Earwig - Tizilombo toyambitsa matenda okhala ndi zizolowezi zopatsa thanzi, zomwe nthawi zina zimawononga mbewu zina zachuma. Nthawi zambiri, amaipitsa ndiwo zamasamba polowa mkati. Komabe, nthawi zina, amatha kukhala opindulitsa chifukwa cha zizolowezi zawo zowononga. Dzinali likuwonetsa nthano yomwe imatha kukwawira khutu la munthu ndikulumata kudzera m'makutu. Ndizosangalatsa kudziwa kuti pali tanthauzo lotere pagulu lolankhula Chingerezi. Komabe, zoterezi sizinalembedwe.
Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera
Chithunzi: Earwig
Earwig amakhala m'mitundu yosiyanasiyana ndipo ndi tizilombo tomwe timakonda panyumba. Masiku ano, dzina loti earwig (m'Chingelezi earwig) limamasuliridwa kuti limafotokoza za mawonekedwe a mapiko akumbuyo, omwe ali ndi mawonekedwe apadera komanso mawonekedwe a tizilombo timeneti ndipo amafanana ndi khutu la munthu likamatuluka. Dzinalo limatchula mtunduwu.
Zakale zakale zoyambira m'makutu zimachokera kumapeto kwa nyengo ya Triassic. Makope 70 adapezeka. Zina mwazomwe zimachitika m'makutu amakono samapezeka m'miyambo yoyambirira. Zolembera zawo sizinapinde kwathunthu ngati zitsanzo zamakono. Tizilombo takale kale tinkafanana ndi mphemvu za masiku ano. Zotsatira zawo zidatayika m'malo okhala ndi nthawi ya Permian. Oimira gululi sanapezeke mu nthawi ya Triassic, pomwe kusintha kwa chisinthiko kuchokera ku Protelytroptera kupita kumakutu kumatha kuchitika.
Kanema: Earwig
Archidermaptera imakhulupirira kuti imagwirizana ndi magulu otsala am'makutu, gulu lomwe likutha la Eodermaptera, komanso gawo lamoyo la Neodermaptera. Magawo omwe atheratu ali ndi tarsi okhala ndi magawo asanu (mosiyana ndi atatu omwe amapezeka ku Neodermaptera), komanso cerci yopanda magawo. Palibe zakale za Hemimeridae ndi Arixeniidae zomwe zimadziwika. Monga mitundu ina yambiri ya epizootic, palibe zotsalira, koma mwina sizochepera kuposa nthawi yamaphunziro apamwamba.
Umboni wina wosimba zakusinthika kwakapangidwe kake ndi kapangidwe ka mtima wamkati, gawo losiyana lazungulira magazi lomwe limapangidwa ndi ma ampullae awiri kapena ma vesicles omwe amalumikizidwa ndi cuticle yakutsogolo m'munsi mwa tinyanga. Izi sizinapezeke mu tizilombo tina. Amapopa magaziwo ndi minofu yolumikizana m'malo molimbitsa minofu.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Momwe khutu la khutu likuwonekera
Ma Earwig ndi ofiira ofiira muutoto ndi matupi oblong 12 mpaka 15 mm kutalika. Amakhala ndi magulu awiri a miyendo ya tawny. Thupi lotalika lofiirira lokhala ndi khungu loboola pakati. Tizilomboto timakhala ndi mapiko awiri ndi tinyanga tofiyira pafupifupi 12-15 mm kutalika. Amuna akulu ndiamtundu wosiyanasiyana wamthupi komanso mulifupi. Makutu amtundu wamba amadziwika ndi gulu la ma forceps omwe amatuluka m'mimba ndipo amagwiritsidwa ntchito poteteza komanso pamiyambo yakukwatira.
The forceps amawonetsa mawonekedwe azakugonana, ndipo mwa amuna amakhala olimba, otalikirapo komanso opindika kuposa akazi. Ma forceps azimayi ali pafupifupi 3 mm kutalika, ochepa mphamvu komanso owongoka. Chingwe chakumutu ku Europe chili ndi tinyanga tating'onoting'ono tokhala ndi zigawo 14 mpaka 15 kutalika, zomwe zimakhala ndi mphamvu zambiri, komanso mapiko athunthu.
Mitambo yolumikizidwa yayitali imagwiritsidwa ntchito mukamakwerana, kudyetsa komanso kudzitchinjiriza. Amayi amakhalanso ndi anyamata pafupifupi 2 mm kutalika. Mapiko akumbuyo ndi amtundu, otambalala ndi mitsempha yotupa. Earwig imagwiridwa pafupifupi mozungulira kuthawa. Mwa kukulunga mapiko ake pamodzi, tizilombo timapindapinda kawiri. Ngakhale anali ndi mapiko opangidwa bwino, khutu lam'mutu limazigwiritsa ntchito kawirikawiri, limakonda kuyenda pamiyendo yake. Miyendo yothamanga, imakhala ndi zigawo zitatu.
Kodi khutu la khutu limakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Earwig ku Russia
Ma Earwig amachokera ku Europe, East Asia ndi North Africa. Lero amatha kupezeka kumayiko onse kupatula ku Antarctica. Mitundu ya mitunduyo ikupitilirabe kukulira. Amapezeka ngakhale pachilumba cha Guadeloupe ku Pacific Ocean. Ku Russia, khutu lakumaso lidawonekera kum'mawa kupita ku Omsk ndi ku Urals, ndi ku Kazakhstan, malowa amapitilira pakulowera kwa Volga, kumwera mpaka ku Ashgabat, kuphatikiza mapiri a Kopetdag. Earwig idayambitsidwa ku North America koyambirira kwa zaka makumi awiri ndipo tsopano ikupezeka ku Africa konse.
Chosangalatsa: Ku North America, khutu lamakutu lili ndi tizinthu tina tating'ono tofanana tomwe timakhala tokha. Anthu okhala kumadera ozizira amakhala ndi gulu limodzi pachaka, kupanga mitundu A, pomwe anthu okhala m'malo otentha amakhala ndi magulu awiri pachaka, ndikupanga mitundu B.
Makutu akumakutu aku Europe ndi zamoyo zapadziko lapansi zomwe zimakhala makamaka m'malo otentha. Amapezeka koyamba ku Palaearctic ndipo amakhala otakataka kwambiri masana kutentha kukakhala kotsika kwambiri. Tizilombo timapezeka m'malo ambiri komanso kumtunda mpaka mamita 2824. Masana, zimakonda malo amdima komanso achinyezi kuti azibisalira adani.
Malo awo akuphatikizapo nkhalango, ulimi ndi madera akumidzi. M'nyengo yokhwima, akazi amakonda malo okhala ndi michere yambiri pobowola ndi kuikira mazira. Akuluakulu ogona amatha kulekerera kuzizira kozizira, koma kupulumuka kwawo kumachepa panthaka yopanda madzi monga dongo. Pofuna kupewa chinyezi chowonjezera, amapita mbali yakumwera kwa malo otsetsereka. Nthawi zina amakhalanso ndi maluwa osakwanira.
Amadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Earwig wamba
Makutu amagwiranso ntchito makamaka usiku. Tizilombo toyambitsa matendawa timadya, timadyetsa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zomera ndi zinyama. Ngakhale zizolowezi zomwe tizilombo timadyera zimalipiridwa pakudya zinthu zamasamba, nthawi zina zimatha kuwononga masamba, zipatso ndi maluwa. Nyemba, beets, kabichi, udzu winawake, kolifulawa, nkhaka, letesi, nandolo, mbatata, rhubarb ndi phwetekere ndi zina mwamasamba omwe akuukiridwa. Ngakhale ma earwig amawerengedwa kuti ndi odya ndi olusa. Amadyetsa pakamwa pawo chosatafuna.
Amadziwika kuti amadyetsa:
- nsabwe;
- akangaude;
- mphutsi;
- nkhupakupa;
- tizilombo mazira.
Zomera zomwe amakonda ndi:
- chovala choyera (Trifolium repens);
- woyenda wamankhwala (Sisymbrium officinale);
- dahlia (Dáhlia).
Amakondanso kudya:
- manyowa;
- ndere;
- zipatso;
- bowa;
- ndere.
Tizilombo timeneti timakonda kudya nyama kapena shuga m'malo mongomera mwachilengedwe, ngakhale kuti ndiwo ndiwo chakudya chenicheni chachilengedwe. Ma Earwig amakonda nsabwe za m'masamba kubzala zinthu. Akuluakulu amadya tizilombo tambiri kuposa ana. Pakati pa maluwa, ma dahlias, ma carnations ndi zinnias nthawi zambiri amavulala. Kuwonongeka kwa zipatso zakupsa monga maapulo, apricots, mapichesi, maula, mapeyala, ndi strawberries nthawi zina amanenedwa.
Ngakhale nsidze zamakutu zili ndi mapiko otukuka, ndi ofooka kwambiri ndipo sagwiritsidwa ntchito kawirikawiri. M'malo mwake, ma earwig amagwiritsa ntchito zovala za anthu, katundu wamalonda monga matabwa, zitsamba zokongoletsera, ngakhalenso mitolo yamanyuzipepala ngati njira zawo zoyendera. Nthawi zambiri amadya masamba ndi nyama mofanana.
Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Tizilombo toyambitsa matenda
Makutu akumva usiku. Amabisala masana m'malo amdima, achinyontho monga miyala, zomera, magulu, zipatso, maluwa ndi malo ena ofanana. Usiku, amawoneka akusaka kapena kusonkhanitsa chakudya. Ndiwo mapepala ofooka ndipo chifukwa chake amayenda makamaka ndikukwawa komanso kunyamulidwa ndi anthu. Ma Earwig amatha kuwerengedwa ngati tizilombo tokha komanso tokha. Nthawi yokolola, zazikazi zimakhala zokha, koma m'miyezi ina pachaka zimakonda kusonkhana m'magulu akulu kwambiri.
Ma Earwig amawerengedwa kuti ndi mitundu yayikulu kwambiri popeza amasamalira makolo awo kwa makolo. Makutu wamba akamawopsezedwa, amagwiritsa ntchito mapiko awo ngati chida chodzitetezera. Makutu akulu akulu amatulutsa pheromone yomwe imakopa ma khutu ena. Nymphs zimatulutsanso ma pheromones omwe amalimbikitsa azimayi kuwasamalira. Forceps imagwiritsidwanso ntchito ngati kulumikizana kwa mating ndikuwonetsa machitidwe owopseza.
Ntchito yausiku yamakutu imadalira nyengo. Kutentha kokhazikika kumalimbikitsa ntchito, koma kutentha kotentha sikulephereka. Chinyezi chapamwamba chimalepheretsa kuyenda, pomwe kuthamanga kwam'mlengalenga komanso mitambo yambiri kumapangitsa chidwi chamakutu. Amapanga pheromone aggregation mu ndowe zawo, zomwe zimakopa amuna ndi akazi ndi nymphs, ndipo zimatulutsa quinones ngati mankhwala oteteza kumatumbo am'mimba.
Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Earwig m'munda
Kukwerana kwa ma earwig nthawi zambiri kumachitika mu Seputembala, pambuyo pake kumatha kupezeka mobisa m'mabowo. Zikhulupiriro za chibwenzi zomwe zimakhudza forceps zimathandiza kwambiri mukamakwatirana. Amphongo amawerengetsa mbambande zawo mlengalenga, akusisita ndi kugwira zazikazi. Komabe, ma forceps sagwiritsidwa ntchito pakukonzekera kwenikweni. Mkazi akagwirizana ndi chibwenzi champhongo, amatembenuza mimba yake ndikumamatira kwa mkazi. Pakukwana, zazikazi zimayendayenda ndikudyetsa yamphongo yomwe ili pamimba pake. Mazirawo amachitika mkati mwa mkazi. Nthawi zina pakamakwatirana, yamwamuna imabwera ndikugwiritsa ntchito ma forceps awo kulimbana ndi yamphongoyo ndikutenga malo ake.
Chosangalatsa: Ma Earwig nthawi zambiri amaswana kamodzi pachaka kuyambira Seputembala mpaka Januware. Chakumapeto kwa dzinja kapena koyambirira kwamasika, akazi amaikira mazira 30 mpaka 55 mdzenje lokumbidwa m'nthaka. Mwana amadziyimira pawokha miyezi iwiri atadulidwa ndipo safunikiranso chisamaliro cha makolo. Ma Earwig amakula msinkhu pakatha miyezi itatu ndipo amatha kuberekanso msanga nyengo yotsatira.
Amayi amabisala mozungulira 5-8 mm mobisa ndi mazira awo, kuwateteza ndikuwasungira oyera ku bowa ndi tizilombo tina tomwe timagwiritsa ntchito pakamwa pawo. Amuna amathamangitsidwa mumtsinje kumapeto kwa nthawi yozizira kapena koyambirira kwa masika, pomwe azimayi amaikira mazira. Mphutsi zikaswa pambuyo pa masiku 70, mayiyo amateteza ndi chakudya pometa.
Akakhala nymphs a m'badwo wachiwiri, amawonekera pamwamba panthaka ndikupeza chakudya chawo pawokha. Komabe, masana amabwerera kumalo awo. Nymphs a m'badwo wachitatu ndi wachinayi amakhala pamwamba panthaka, pomwe amakula mpaka kukhala achikulire. Nymphs ndizofanana ndi achikulire, koma zowala ndi mapiko ang'onoang'ono ndi tinyanga. Pamene nyongolotsi zimasuntha kuchokera m'badwo umodzi kupita ku wina, zimayamba kuda, mapiko amakula, ndipo tinyanga timapeza magawo ambiri. Pakati pakukula kulikonse, achinyamata amakhetsa, kutaya gawo lawo lakunja.
Adani achilengedwe a earwig
Chithunzi: Momwe khutu la khutu likuwonekera
Earwig amasakidwa ndi mitundu ingapo ya Diptera (Diptera) komanso Coleoptera (Coleoptera). Adani akuluwo ndi kafadala monga Pterostichus vulgaris, Poecilopompilus algidus, nkhalango ya kachilomboka ndi Calosoma tepidum, komanso kafadala osamenya ndege (Omus dejeanii). Zinyama zina zimaphatikizapo achule, njoka, ndi mbalame zina. Earwig ili ndi njira zingapo zodzitetezera zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popewa kudya. Izi zikuphatikiza kugwiritsa ntchito zida zamphamvu ngati chida komanso kugwiritsa ntchito gland pamimba kutulutsa mankhwala omwe amatulutsa fungo loipa ndikukhala ngati obwezeretsa nyama zodya anzawo.
Omwe amadziwika kwambiri odyera makutuwa ndi awa:
- mbozi zapansi;
- kafadala;
- mavu;
- achule;
- njoka;
- mbalame.
Ma Earwig amakhala ndi zamoyo zosiyanasiyana zamatenda. Amatumikiranso ngati nyama zodya tizilombo tina monga nsabwe za m'masamba ndi zina zotchedwa protozoa. Makutu am'makutu ndiofunikira pakudya m'zinthu zachilengedwe, kudyetsa pafupifupi chilichonse chodya. Makutu amathandizanso kuwongolera nsabwe za m'masamba, potero amachepetsa kuchuluka kwa mbewu zomwe zawonongedwa ndi tizirombo.
Popeza ziphuphu zamakutu zimakonda kubisala m'malo amdima, onyowa, nthawi zambiri amalowa m'nyumba. Tizilombo tomwe sitimavulaza anthu, koma kununkhira kwawo kosasangalatsa komanso mawonekedwe ake zimawapangitsa kukhala alendo osafunikira mnyumba. Zitha kuwonongera zipatso ndi mbewu zina momwe zimadyera.
Kuphatikiza apo, khutu la khutu limapangitsa kuwonongeka kwakukulu kwa mbewu, maluwa ndi minda ya zipatso yomwe ili ndi anthu ambiri. Zina mwa zamasamba zamtengo wapatali zomwe amadya ndi monga kale, kolifulawa, udzu winawake, letesi, mbatata, beets, ndi nkhaka, pakati pa ena. Amadya mphesa mosavuta ndipo amatha kuwononga mbewu. Amawononga mitengo yaying'ono ya maula ndi yamapichesi kumayambiriro kwamasika pomwe chakudya china chimasowa, chodya maluwa ndi masamba usiku.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chithunzi: Earwig
Makutu am'mutu sakhala pangozi. Chiwerengero chawo ndikugawa kwawo kukuwonjezeka nthawi zonse. Amawoneka ngati tizilombo tovulaza, ngakhale kuti amawononga tizirombo tina. Anthu sakonda kwambiri khutu la khutu chifukwa cha kununkhira kwake koipa komanso chizolowezi chophatikizira m'nyumba kapena pafupi ndi nyumba za anthu.
Njira zachilengedwe zakhala zikugwiritsidwa ntchito kuthana ndi ziphuphu zamakutu, kuphatikiza adani ake achilengedwe, monga bowa wa Erynia forficulae, Bigonicheta spinipenni ndi ntchentche ya Metarhizium anisopliae, komanso mitundu yambiri ya mbalame. Tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tayambitsanso bwino, ngakhale kuti mankhwalawa samayang'ana makamaka m'makutu. Tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tambiri tomwe timayang'anira ndowe, ziwala ndi tizilombo tina timapezeka kwambiri.
Chosangalatsa: Diazinon, mankhwala ophera tizilombo a organophosphate omwe akupitiliza kupha makutu mpaka masiku 17 atapopera mankhwala koyamba.
Earwig Ndi chilombo chachilengedwe cha tizirombo tina tambiri taulimi, kuphatikiza mitundu ingapo ya nsabwe za m'masamba, motero tagwiritsidwa ntchito kuletsa kufalikira kwa tizilombo. Zowonongeka zoyambitsidwa ndi F. auricularia ku mbewu ndizochepa chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa tizilombo tina. Chifukwa chake, anthu amayesetsanso kugwiritsa ntchito F. auricularia mopindulitsa pochepetsa tizilombo.
Tsiku lofalitsa: 08/14/2019
Tsiku losinthidwa: 09/25/2019 pa 14:11
