Starfish (Asteroidea) ndi amodzi mwamagulu akulu, osiyanasiyana komanso osiyana. Pali mitundu pafupifupi 1,600 yomwe yagawidwa m'nyanja zonse zapadziko lapansi. Mitundu yonse imagawidwa m'magulu asanu ndi awiri: Brisingida, Forcipulatida, Notomyotida, Paxillosida, Spinulosida, Valvatida, ndi Velatida. Monga ma echinoderm ena, starfish ndi mamembala ofunikira m'madera ambiri am'madzi am'madzi. Amatha kukhala olusa nyama zolusa, zomwe zimathandizira kwambiri pagulu. Mitundu yambiri ndi nyama zodya nyama zosiyanasiyana.
Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera
Chithunzi: Starfish
Starfish yoyambirira idawonekera munyengo ya Ordovician. Zosintha zazikulu ziwiri zokha zidachitika ku Asteroidea munthawi yomweyo ndi zochitika zazikulu zakutha: ku Late Devonia komanso ku Late Permian. Amakhulupirira kuti mitunduyo idatuluka ndikusiyanasiyana mwachangu kwambiri (pafupifupi zaka 60 miliyoni) munthawi ya Jurassic. Chiyanjano pakati pa nyenyezi ya Paleozoic, komanso pakati pa mitundu ya Paleozoic ndi starfish yapano, ndi chovuta kudziwa chifukwa cha zotsalira zazing'ono zakale.
Kanema: Starfish
Zolemba zakale za Asteroid ndizochepa chifukwa:
- mafupa amafa mofulumira nyama zikafa;
- pali zikopa zazikulu za thupi, zomwe zimawonongeka ndikuwonongeka kwa ziwalo, zomwe zimabweretsa kusintha kwa mawonekedwe;
- starfish amakhala pazigawo zolimba zomwe sizothandiza pakupanga zakale.
Umboni wakale udathandizira kumvetsetsa kusinthika kwa nyenyezi zam'nyanja m'magulu onse a Paleozoic ndi post-Paleozoic. Makhalidwe osiyanasiyana a nyenyezi za Paleozoic anali ofanana kwambiri ndi zomwe timawona masiku ano m'mitundu yathu. Kafukufuku wamaubwenzi osinthika a starfish adayamba kumapeto kwa ma 1980. Kusanthula uku (pogwiritsa ntchito zamoyo zonse zam'magazi ndi ma molekyulu) kwadzetsa malingaliro otsutsana okhudzana ndi phylogeny ya nyama. Zotsatira zikupitilizabe kusinthidwa popeza zotsatira zake ndizotsutsana.
Ndi mawonekedwe awo owoneka bwino, starfish imachita gawo lofunikira pakupanga, zolemba, nthano komanso chikhalidwe chofala. Nthawi zina amatoleredwa ngati zokumbutsa, zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga kapena ngati ma logo, ndipo m'maiko ena, ngakhale ali ndi poizoni, nyama imadyedwa.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Momwe starfish imawonekera
Kupatula mitundu ingapo yomwe imakhala m'madzi amchere, starfish ndi zamoyo za benthic zomwe zimapezeka munyanja. Kukula kwake kwa zamoyo zam'madzi izi kumatha kuyambira pansi pa 2 cm mpaka kupitilira mita imodzi, ngakhale kuti ambiri amakhala masentimita 12 mpaka 24. Magetsi amachokera mthupi kuchokera ku disc yapakati ndikusiyanasiyana m'litali. Starfish imayenda mozungulira, ndi mikono ina ya ray ikhala kutsogolo kwa nyama. Mafupa amkati amakhala ndi miyala ya laimu.
Zosangalatsa: Mitundu yambiri ili ndi cheza chisanu. Ena ali ndi cheza zisanu ndi chimodzi kapena zisanu ndi ziwiri, pomwe ena ali ndi 10-15. Antarctic Labidiaster annulatus itha kukhala ndi zoposa makumi asanu. Starfish yambiri imatha kupanganso magawo owonongeka kapena kunyezimira.
Mitsempha yam'madzi yotseguka imatseguka pamphika wa madrepor (dzenje lopindika pakatikati pa nyama) ndipo imalowera kudera lamiyala lokhala ndi mafupa. Kanema wamiyala amamangiriridwa pachiteshi cha annular chomwe chimatsogolera ku njira iliyonse yamagetsi (kapena kupitilira apo). Matumba omwe ali mumtsinje wozungulira amawongolera dongosolo lamadzi. Ngalande iliyonse yazakumalizira imathera ndi tsinde lankhono lomwe limagwira ntchito.
Chingwe chilichonse chozungulira chimakhala ndi njira zingapo zomwe zimathera pansi pa chubu. Mwendo uliwonse wamachubu umakhala ndi ampoule, podium komanso chikho chokhazikika. Pamwamba pakamwa pamakhala pansi pa disc. Njira yoyendera magazi ndiyofanana ndi mitsempha yam'madzi ndipo imatha kugawira michere kuchokera m'mimba. Mitsinje yotentha imafikira ma gonads. Mphutsi za mitunduyo ndizofanana, ndipo akuluakuluwo ndi ofanana kwambiri.
Kodi starfish amakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Starfish munyanja
Nyenyezi zimapezeka m'nyanja zonse zapadziko lapansi. Iwo, monga ma echinoderm onse, amakhala ndi malire osanjikiza amkati mwa ma elektroli omwe ali ofanana ndi madzi a m'nyanja, kuwapangitsa kukhala kosatheka kukhala m'malo okhala madzi oyera. Malo okhalamo amaphatikizapo miyala yamchere yam'malo otentha, mafunde am'madzi, mchenga ndi matope mu kelp, m'mphepete mwa miyala komanso m'nyanja zakuya zosachepera 6,000 m. Mitundu yambiri yamitundu ikupezeka m'malo omwe ali m'mphepete mwa nyanja.
Nyanja zakunyanja zalimbitsa molimba mtima nyanja zikuluzikulu monga:
- Atlantic;
- Mmwenye;
- Wokhala chete;
- Kumpoto;
- Kumwera, komwe kudaperekedwa mu 2000 ndi International Hydrographic Organisation.
Kuphatikiza apo, nyenyezi zam'nyanja zimapezeka ku Aral, Caspian, Dead Sea. Izi ndi nyama zapansi zomwe zikuyenda ndikukwawa pamiyendo yama ambulansi okhala ndi makapu oyamwa. Amakhala kulikonse mpaka kuzama kwa 8.5 km. Starfish ikhoza kuwononga miyala yamchere yam'madzi ndikukhala vuto kwa oyster amalonda. Starfish ndi omwe akuyimira magulu am'madzi. Kukula kwakukulu, zakudya zosiyanasiyana komanso kutha kusintha njira zosiyanasiyana kumapangitsa nyamazi kukhala zofunika kwambiri.
Kodi starfish imadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Starfish pagombe
Izi zamoyo zam'madzi ndizomwe zimadya nyama. Ndi nyama zolusa kwambiri m'malo ambiri. Amadyetsa pogwira nyama, kenako amatembenuzira m'mimba mkati ndikutulutsa ma enzyme oyambira. Timadziti timene timagaya chakudya tiwononga minyewa ya wovutitsidwayo, yomwe imayamwitsidwa ndi starfish.
Zakudya zawo zimakhala ndi nyama zoyenda pang'onopang'ono, kuphatikizapo:
- zotupa m'mimba;
- tizilombo ting'onoting'ono;
- bivalve molluscs;
- zotchinga;
- polychaetes kapena polychaete nyongolotsi;
- zina zopanda mafupa.
Starfish ina imadya plankton ndi organic detritus, yomwe imamatira pamasamba pamwamba pa thupi ndikupita kukamwa ndi cilia. Mitundu ingapo imagwiritsa ntchito pedicellaria yawo kugwira nyama, ndipo imatha kudyetsa nsomba. Korona waminga, mtundu womwe umadya tizilombo tating'onoting'ono ta coral, ndi mitundu ina, umadya zinthu zowola ndi zonyansa. Zikuwoneka kuti mitundu yosiyanasiyana imatha kudya michere kuchokera m'madzi oyandikira ndipo izi zitha kukhala gawo lalikulu pazakudya zawo.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Monga ma ophiuras, nyenyezi zam'madzi zimatha kuteteza kuti zisawonongeke kanyama kakang'ono ka mallus, komwe ndi chakudya chawo chachikulu. Mphutsi za mollusk ndizochepa kwambiri komanso zopanda thandizo, choncho starfish imafa ndi miyezi 1 - 2 mpaka molluscs atakula.
Nsombazi za pinki zochokera ku America West Coast zimagwiritsa ntchito miyendo yapadera kuti ikumbe kwambiri m'chigawochi. Ikugwira ma molluscs, nyenyezi imatsegula pang'onopang'ono chipolopolo cha womenyedwayo, ndikumaliza minofu yake ya adductor, kenako ndikuyika mimba yake yopindika pafupi ndi mng'alu kuti igayike ziwalo zofewa. Mtunda pakati pa mavavu ukhoza kungokhala gawo limodzi la millimeter mulifupi kuti m'mimba mulowe.
Starfish ili ndi dongosolo lokwanira lokwanira kugaya chakudya. Pakamwa amapita m'mimba yapakati, yomwe starfish imagwiritsa ntchito kugaya nyama yake. Zilonda zam'mimba kapena ma pyloric zimapezeka mumayendedwe aliwonse. Ma enzyme apadera amayendetsedwa kudzera m'mipiringidzo ya pyloric. Matumbo amfupi amatsogolera kumatako.
Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Starfish
Poyenda, starfish imagwiritsa ntchito zida zawo zamadzi. Nyama ilibe minofu. Zovuta zamkati zimachitika mothandizidwa ndi madzi opanikizika m'mitsempha ya thupi. "Miyendo" yamkati mkati mwa epithelium yam'madzi yam'madzi imasunthidwa ndi madzi, omwe amakokedwa kudzera ma pores ndikusakanizidwa mu nthambi kudzera munjira zamkati. Mapeto a "miyendo" yamachubu imakhala ndi makapu oyamwa omwe amatsatira gawo lapansi. Starfish yomwe imakhala pamiyendo yofewa yanena kuti "miyendo" (osati ma suckers) kuti isunthe.
Dongosolo lamanjenje lomwe silili pakati limalola ma echinoderm kuti azindikire chilengedwe chawo mbali zonse. Maselo amtundu wa epidermis amamva kuwala, kulumikizana, mankhwala ndi mafunde amadzi. Kuchulukitsitsa kwamaselo am'maganizo kumapezeka pamiyendo ya chubu komanso m'mbali mwa ngalande yodyetsera. Mawanga ofiira ofiira amaso amapezeka kumapeto kwa cheza chilichonse. Amagwira ntchito ngati photoreceptor ndipo amakhala masango amaso amtundu wa calyx.
Chosangalatsa: Starfish ndi yokongola kwambiri panja mukamadzi. Akachotsedwa m'madzi, amafa ndikutaya mtundu wake, ndikukhala mafupa ofiira.
Ma pheromone achikulire amatha kukopa mphutsi, zomwe zimakhazikika pafupi ndi achikulire. Metamorphosis m'mitundu ina imayambitsidwa ndi ma pheromones akuluakulu. Starfish yambiri imakhala ndi diso lakuthwa kumapeto kwa matabwa omwe ali ndi mandala angapo. Magalasi onse amatha kupanga pixel imodzi ya chithunzicho, zomwe zimalola kuti cholengedwa chiwoneke.
Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Little starfish
Starfish imatha kuberekanso kapena kugonana. Amuna ndi akazi samadziwika wina ndi mnzake. Amaberekana pogonana potulutsa umuna kapena mazira m'madzi. Pambuyo pa umuna, mazira awa amakhala mphutsi zoyenda mwaulere, zomwe zimakhazikika pansi panyanja pang'onopang'ono. Starfish imaberekanso kudzera pakusintha kwatsopano. Starfish imatha kusinthanso osati kunyezimira kokha, koma pafupifupi thupi lonse.
Starfish ndi deuterostomes. Mazira obereketsa amakhala mphutsi zamagulu awiri omwe ali ndi magawo atatu a celiomas. Nyumba za embryonic zimakhala ndi zotsimikizika ngati mphutsi zosinthasintha zomwe zimasanduka anthu achikulire mosiyanasiyana. Ma pheromone achikulire amatha kukopa mphutsi, zomwe zimakhazikika pafupi ndi achikulire. Pambuyo pokhazikika, mphutsi zimadutsa pang'onopang'ono ndipo zimasanduka achikulire.
Pakuberekera pogonana, starfish imagawanika kwambiri pogonana, koma ina ndi hermaphrodite. Nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi ma gonads awiri mdzanja lililonse ndi gonopore yomwe imatsegukira pakamwa. Gonopores nthawi zambiri amapezeka pansi pa mkono uliwonse. Nyenyezi zambiri zimakhala ndi ufulu kutulutsa umuna ndi mazira m'madzi. Mitundu ingapo ya hermaphrodite imabereka ana awo. Kuswana kumachitika makamaka usiku. Ngakhale kawirikawiri sipangakhale cholumikizira cha makolo pambuyo pa umuna, mitundu ina ya hermaphrodite imaswa okha mazira awo.
Adani achilengedwe a starfish
Chithunzi: Momwe starfish imawonekera
Gawo la mphutsi ya planktonic mu nyenyezi zam'madzi ndizowopsa kwambiri kwa adani. Njira yawo yoyamba yodzitetezera ndi ma saponins, omwe amapezeka m'makoma amthupi ndipo amakoma. Zina mwa starfish, monga scallop starfish (Astropecten polyacanthus), zimaphatikizanso poizoni wamphamvu monga tetrodotoxin muzida zawo zamankhwala, ndipo mawonekedwe am'madzi am'madzi amatha kutulutsa mamina ambiri othamangitsa.
Nsomba zam'nyanja zimatha kusakidwa ndi:
- zatsopano
- anemones a m'nyanja;
- mitundu ina ya starfish;
- nkhanu;
- nsomba zam'madzi;
- nsomba;
- otters a m'nyanja.
Zamoyo zam'madzi izi zimakhalanso ndi "zida zankhondo" zamtundu wa mbale zolimba ndi zonunkhira. Starfish imatetezedwa ku ziweto zolusa chifukwa cha msana wawo, poizoni komanso kuchenjeza mitundu yowala. Mitundu ina ya nyama imateteza timiyendo tawo tomwe timakhala tating'onoting'ono pomaika timiyendo tawo ta ma ambulacral ndi timinga tomwe timaphimba miyendo yake.
Mitundu ina nthawi zina imawonongeka chifukwa chobwera chifukwa cha mabakiteriya amtundu wa Vibrio, komabe, nyama yowononga nyama yomwe imapha anthu ambiri pakati pa starfish ndi densovirus.
Zosangalatsa: Kutentha kwakukulu kumawononga nsomba za starfish. Zofufuza zawonetsa kuchepa kwamlingo wodyetsa ndikukula kutentha kwa thupi kukakwera pamwamba pa 23 ° C. Imfa imatha kuchitika ngati kutentha kwawo kufika 30 ° C.
Tizilombo toyambitsa matendawa timatha kuyamwa madzi a m'nyanja kuti aziziziritsa powunikira dzuwa chifukwa cha mafunde akugwa. Kunyezimira kwake kuyamwa kutentha kusunga chimbale chapakati ndi ziwalo zofunika monga m'mimba otetezeka.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chithunzi: Starfish munyanja
Gulu la Asteroidea, lotchedwa starfish, ndi amodzi mwamagulu osiyanasiyana mgulu la Echinodermata, kuphatikiza mitundu pafupifupi 1,900 yomwe ikupezeka m'mabanja 36 komanso pafupifupi 370 genera. Chiwerengero cha nyenyezi zam'madzi chimapezeka paliponse kuchokera kuzinyalala mpaka kuphompho ndipo amapezeka m'nyanja zonse zapadziko lapansi, koma ndizosiyana kwambiri m'malo otentha a Atlantic ndi Indo-Pacific. Palibe chomwe chikuwopseza nyama izi pakadali pano.
Chosangalatsa: Ma taxa ambiri ku Asterinidae ndiofunikira kwambiri pakukula kwakukula ndi kubereka. Kuphatikiza apo, starfish yakhala ikugwiritsidwa ntchito mu immunology, physiology, biochemistry, cryogenics, ndi parasitology. Mitundu ingapo ya asteroid yakhala chinthu chofufuzidwa pa kutentha kwa dziko.
Nthawi zina starfish imasokoneza chilengedwe chomwe chikuwazungulira. Amawononga miyala yamchere ku Australia ndi French Polynesia. Kafukufuku akuwonetsa kuti mulu wama coral watsika kwambiri kuyambira pomwe nsomba zosamukira ku America zidafika mu 2006, zatsika kuchokera ku 50% mpaka zosakwana 5% mzaka zitatu. Izi zidakhudza nsomba zodya miyala.
Starfish Mitundu ya amurensis ndi imodzi mwazinthu zachilengedwe za echinoderm. Mphutsi zake mwina zidafika ku Tasmania kuchokera pakati pa Japan kudzera m'madzi otulutsidwa m'zombo m'ma 1980. Kuchokera nthawi imeneyo, mitundu ya zamoyo yakula mpaka pomwe ikuwopseza anthu ofunikira amtundu wa bivalve molluscs. Mwakutero, amadziwika kuti ndi tizilombo ndipo adatchulidwa pakati pa mitundu 100 yovuta kwambiri padziko lapansi.
Tsiku lofalitsa: 08/14/2019
Tsiku losintha: 08/14/2019 nthawi 23:09
