Bonobo (pygmy chimpanzees) - adadziwika chifukwa cha zachilendo zachiwerewere zomwe agalu amagwiritsa ntchito ngati njira yolumikizirana pagulu. Nyamazi sizikhala zaukali, mosiyana ndi anyani, ndipo zimayesetsa kuthetsa mikangano yomwe ikubwera mothandizidwa ndi kugonana, motero kuthetseratu kusamvana, kapena kuyanjananso pambuyo pa mkangano ndikuchotsa malingaliro. Bonobos amagonana kuti apange mgwirizano. Ngati muli ndi mafunso okhudza anyaniwa, onani izi.
Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera
Chithunzi: Bonobo
Zakale za mitundu ya pan paniscus sizinafotokozedwe mpaka 2005. Anthu omwe alipo masiku ano ku West ndi Central Africa sakhala ndi zofukula zakale ku East Africa. Komabe, zakale zidanenedwa lero kuchokera ku Kenya.
Izi zikuwonetsa kuti anthu komanso mamembala am'banja la Pan analipo ku East Africa Rift Valley nthawi ya Middle Pleistocene. Malinga ndi A. Zichlman, kuchuluka kwa ma bonobos kuli kofanana kwambiri ndi kukula kwa Australopithecus, ndipo katswiri wasayansi yotsogola yotsogola D. Griffith adati bonobos akhoza kukhala chitsanzo chamoyo cha makolo athu akutali.
Kanema: Bonobo
Ngakhale adatchulidwanso kuti "pygmy chimpanzee," ma bonobos sanasankhidwe kwenikweni poyerekeza ndi chimpanzi wamba, kupatula pamutu pake. Nyamayo amatchedwa Ernst Schwartz, yemwe adasankha mtunduwo atawona chigaza cha bonobos chomwe chidatchulidwa kale, chomwe chinali chaching'ono kuposa mnzake wa chimpanzi.
Dzinalo "bonobos" lidayamba kupezeka mu 1954 pomwe a Edward Paul Tratz ndi Heinz Heck adalifunsa kuti ndi dzina latsopano lodziwika bwino la mbalame za chimpanzi. Dzinali limakhulupirira kuti linaponyedwa molakwika pabokosi loyendetsa kuchokera ku tawuni ya Bolobo pamtsinje wa Congo, pafupi ndi pomwe ma bonobos oyamba adasonkhanitsidwa mzaka za 1920.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Momwe bonobo imawonekera
Bonobos ndi anyani pafupifupi magawo awiri mwa atatu a kukula kwa munthu wokhala ndi tsitsi lakuda lobisa thupi lawo. Tsitsi nthawi zambiri limakhala lalitali kuposa la chimpanzi wamba, ndipo izi zimawoneka makamaka pamasaya, omwe alibe ubweya ku P. troglodytes. Ziwalo za thupi zopanda utoto (mwachitsanzo pakati pa nkhope, mikono, miyendo) zimakhala zakuda nthawi yonse yamoyo. Izi ndizosiyana ndi chimpanzi wamba, chomwe chimakhala ndi khungu loyera, makamaka akadali achichepere.
Bonobos amayenda ndi miyendo iwiri nthawi zambiri kuposa anyani. Ali ndi miyendo yayitali, makamaka kumbuyo, poyerekeza ndi anyani wamba. Ma dimorphism ogonana alipo ndipo amuna amakhala pafupifupi 30% olemera kuchokera 37 mpaka 61 kg, pafupifupi 45 kg, ndipo mwa akazi kuyambira 27 mpaka 38 kg, pafupifupi 33.2 kg. Komabe ma bonobos amakhala ocheperako pang'ono kuposa anyani ena ambiri. Avereji ya kutalika kwa 119 cm kwa amuna ndi 111 masentimita azimayi. Chigoba chapakati chimakhala ndi ma cubic sentimita 350.
Ma bonobos amadziwika kuti ndi achisomo kwambiri kuposa chimpanzi wamba. Komabe, anyani akuluakulu aamuna amaposa bonobos zilizonse zolemera. Mitundu iwiriyi ikaimirira, imakhala yofanana. Bonobos ali ndi mutu wocheperako kuposa anyani ndipo amakhala ndi nsidze zochepa.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Makhalidwe athupi amachititsa ma bonobos kukhala ofanana ndi anthu kuposa anyani wamba. Nyaniyu amakhalanso ndi nkhope zake, kotero kuti munthu m'modzi amatha kuwoneka wosiyana kwambiri ndi mnzake. Khalidwe ili limasinthidwa kuti liziwona nkhope polumikizana.
Ali ndi nkhope yakuda ndi milomo ya pinki, makutu ang'onoang'ono, mphuno yayikulu, ndikutalikitsa tsitsi. Mwa akazi, chifuwa chimakhala chopindika pang'ono, mosiyana ndi anyani ena, ngakhale sichimawonekera kwambiri mwa anthu. Kuphatikiza apo, ma bonobos amakhala ndi mawonekedwe owonda, mapewa opapatiza, khosi lowonda ndi miyendo yayitali, yomwe imasiyanitsa kwambiri ndi anyani wamba.
Tsopano mukudziwa momwe nyani wa banobo amawonekera. Tiyeni tiwone kumene amakhala.
Kodi bonobos amakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Bonobos ku Africa
Bonobos amakhala m'nkhalango zam'mvula za Africa zomwe zili pakatikati pa Congo (kale Zaire). Malo okhala ma bonobos ali ku Congo Basin. Dera ili kumwera kwa arc yopangidwa ndi Mtsinje wa Congo (womwe kale unali Mtsinje wa Zaire) komanso malo ake akutali ndi Mtsinje wa Lualaba, kumpoto kwa Mtsinje wa Kazai. Ku Congo Basin, bonobos amakhala m'mitengo yambiri yazomera. Derali limadziwika kuti nkhalango yamvula.
Komabe, ulimi wamderalo ndi madera omwe abwerera kuchokera kuulimi kupita ku nkhalango ("achichepere" ndi "nkhalango yayikulu yachiwiri") ndiosakanikirana. Mitundu yamitundumitundu, kutalika kwake ndi kuchuluka kwake kwa mitengo ndizosiyana, koma yonse imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ndi bonobos. Kuphatikiza pa nkhalango, amapezeka m'nkhalango zam'madzi, pazomera zomwe zimatseguka m'malo am'madambo, omwe amagwiritsidwanso ntchito ndi nyani uyu.
Kudyetsa kumachitika m'malo amtundu uliwonse, ndipo ma bonobos amapita kukagona m'malo amnkhalango. Anthu ena a bonobos amatha kusankha kugona m'mitengo yaying'ono (15 mpaka 30 m), makamaka m'nkhalango zokhala ndi masamba achiwiri. Anthu a Bonobos apezeka kuyambira 14 mpaka 29 km². Komabe, izi zikuwonetsa chidziwitso chowonera ndipo siyoyesera kuwonetsa kukula kwa gulu la gulu lililonse.
Kodi bonobos amadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Monkey Bonobo
Zipatso zimapanga zakudya zambiri za P. paniscus, ngakhale ma bonobos amaphatikizanso zakudya zina zosiyanasiyana pazakudya zawo. Zomera zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito zimaphatikizapo zipatso, mtedza, zimayambira, mphukira, pith, masamba, mizu, tubers, ndi maluwa. Bowa nthawi zina amadyedwa ndi anyani amenewa. Tizilombo toyambitsa matenda timapanga gawo laling'ono la zakudya ndipo timakhala ndi chiswe, mphutsi, ndi mphutsi. Bonobos amadziwika kuti amadya nyama nthawi zina. Adawonapo makoswe akudya (Anomalurus), ma duikers a m'nkhalango (C. dorsalis), ma duikers okhala ndi nkhope yakuda (C. nigrifrons) ndi mileme (Eidolon).
Chakudya chachikulu cha bonobos chimapangidwa kuchokera:
- zinyama;
- mazira;
- tizilombo;
- ziphuphu;
- masamba;
- mizu ndi ma tubers;
- khungwa kapena zimayambira;
- mbewu;
- mbewu;
- mtedza;
- zipatso ndi maluwa;
- bowa.
Zipatso ndi 57% yazakudya za ma bonobos, koma masamba, uchi, mazira, nyama yaying'ono yamphongo ndi zopanda mafupa. Nthawi zina, ma bonobos amatha kudya anyani otsika. Ena owona anyaniwa amati ma bonobos amathanso kudya anzawo ali kundende, ngakhale asayansi ena amatsutsa izi. Komabe, chidziwitso chimodzi chotsimikizika chodyera nyama yamtchire chakufa chidafotokozedwa mu 2008.
Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe
Bonobos ndizinyama zomwe zimayenda ndikudyetsa m'magulu osakanikirana aamuna + aakazi + ndi ana aang'ono. Monga lamulo, m'magulu kuyambira anthu atatu mpaka 6, koma atha kukhala mpaka 10. Pafupifupi magwero azakudya zambiri, amasonkhana m'magulu akulu, koma akamayenda amagawika m'magulu ang'onoang'ono. Mtundu uwu ndi wofanana ndi mphamvu za fusion-fusion ya anyani, omwe kukula kwamagulu nthawi zambiri kumachepetsa kupezeka kwa zakudya zina.
Ma bonobosi amphongo ali ndi mawonekedwe ofooka. Amakhalabe m'gulu lawo lobadwa kwanthawi yonse, pomwe akazi amachoka paunyamata kuti akalowe gulu lina. Kuchulukitsa kwa ma bonobos achimuna kumalumikizana ndi kupezeka kwa amayi mgululi. Kulamulira kumadziwonetsera kudzera kuwonekera kwa kuwopseza ndipo nthawi zambiri kumalumikizidwa ndikupeza chakudya. Zowopseza zambiri zimakhala zosagwirizana ("wobisalira" amatha kubwerera popanda zovuta). Akazi okalamba amakhala ndi mwayi wokhala nawo ana awo akamakula. Bonobos ndi agile m'mitengo, kukwera kapena kugwedezeka ndikudumpha pakati pa nthambi.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Tikakhala pa holide, kusamalirana ndi ntchito yomwe imachitika kawirikawiri. Izi zimachitika nthawi zambiri pakati pa amuna ndi akazi, ngakhale nthawi zina pakati pa akazi awiri. Izi sizimatanthauziridwa kuti moni, kukondana, kapena kupumula kupsinjika, koma monga chibwenzi kapena ntchito yomanga gulu.
Cholinga chachikulu cha kafukufuku pa ma bonobos chakhala chikuzungulira pakugwiritsa ntchito kwawo njira zosagwirira ntchito.
Khalidwe losakondera limaphatikizapo:
- kukhudzana pakati pa mkazi ndi mkazi;
- mwamuna ndi mwamuna;
- Kutenga nthawi yayitali kutsanzira achinyamata komanso achinyamata.
Asayansi adalemba kuchuluka kwa khalidweli pakati pa gulu lililonse. Khalidweli limawoneka mwa azimayi, makamaka akamalowa mgulu latsopano atachoka koyambirira, komanso m'malo odyetserako chakudya. Khalidwe lachiwerewere lotere lingakhale njira yokambirana ndikukakamiza kusiyanasiyana pakati pa amayi ndi abambo.
Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Bonobos wakhanda
Akazi a Bonobos amatha kuthana ndi wamwamuna aliyense mgululi kupatula ana amuna. Amakhala otentha, odziwika ndi edema yodziwika bwino ya mnofu, wokhala masiku 10 mpaka 20. Amuna amatha kuganizira kwambiri pakatupa. Kubereka kumachitika chaka chonse. Mkazi amatha kuyambiranso zizindikilo zakunja kwa estrus patadutsa chaka chimodzi atabereka. Zisanachitike, kuphatikiza kumatha kuyambiranso, ngakhale sikungapangitse kuti akhale ndi pakati, kuwonetsa kuti chachikazi sichikhala chachonde.
Munthawi imeneyi, amapitilizabe kuyamwa mpaka ana ake atayamwa kuyamwa ali ndi zaka pafupifupi zinayi. Nthawi yayitali yobadwa ndi zaka 4.6. Kuyamwa kumatha kupondereza ovulation, koma osati mawonekedwe akunja a estrus. Popeza palibe kafukufuku amene adatenga nthawi yayitali kuposa momwe ma bonobos amakhala ndi moyo, kuchuluka kwa ana pamayi sikudziwika. Awa ndi mbadwa pafupifupi zinayi.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Palibe njira yomveka yosankhira wokwatirana naye: Amayi amayang'anira amuna ambiri mgululi nthawi ya estrus, kupatula ana awo amuna. Chifukwa cha izi, abambo nthawi zambiri samadziwika kwa onse awiri.
Bonobos ndi nyama zoyamwitsa kwambiri, zokhala zaka pafupifupi 15 asanakule msinkhu. Munthawi imeneyi, amayi ndi omwe amapereka maudindo ambiri pakulera, ngakhale amuna amathandizira m'njira zina (mwachitsanzo, kuchenjeza gulu kuti likhala pachiwopsezo, kugawana chakudya, komanso kuteteza ana).
Ana a Bonobo amabadwa osathandiza. Amatengera mkaka wa amayi ndipo amagwiritsanso amayi awo kwa miyezi ingapo. Kuyimitsa kuyamwa ndimachitidwe pang'onopang'ono omwe nthawi zambiri amayamba ali ndi zaka 4. Nthawi yonse yosiyitsa kuyamwa, amayi nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi chakudya cha ana awo, kuwalola kuyang'anira momwe amadyera ndikusankha zakudya.
Atakula, ma bonobos achimuna nthawi zambiri amakhala mgulu lawo ndikucheza ndi amayi awo kwazaka zotsalazo. Ana achikazi amasiya gulu lawo, motero samalumikizana ndi amayi awo atakula.
Adani achilengedwe a bonobos
Chithunzi: Chimpanzee Bonobos
Zowopsa zokha komanso zowopsa za ma bonobos ndi anthu. Ngakhale ndizosaloledwa kuwasaka, kupha nyama mwachinyengo kumafalikira m'malo ambiri. Anthu amasaka anyani kuti apeze chakudya. Amanenanso kuti akambuku ndi mimbulu zomwe zimadya nyama zina zazinyama zimatha kudya ma bonobos. Palibe umboni wachindunji wadyera anyani amtunduwu ndi nyama zina, ngakhale pali zolusa zina zomwe mwina ndizotheka kuyamwa ma bonabos, makamaka achinyamata.
Zowopsa kwambiri ndizo:
- akambuku (P. pardus);
- mimbulu (P. Sabae);
- kulimbana ndi ziwombankhanga (P. bellicosus);
- anthu (Homo Sapiens).
Nyamazi, monga zamoyo zazing'ono, zimakhala ndi matenda ambiri omwe amakhudza anthu, monga poliyo. Kuphatikiza apo, ma bonobos amakhala onyamula tiziromboti tambiri monga ma helminth am'matumbo, ma flukes ndi ma schistosomes.
Bonobos ndi chimpanzi wamba ndi abale apafupi kwambiri a Homo sapiens. Ndi gwero lamtengo wapatali lodziwitsa anthu za chiyambi ndi matenda. Bonobos ndiwotchuka pakati pa anthu ndipo atha kukhala othandiza posungira malo awo okhala. Kuchuluka kwa zipatso zomwe zimadyedwa ndi anyaniwa kukuwonetsa kuti atha kukhala ndi gawo lofunikira pakufalitsa mbewu za mitundu yadyedwa.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chithunzi: Momwe ma bonobos amawonekera
Kuchuluka kwakukula kumakhala pakati pa 29,500 mpaka 50,000 anthu. Chiwerengero cha ma bonobos akukhulupirira kuti chatsika kwambiri pazaka 30 zapitazi, ngakhale kuti kafukufuku wolondola akhala wovuta kuchita pakati pa nkhondo pakati pa Congo. Zowopseza zazikuluzikulu za bonobos zikuphatikiza kutayika kwa malo okhala ndi kusaka nyama, ndikuwombera komwe kukukulira kwambiri munkhondo yoyamba ndi yachiwiri yaku Congo chifukwa chakupezeka kwa asitikali ankhondo ngakhale kumadera akutali monga Salonga National Park. Izi ndi zina mwazomwe zatha kuti anyaniwa atheretu.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Mu 1995, nkhawa zakuchepa kwa bonobos kuthengo zidapangitsa kuti Conservation Action Plan isindikizidwe. Uku ndikusonkhanitsa kwa kuchuluka kwa anthu ndikuzindikiritsa zinthu zofunika kwambiri pakusamalira ma bonobos.
Masiku ano, omwe akukhudzidwa akukambirana za kuwopseza ma bolobos m'malo angapo asayansi komanso zachilengedwe. Mabungwe ngati WWF, African Wildlife Fund ndi ena akuyesera kuyang'ana pachiwopsezo chachikulu cha zamoyozi. Ena akuganiza zopanga malo osungira zachilengedwe kudera lolimba la Africa kapena pachilumba chofanana ndi Indonesia ndikusuntha anthu ena kumeneko. Kuzindikira kwa anthu akumaloko kukukulira. Magulu osiyanasiyana azopanga adapangidwa pa intaneti kuti athandize kusunga bonabo.
Mlonda wa Bonabo
Chithunzi: Bonobo kuchokera ku Red Book
Ma bonobos ali pangozi malinga ndi Red Book. Njira za IUCN zimafuna kuchepetsedwa kwa 50% kapena kupitilira mibadwo itatu, kudzera pakupondereza ndi kuwononga malo. Bonobos akukumana ndi "chiopsezo chachikulu kwambiri chotheratu kuthengo posachedwa." Nkhondo yapachiweniweni komanso zotsatira zake zimalepheretsa kuyesetsa kuti zisungidwe. Kuunika kwa kuchuluka kwa anthu kumasiyana mosiyanasiyana chifukwa mkangano umachepetsa kuthekera kwa ofufuza kugwira ntchito m'derali.
Popeza malo okhala ma bonobos amapezeka pagulu, kupambana kwakukulu pantchito yosamalira zachilengedwe kumadalira kutengapo gawo kwa nzika zakomwe zimakana kukonzedwa kwa malo osungirako zachilengedwe pomwe izi zimachotsa madera akumidzi m'nyumba zawo zamnkhalango.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Palibe malo okhalamo anthu ku Salonga National Park, paki yokhayo yokhala ndi ma bonobos, ndipo kafukufuku wochokera ku 2010 akuwonetsa kuti ma bonobos, njovu zaku nkhalango zaku Africa ndi mitundu ina ya nyama zathamangitsidwa kwambiri. M'malo mwake, kuli madera omwe ma bonobos amakula mosavomerezeka chifukwa cha zikhulupiriro ndi zoletsa za anthu wamba kuti asaphe bonobos.
Mu 2002, gulu loteteza zachilengedwe Bonobo adayambitsa projekiti ya Bonobo Peace Forest, yothandizidwa ndi Global Conservation Fund ya International Conservation Society mogwirizana ndi mabungwe adziko lonse, mabungwe omwe siaboma ndi anthu wamba. Pulojekiti ya Peace Forest imagwira ntchito ndi anthu am'deralo kuti apange nkhokwe zolumikizana, zomwe zimayang'aniridwa ndi anthu wamba komanso azikhalidwe.Mtunduwu, wokhazikitsidwa makamaka kudzera m'mabungwe aku DRC ndi madera akumidzi, wathandiza kukambirana mapangano oteteza malo opitilira ma bonobos opitilira 100,000 km².
Tsiku lofalitsa: 08/03/2019
Tsiku losintha: 09/28/2019 nthawi 11:54
