuphatikizapo agalu, nswala ndi ma ermines.
Zowopsa zazikulu ndi takahe:
- anthu (Homo Sapiens);
- agalu oweta (C. lupusiliaris);
- nswala zofiira (C. elaphus);
- ermine (M. erminea).
Kukhazikitsidwa kwa agwape ofiira kumabweretsa mpikisano waukulu pachakudya, pomwe ma ermine amatenga gawo la nyama zolusa. Kukula kwa nkhalango m'nyanja ya Pleistocene yomwe idatuluka m'mbuyomu kudathandizira kuchepa kwa malo okhala.
Zifukwa zakuchepa kwa anthu a Takahe asanafike azungu zidafotokozedwa ndi Williams (1962). Kusintha kwanyengo ndiye chifukwa chachikulu chakuchepa kwa anthu a ku Takahe asanafike ku Europe. Kusintha kwa chilengedwe sikunadziwike kwa takaha, ndipo pafupifupi onse anawonongedwa. Kupulumuka pakusintha kwa kutentha sikunali kovomerezeka pagulu la mbalamezi. Takahe amakhala kumapiri a mapiri, koma nyengo yanyanja itawononga malowa, zomwe zidapangitsa kuchepa kwakukulu kwa ziwerengero zawo.
Kuphatikiza apo, anthu okhala ku Polynesia omwe adafika pafupifupi zaka 800-1000 zapitazo adabwera ndi agalu ndi makoswe a Polynesia. Anayambanso kusaka takaha kwambiri kuti apeze chakudya, zomwe zinayambitsa mavuto atsopano. Madera aku Europe mzaka za 19th adatsala pang'ono kuwatha posaka ndikuwonetsa nyama zoyamwitsa, monga mphalapala, zomwe zimapikisirana chakudya, ndi nyama zolusa (monga ermines), zomwe zimawasaka mwachindunji.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chithunzi: Kodi takahe amawoneka bwanji
Chiwerengero chonse lero chikuwerengedwa kuti ndi mbalame zokhwima 280 zokhala ndi mitundu 87 yoberekera. Anthu akusintha mosiyanasiyana, kuphatikiza 40% kuchepa chifukwa chakuchulukirachulukira mu 2007 / 08. Chiwerengero cha anthu omwe adayambitsidwa kutchire chikuwonjezeka pang'onopang'ono ndipo asayansi akuyembekeza kuti chikhazikika tsopano.
Mitunduyi yatchulidwa kuti ili pangozi chifukwa ili ndi anthu ochepa, ngakhale kuti akukula pang'onopang'ono. Pulogalamu yomwe ikupezeka pano cholinga chake ndikupanga anthu okwanira 500 okha. Chiwerengero cha anthu chikapitilira kuwonjezeka, ichi ndi chifukwa chakuwasamutsira ku mndandanda wa omwe ali pachiwopsezo mu Red Book.
Kutha pafupifupi kwathunthu kwa takahe yomwe idalipo kale chifukwa cha zinthu zingapo:
- kusaka kwambiri;
- kutaya malo okhala;
- anayambitsa zolusa.
Popeza mitunduyi imakhala ya nthawi yayitali, imaberekana pang'onopang'ono, imatenga zaka zingapo kuti ifike pokhwima, ndipo ili ndi mitundu yayikulu yomwe yatsika kwambiri mibadwo ingapo, kupsinjika kochokera m'matenda ndi vuto lalikulu. Ndipo kuyesayesa kuchira kumalepheretsedwa ndi kuchepa kwa mbalame zotsalazo.
Kusanthula kwa majini kunagwiritsidwa ntchito posankha zoweta kuti zisunge mitundu yambiri yazibadwa. Chimodzi mwa zolinga zoyambira nthawi yayitali ndikupanga kuchuluka kwa taka zoposa 500. Kumayambiriro kwa 2013, chiwerengerocho chinali anthu 263. Mu 2016 idakula mpaka 306 taka. Mu 2017 mpaka 347 - 13% kuposa chaka chatha.
Takahe amayang'anira
Chithunzi: Takahe wochokera ku Red Book
Atawopseza kuti atha, takahe tsopano akupeza chitetezo ku Fiordland National Park. Komabe, mtundu uwu sunapezenso bwino. M'malo mwake, anthu a takahi anali 400 pazinthu zatsopanozi kenako adatsika mpaka 118 mu 1982 chifukwa champikisano wa agwape oweta. Kupezekanso kwa takahe kwadzetsa chidwi chachikulu pagulu.
Boma la New Zealand lachitapo kanthu mwachangu kutseka madera akutali a Fiordland National Park kuti mbalame zisasokoneze. Mapulogalamu ambiri obwezeretsa mitundu apangidwa. Pakhala pali zoyesayesa zabwino zosamutsa takahis kupita ku "malo obisalirako zilumba" ndipo adabadwira ku ukapolo. Pamapeto pake, palibe chomwe chidachitidwa pafupifupi zaka khumi chifukwa chosowa zinthu.
Pulogalamu yapadera yazantchito yakhazikitsidwa kuti iwonjezere kuchuluka kwa tahake, komwe kumaphatikizapo:
- kukhazikitsa njira zothanirana ndi ziweto za takahe;
- kubwezeretsa, ndi m'malo ena ndikupanga malo okhala;
- kuyambitsa mitunduyo kuzilumba zazing'ono zomwe zimatha kuthandiza anthu ambiri;
- kukhazikitsanso mitundu ya zamoyo, kubwezeretsanso. Kulengedwa kwa anthu angapo kumtunda;
- kuswana kwa ukapolo / kuswana kopangira;
- kulengeza kuzindikira kwa anthu posunga mbalame kuti ziziwonetsedwa pagulu komanso kuyendera zilumba, komanso kudzera munkhani.
Zifukwa zakuchepa kwa chiwerengero cha anthu komanso kufa kwa anapiye pazilumba zakunyanja ziyenera kufufuzidwa. Kuwunika kosalekeza kumawunika momwe ziwerengero za mbalame zikuyendera ndi magwiridwe ake, ndikuwunika anthu ogwidwa. Kukula kofunikira pantchito yoyang'anira kunali kuyang'anira mosamalitsa kwa nswala m'mapiri a Murchison komanso madera ena omwe tahake amakhala.
Kukula kumeneku kunathandizira kukulitsa bwino kuswana. takahe... Kafukufuku wapano akufuna kuwunika momwe ziwopsezo zimakhudzira masanjidwe motero kuyankha funso loti ma stoat ndi vuto lalikulu kuyang'aniridwa.
Tsiku lofalitsa: 08/19/2019
Tsiku losintha: 19.08.2019 nthawi ya 22:28
