Nyama zotchedwa sturgeon (Acipenser stellatus) ndi imodzi mwazinthu zazikulu za sturgeon, zotchuka popanga caviar limodzi ndi beluga ndi sturgeon. Sevruga imadziwikanso ndi nyenyezi yotchedwa sturgeon chifukwa cha mbale zamafupa zomwe zimapezeka mthupi mwake. Nsombazi ndizomwe zili pachiwopsezo chachikulu. Sevruga salola mpweya wocheperako, chifukwa chake mpweya wokwanira m'miyezi yotentha ndi wofunikira kwa iwo.
Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera
Chithunzi: Sevryuga
Dzina lodziwika bwino la mitundu iyi ndi "star sturgeon". Dzinalo la sayansi "stellatus" ndi liwu lachilatini lotanthauza "lokutidwa ndi nyenyezi." Dzinali limatanthawuza mbale za mafupa zooneka ngati nyenyezi zomwe zimaphimba thupi lanyama iyi.
Kanema: Sveruga
Mbalame yotchedwa sturgeon, yomwe ndi mbalame yam'madzi yotchedwa sturgeon sturgeon, ndi imodzi mwa mabanja akale kwambiri a nsomba zam'madzi, zomwe zimapezeka kumadera otentha, mitsinje yotentha komanso yozizira, nyanja ndi nyanja za Eurasia ndi North America. Amadziwika ndi matupi awo olimba, kusowa kwa masikelo ndi kukula kwakukulu: ma sturgeon ochokera 2 mpaka 3 m kutalika ndiofala, ndipo mitundu ina imakula mpaka 5.5 m. Ma sturgeon ambiri ndi odyetsa pansi, amadutsa kumtunda ndipo amadyetsa m'mitsinje ya deltas ndi milomo yamtsinje. Ngakhale ena ndi madzi opanda mchere, ndi ochepa omwe amapita kunyanja yakunja kunja kwa madera agombe.
Sevruga amasambira m'madzi abwino, amchere komanso amchere. Amadyetsa nsomba, molluscs, crustaceans ndi nyongolotsi. Amakhala makamaka m'masamba a Nyanja Yakuda ndi Caspian komanso Nyanja ya Azov. Anthu ambiri ali m'dera la Volga-Caspian. Pali mitundu iwiri yosiyanasiyana yazomera za mtundu uwu. Nsomba zina zimaswana m'nyengo yozizira ndipo zina nthawi yachisanu.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Kodi sevruga amawoneka bwanji
Makhalidwe onse a sturgeon ndi awa:
- Pamunsi pa mafupa si msana, koma notilord cartilaginous;
- chimbudzi chakumbuyo chili kutali ndi mutu;
- mphutsi zimakula kwa nthawi yayitali, kudyetsa zinthu zomwe zili mu yolk sac;
- cheza chakutsogolo cha pectoral fin ndi munga;
- Pamodzi ndi thupi (kumbuyo, mimba, mbali) pali mizere yazitali zazikulu zakuthwa. Pakati pawo, chinyama chimakhala ndi ma tubercles ang'onoang'ono, granules.
Sevruga ndi nsomba zamtengo wapatali zamalonda. Ili ndimitundu iwiri - yozizira komanso yamasika. Imasiyana ndi nsomba zina zonse za banja la sturgeon m'mawonekedwe. Mbali yapadera ya mbalameyi ndi mphuno yotalika modabwitsa yoboola pakati pa mpeni. Mphumi mwa nsombazi ndizodziwika bwino, tinyanga tating'onoting'ono komanso tofewa sinafike pakamwa, mlomo wapansi umapangidwa bwino.
Thupi la ststate sturgeon, ngati mphuno, limakhala lalitali, mbali zonse kumbuyo kwake limakutidwa ndi ma scute, atalumikizana mwamphamvu wina ndi mnzake. Thupi la nsombali ndi lofiirira-lofiirira ndi utoto wakuda wabuluu kumbuyo ndi mbali ndi mzere woyera pamimba.
Sevruga ndi nsomba yocheperako, yosiyanitsa mosavuta ndi mphuno yake, yayitali, yopyapyala komanso yowongoka. Zishango zofananira ndizochepa. Izi zimasiyanitsa sturgeon ndi sturgeon, yomwe yapezeka m'madzi aku Finland zaka zaposachedwa. Kumbuyo kwa stellate sturgeon kumakhala mdima wobiriwira kapena wobiriwira, mimba ndiyotumbululuka. Zovuta zakumbuyo ndizotumbululuka. Sevruga ndi yotsika pang'ono kukula kwake kwa ma sturgeon ambiri. Kulemera kwake kumakhala pafupifupi 7-10 kg, koma anthu ena amafika kutalika kwa 2 m ndikulemera 80 kg.
Kodi stellate sturgeon amakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Sevruga ku Russia
Sevruga amakhala m'nyanja ya Caspian, Azov, Black ndi Aegean, komwe amalowa mumtsinjewo, kuphatikizapo Danube. Mitunduyi imapezeka kawirikawiri ku Middle and Upper Danube, nthawi zina nsomba zimangosamukira kumtunda kwa Komarno, Bratislava, Austria kapena Germany. Mitunduyi imapezeka pang'ono m'nyanja ya Aegean ndi Adriatic, komanso ku Aral Sea, komwe idachokera ku Nyanja ya Caspian mu 1933.
Pakubala kusamuka, ma stellge sturgeon amalowanso mumtsinje wa Lower Danube, monga mitsinje ya Prut, Siret, Olt ndi Zhiul. Ku Middle Danube, idasamukira ku Mtsinje wa Tisu (mpaka Tokaj) ndikupita kumunsi kwa mitsinje yake, mitsinje ya Maros ndi Körös, komanso pakamwa pa Mtsinje wa Zagyva, malo otsika a mitsinje ya Drava ndi Sava komanso pakamwa pa Mtsinje wa Morava.
Chifukwa cha malamulo ndi kutsekereza kwa mitsinje, malo am'madzi am'madzi am'madzi a Caspian, Azov ndi Black akuchepa kwambiri. Dera lodzaza ndi ziweto lachepetsedwa kwambiri, ndipo njira ndi nthawi zosamukira zasintha. Pakadali pano, anthu ambiri mumtsinje wa Danube amasamukira kumadamu a Iron Gate okha.
Sevruga nthawi zambiri imapezeka m'madzi osaya m'mphepete mwa nyanja komanso m'malo amtsinje. Nyama zazing'ono za benthic ndizo chakudya chachikulu kwa achikulire, ndipo plankton imagwira ntchito yofunikira pakudyetsa m'mazira oyambilira.
Tsopano inu mukudziwa kumene stellgeon sturgeon amakhala. Tiyeni tipeze chimene nsombayi imadya.
Kodi sturgeon yemwe ali ndi nyenyezi amadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Sevruga munyanja
Mitundu isanu ndi iwiri yotchuka kwambiri ya sturgeon, kuphatikiza ma stellate sturgeon, ikudontha fumbi m'madzi ndi mitsinje, ikudya makamaka nsomba zazinkhanira, nkhanu, nkhono, zomera, tizilombo ta m'madzi, mphutsi, nyongolotsi za silt ndi molluscs.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Sevruga amasiya kudya akangoyamba kusamuka. Ikaswana, imabwerera kunyanja mwachangu, komwe imayambanso kudyanso.
Sevruga ndi odyetsa abwino kwambiri pansi chifukwa ali ndi tinyanga tating'onoting'ono pansi pamiyendo yawo kuti azindikire nyama zapansi ndi pakamwa pawo patali ndikutuluka kuti ziyamwe nyama yawo. Matenda am'mimba am'madzi amtundu wa sturateon amakhalanso apadera kwambiri, chifukwa makoma am'mimba mwawo amapangidwira m'mimba ngati matumbo, matumbo a achikulire ali ndi epithelium yogwira bwino, ndipo matumbo awo akumbuyo amakhala mavavu ozungulira.
Ma sturgeon omwe amadzipangira okha, omwe amapezeka m'mayiwe apadera, amafunikira mavitamini, mafuta, mchere komanso osachepera 40% mapuloteni (ambiri ochokera ku nsombayi). Mwa mavitamini osungunuka mafuta, amafunikira mavitamini A, D, E, ndi K. Mavitamini awo osungunuka m'madzi ndi monga B1 (thiamine), B2 (riboflavin), B6, B5, B3 (niacin), B12, H, C (ascorbic acid), ndi folic acid.
Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Nsomba za stellate sturgeon
Ngakhale kuti sturateon ndiye cholinga cha nsomba zam'madzi monga gwero lofunika kwambiri la mazira, pali kusowa kwakukulu kwakudziwa za biology ndi machitidwe amtunduwu kuthengo (nyumba, kuphatikiza, nkhanza, mwachitsanzo), komanso mbali zambiri zaulimi (nkhanza, kupindulitsa kwa chilengedwe chilengedwe, kupsinjika ndi kupha). Kupanda chidziwitso sikuti kumangowunikira kuwunika momwe moyo wake ulili, komanso kumapangitsa kuti chiyembekezo chilichonse chisinthe.
Mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya ma sturgeon ndi apulasitiki okhudzana ndi kubereka. Kubzala kangapo kumachitika pamene mtundu umodzi uli ndi magulu osiyanasiyananso omwe amabwera mumtsinje womwewo, womwe timautcha "kubereka kawiri". Magulu obereketsa amafotokozedwa kuti ndi mpikisano wothamanga ndi kasupe.
Magulu obala ophatikizana amafotokozedwera mitundu ingapo yama sturgeon padziko lonse lapansi. Kubala kawiri kumachitika m'mitundu yambiri yaku Eurasia. M'nyanja Yakuda ndi Caspian pali mitundu ingapo yamipikisano yamasiku ndi kasupe: beluga, Russian sturgeon, munga, stellate sturgeon, sterlet. Gulu la kasupe limalowa mumtsinje nthawi yachilimwe ndi ma gonads okhwima kwambiri ndipo amabala atangolowa mumtsinje. Gulu la heme limalowa mumtsinje nthawi yomweyo kapena atangotha gulu la kasupe, koma ndi ma oocyte osakhwima.
Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Sevryugi wochokera ku Red Book
Mtundu uwu umafalikira m'mphepete mwa mitsinje yodzaza ndi mitsinje yam'masika komanso pamwamba pamiyala pansi pa ngalandeyo pamafunde othamanga. Mazira amaikidwa m'mabedi amiyala yomwazikana, timiyala ndi miyala yosakanikirana ndi zidutswa za zipolopolo ndi mchenga wolimba. Zinthu zabwino zoberekera zimaphatikizira kuchuluka kwa madzi otuluka komanso malo oyera amiyala. Kutsika kwa kuchuluka kwa mayendedwe pambuyo pobereka ndi kukula kwa dzira kumatha kubweretsa kuwonjezeka kwa kutayika kwa mluza. Mumtsinje wa Danube, kubala kumachitika kuyambira Meyi mpaka Juni pakatentha kuyambira 17 mpaka 23 ° C. Zambiri sizikudziwika pazomwe zimaswana za mtundu uwu.
Pambuyo pomaswa, mphutsi za sturgeon sturgeon zimangokhala m'munsi osati pakati komanso pamadzi amtsinje, komanso pamtunda. Amatsikira kumtsinje, ndipo kuthekera kwawo kosuntha kumawonjezeka pakukula kwakanthawi. Kugawidwa kwa achinyamata m'mbali mwa Danube kumakhudzidwa ndi chakudya, pakali pano komanso chifukwa cha kusakhazikika. Zimasunthira kumtsinje wakuya mamita 4 mpaka 6. Kutalika kwa moyo mumtsinjewu kumayambira Meyi mpaka Okutobala, ndipo kudyetsa mwamphamvu kumayambira pamene mphutsi zimafikira 18-20 mm.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Sevruga imatha kufikira 2 mita kutalika ndi zaka 35. Kuti amuna ndi akazi akhwime, zimatenga zaka 6 ndi 10 motsatana. Zazimayi zimatha kuikira mazira pakati pa 70,000 ndi 430,000, kutengera kukula kwake.
Monga ma sturgeon ena, mbalame zam'madzi zotchedwa sturgeon sturgeon zimalowa mumtsinje wa Danube kuti zibereke pafupifupi chaka chonse, koma pamakhala nyengo ziwiri zazikulu. Izi zimayamba mu Marichi kutentha kwamadzi kwa 8 mpaka 11 ° C, kumafika pachimake mu Epulo ndikupitilira mpaka Meyi. Kusamuka kwachiwiri, kwamphamvu kwambiri kumayamba mu Ogasiti ndikupitilira mpaka Okutobala. Mitunduyi imakonda kukhala malo otentha kuposa ma sturgeon ena a Danube, ndipo kuyenda kwake kumachitika pakatentha kwamadzi kuposa komwe kumakhalapo pakusuntha kwa mitundu ina.
Zachilengedwe adani a sturgeon
Chithunzi: Sevryuga
Adani a sevruga ndi anthu. Kutha msinkhu mochedwa (zaka 6-10) kumawapangitsa kukhala pachiwopsezo chogwiritsa ntchito mopitirira muyeso. Akuti chiwerengero chawo m'mabeseni akuluakulu chatsika ndi 70% mzaka zapitazi. M'zaka za m'ma 1990, nsomba zonse zinawonjezeka kwambiri chifukwa cha nsomba zomwe sizinachitikepo. Kupha nyama mopanda nyama m'chigwa cha Volga-Caspian kokha kukuyerekeza kuti kakwane maulendo 10 kapena 12 poyerekeza ndi malamulo.
Malamulo oyenda mumtsinje ndi usodzi wopitilira muyeso ndi zifukwa zazikulu zakuchepa kwa ma sturgeon m'zaka za zana la 20. Only mu Volga-Caspian beseni poaching akuti pa nthawi 10-12 kuposa nsomba mwalamulo. Zomwezo zimachitika pamtsinje wa Amur. Ntchito yopha nsomba mopitirira muyeso komanso kupha nyama mosavomerezeka kwapangitsa kuti pakhale kuchepa kwakukulu pamilandu yovomerezeka padziko lonse lapansi makamaka makamaka mu beseni lalikulu la sturgeon - Nyanja ya Caspian.
Caviar ndi mazira a sturgeon osakwaniritsidwa. Kwa gourmets ambiri, caviar, wotchedwa "ngale zakuda", ndi chakudya chokoma. Mitundu itatu yayikulu yamalonda imatulutsa caviar yapadera: beluga, sturgeon (Russian sturgeon) ndi stellate sturgeon (star sturgeon). Mtundu ndi kukula kwa mazira zimatengera mtundu ndi kukula kwa mazirawo.
Masiku ano Iran ndi Russia ndiomwe amatumiza kunja kwa caviar, pafupifupi 80% mwa iwo amapangidwa ndi mitundu itatu ya sturgeon mu Nyanja ya Caspian: Russian sturgeon (20% ya msika), stellate sturgeon (28%) ndi Persian sturgeon (29%). Komanso, mavuto am'madzi am'madzi amayamba chifukwa cha kuipitsa madzi, madamu, kuwonongeka ndi kugawanika kwa mitsinje yachilengedwe ndi malo okhala, omwe amakhudza njira zosamukira komanso malo odyetserako ziweto.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chithunzi: Nsomba za Stellate sturgeon
Sevruga nthawi zonse amakhala nzika zachilendo ku Middle and Upper Danube ndipo tsopano awonongedwa kuchokera kumtunda kwa Danube ndi gawo la Hungary-Slovak ku Middle Danube, popeza ndi anthu ochepa okha omwe amatha kudutsa m'madamu a Iron Gate. Zitsanzo zomaliza zomveka kuchokera m'chigawo cha Slovakia zidatengedwa kuchokera ku Komarno pa February 20, 1926, ndipo omaliza kuchokera ku gawo la Hungary adalembetsa ku Mojács ku 1965.
Malinga ndi Red Book, sturgeon sturateon ikuwopsezedwa kuti ithe chifukwa cha kusodza, kupha nyama, kuwononga madzi, kutsekereza ndikuwononga mitsinje ndi malo okhala. Komabe, malinga ndi zomwe apeza masiku ano pa Danube, ili pafupi kutha. Zomwe zilipo pakadali pano, zomwe zakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi usodzi wopitilira muyeso m'mbuyomu, komanso malo enieni operekako nkhokwe sizikudziwika. Kafufuzidwe kafukufuku amafunika kuti ateteze mitundu iyi.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Ma sturgeon 55,000 anapezeka atafa mu Nyanja ya Azov mu 1990 chifukwa cha kuipitsa. Kutsika kwa 87% pamalonda apadziko lonse lapansi kukuwonetsa kuchepa kwa mitundu ya zamoyo.
Wild sturgeon (common sturgeon, Atlantic sturgeon, Baltic sturgeon, European sea sturgeon) sanagwetsedwe pagombe la Finland kuyambira ma 1930. Mitundu yomwe imakonda kulowa m'nyanja ku Finland ndi mbalame zam'madzi zotchedwa sturgeon sturgeon. Amathanso kutha ngati zitsanzo zosungidwa zikufa. Ma sturgeon amakhala nthawi yayitali, chifukwa chake izi mwina zimatenga nthawi.
Chitetezo cha Sevruga
Chithunzi: Sevruga kuchokera ku Red Book
Pafupifupi mitundu yonse yamtundu wa sturgeon imadziwika kuti ili pangozi. Nyama ndi mazira awo amtengo wapatali (omwe amadziwika kuti caviar) zadzetsa nsomba zochuluka kwambiri komanso kuchepa kwa anthu a sturgeon. Kukula kwa mitsinje ndi kuipitsa madzi kwathandizanso kutsika kwa anthu. Mbalame yotchedwa sturgeon ya ku Ulaya, yomwe inali yodziwika kwambiri ku Germany, inatha pafupifupi zaka 100 zapitazo. Mitunduyi ikuyembekezeka kubwerera kumitsinje ku Germany kudzera m'mapulojekiti obwezeretsanso.
Njira Yapadziko Lonse Yothana ndi Kutha kwa Ma Sturgeons ikufotokoza njira zazikulu zantchito yosamalira ma sturgeon pazaka 5 zikubwerazi.
Njirayi ikuyang'ana pa:
- Kulimbana ndi kugwiritsidwa ntchito mopitirira muyeso;
- kubwezeretsa malo okhala;
- kuteteza nkhokwe za sturgeon;
- kupereka kulankhulana.
WWF ikugwira ntchito zoteteza pansi pano m'malo osiyanasiyana ndi mayiko. Zochita zokhudzana ndi dziko zikuphatikiza zomwe zikuchitika ku Austria (zaku Germany), Bulgaria (Chibugariya), Netherlands (Dutch), Romania (Romania), Russia ndi Amur River (Russian) ndi Ukraine (Ukraine).
Kuphatikiza apo, WWF imagwira ntchito mu:
- Mtsinje wa Danube wokhala ndi ntchito yapadera yolimbana ndi kugwiritsidwa ntchito mopitirira muyeso kwa nkhono ku Danube;
- Kubwezeretsanso mitsinje yachilengedwe yambiri ya Mtsinje wa St. John ku Canada.
Nyama zotchedwa sturgeon Ndi imodzi mwamitundu yamtengo wapatali kwambiri yam'madzi yam'madzi padziko lapansi. Zimphona zamakedzana izi zimawopsezedwa kuti apulumuke. Ngakhale adapulumuka pa Dziko Lapansi kwa mamiliyoni a zaka, ma sturgeon omwe ali ndi nyenyezi pakadali pano ali pachiwopsezo chogwiritsa ntchito mopitirira muyeso ndikusokonezedwa ndi malo awo achilengedwe. Sevruga ili pangozi.
Tsiku lofalitsa: 08/16/2019
Tsiku losinthidwa: 16.08.2019 pa 21:38
