Crossbill - mbalame yodabwitsa yoimba, yomwe imasiyanitsidwa ndi yapadera m'njira zingapo. Choyamba, uwu ndi mawonekedwe achilendo a milomo, chachiwiri, chowala komanso choyambirira, ndipo chachitatu, kusankha nthawi yosakwanira nyengo yaukwati komanso kupeza ana. M'mabodza onsewa, tidzayesa kudziwa izi powerenga momwe mbalame zimakhalira, mawonekedwe, mawonekedwe akunja komanso malo okhala.
Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera
Chithunzi: Klest
Klesty ndi mbalame zazing'ono zoyimbira zomwe zimayendetsedwa ndi anthu odutsa komanso banja la mbalame. Klest amatha kutchedwa mbalame yakale, chifukwa amadziwika kuti makolo ake amakhala m'dziko lathuli zaka 9 kapena 10 miliyoni zapitazo. Mitundu yayikulu ya mbalame idapangidwa mdera la spruce ndi nkhalango za paini zomwe zili kumpoto kwa dziko lapansi.
Kanema: Klest
Nthano ndi nthano zimapangidwa za mtanda, malinga ndi m'modzi mwa iwo amatchedwa mbalame ya Khristu. Amakhulupirira kuti Khristu atapachikidwa pamtanda ndikuzunzika pamtanda, ndiye cholembera chomwe chidayesa kumupulumutsa, kuchotsa misomali mthupi lake, ndichifukwa chake adapinditsa mulomo wake. Kambalame kakang'ono kanalibe mphamvu zokwanira, kupatula pakamwa, chopingacho chinavulala, chifuwa chake chinali ndi magazi.
Ambuye adathokoza mbalameyi chifukwa cha khama lawo ndipo adaipatsa zinthu zachilendo komanso zodabwitsa, zomwe ndi:
- ndi mlomo wopachika;
- kubadwa kwa ana a nthenga za "Khirisimasi";
- kusawonongeka kwa fumbi la mbalame.
Mphatso zonse za Mulunguzi ndi zachilendo kwambiri, zimakhudzana ndi moyo komanso mawonekedwe a mtanda, womwe tiyesa kuwunikanso mwatsatanetsatane. Crossbill silimasiyana pamiyeso ikuluikulu, ndiyokulirapo pang'ono kuposa mpheta wamba, kutalika kwa thupi lake kumafika masentimita 20. Thupi la nthenga limakhala lolimba komanso lolimba, ndipo mchira wa mbalameyo ndi waufupi komanso wopingasa pakati.
Pamutu waukulu kwambiri, mlomo wachilendo komanso wapachiyambi umaonekera nthawi yomweyo, ma halves ake opindika omwe sagwirizana ndikulumikizana mopingasa. Miyendo ya mbalame ndi yolimba komanso yolimba kwambiri, kotero mtandawo umatha kupachikidwa panthambi ili mutu. Amuna amphongo amasiyana ndi akazi muzovala zawo zokongola komanso zokongola.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Kodi crossbill imawoneka bwanji
Miyeso ya crossbill ndiyowonekera, koma kulemera kwake kumasiyanasiyana magalamu 50 mpaka 60. Thupi lonse la mbalameyi likuwoneka mozungulira chifukwa chokhuthala komanso cholimba komanso khosi lalifupi.
Mtundu wa nthenga zokongola mutha kuwona mithunzi:
- lalanje;
- zobiriwira;
- zoyera;
- imvi chikasu;
- malankhulidwe ofiira ofiira.
Monga tanena kale, yamphongo imawoneka yosangalatsa komanso yochulukirapo, chifukwa ili ndi nthenga zowala, zomwe zimayang'aniridwa ndi mithunzi yofiira kapena yofiira, ndipo mimba yake ili ndi mikwingwirima yoyera. Akazi amawoneka ochepera kwambiri, ndi nthenga zakuda ndi zobiriwira zotchulidwa ndi malire obiriwira achikasu.
Ambiri, ornithologists kusiyanitsa mitundu isanu ya crossbills, atatu amene ali ndi okhazikika mu gawo la dziko lathu: woyera mapiko crossbill, spruce crossbill, paini crossbill. Tiyeni tifotokozere mawonekedwe akunja a mbalamezi pogwiritsa ntchito mitundu ya mitundu.
Klest-elovik (wamba) amakhala ndi thupi lalitali masentimita 17 mpaka 20. Amuna amadziwika ndi mtundu wofiira-wofiira wokhala ndi mimba yoyera imvi. Zazimayi zazikazi zimakhala zobiriwira zobiriwira komanso zachikaso. Mlomo wochepa thupi suli wopindika kwambiri ndipo umaphatikizana pang'ono. Mitu ya mbalamezo ndi yayikulu kwambiri, ndipo kulemera kwake kumakhala magalamu 43 mpaka 55.
Kuwoloka kwa paini mtundu wake ndi wofanana ndi mitundu yapitayi. Amasiyanitsidwa ndi mlomo waukulu komanso wokulirapo, wopepuka pang'ono kumapeto. Kutalika kwa mbalameyi ndi 16 - 18 cm, ndipo kulemera kwake ndi pafupifupi 50 magalamu.
Crossbill yoyera yoyera imasiyana m'mitundu yamapiko, yomwe imakhala ndi zoyera zoyera mikwingwirima kapena zitsotso, imawoneka motsutsana ndi mdima wakuda. Mu nthenga zaimuna, lalanje, kapezi ndi mithunzi yofiira zimawoneka, ndipo chachikazi ndi chachikasu-imvi. Kutalika kwa mtanda uku ndi pafupifupi masentimita 16, ndipo kulemera kwake kumasiyana magalamu 43 mpaka 50.
Mtanda waku Scotland ndizofala ku UK. Kukula kwake kumakhalanso kocheperako, kutalika kwa mbalame kumafika pa 15 mpaka 17 cm, ndikulemera magalamu 50.
Kodi crossbill amakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Klest ku Russia
Crossbones ndi nthenga okhala m'nkhalango za coniferous kumpoto kwa dziko lapansi. Amakonda nkhalango zowoneka bwino komanso zosakanikirana, zodutsa nkhalango zamkungudza. Akafunsidwa ngati crossbill imangoyenda kapena kungokhala, munthu akhoza kuyankha kuti ndi wosamukasamuka. Mbalameyi imayenda mokhazikika kufunafuna chakudya, popanda kukhala ndi malo okhazikika. Pomwe pali zokolola zazikulu za mitengo ya coniferous, ndipo pamakhala kuchuluka kwa zopingasa. Pakapita nthawi, zopingasa sizinapezeke komwe kunali miyezi ingapo yapitayo.
Malinga ndi dzina la mitundu ina ya mbalamezi, zikuwonekeratu kuti nkhalango yomwe crossbill imasankha kukhalamo. Klest-elovik, choyambirira, amakonda nkhalango za spruce, koma amakhala m'nkhalango zosakanikirana. Mitunduyi imakhala ku Europe, Africa, Philippines, Central Asia, North ndi Central America.
Mtengo wa pine umakonda nkhalango za paini, ndipo malo ake amakhala ku Scandinavia komanso kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa Europe. Ndizochepa kwambiri kuposa spruce crossbill. Mapiko oyera okhala ndi mapiko oyera amakhala m'malo a Russian taiga, North America ndi Scandinavia, komwe nthawi zambiri amakhala kumadera omwe larch amakula. Zikuwonekeratu kuti mtanda waku Scottish amakhala ku UK ndipo ndiwofala.
Crossbones nthawi zonse amasamukira kumalo okhala zakudya zambiri, iwo, kuphatikiza nkhalango, amapezeka m'malo:
- mtunda;
- mapiri;
- mapiri.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Asayansi apeza zopingasa, zomwe akatswiri azakuthambo adachita, makilomita 3500 kutali ndi malo awo akale.
Kodi nkhalango imadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Nthambi ya mbalame
Wina ayenera kungowona momwe mtanda wopendekera umakhotera mamba olimba a ma cones ndikuchotsa nthanga pansi pake, zimawonekeratu kuti chifukwa chiyani mulomo wachilendowu unapatsidwa. Mapiko olimba a nthengawo amagwirana ndi nthambi mwamphamvu ndipo amathandiza kugundana ndi matelefoniwo, atapachikika mozondoka.
Simudzawona zosiyana zambiri pamasamba owoloka. Pazakudya zawo, mbalamezi zitha kutchedwa akatswiri odziwika bwino pakudya nthanga za coniferous, zomwe ndizomwe zimapatsa chakudya mbalame. Kawirikawiri, zopingasa zimakhwimitsidwa pa nthangala za mpendadzuwa, koma tizilombo tomwe timapezeka pazosankha zawo zimapezeka mwa apo ndi apo, nthawi zambiri mbalame zimadya nsabwe za m'masamba.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: M'nyengo yopanda chilimwe, zopingasa zimakondwera kukanda nthanga zaudzu wamtchire, ndipo nthawi zambiri munthawi ya njala ziweto zonse za mbalame zimaukira minda yofesedwa.
Nthawi zambiri, mukamadya nyemba zamakona, gawo limodzi mwamagawo atatu mwa iwo amametedwa, chopingacho sichimayesa kutulutsa njere zomwe sizipereka bwino, ndizosavuta kuti ziyambe kukodola kondomu ina. Zakudya zosadyedwa sizimatha, kuziponyera pansi, chopingasa chimadyetsa makoswe, agologolo ndi ena okonda chakudya choterocho. Crossbills amadya spruce ndi masamba a paini, utomoni pamodzi ndi khungwa la mitengo. Nthenga yomweyi singakane mapulo, phulusa, fir ndi mbewu za larch. Ma crossbill ogwidwa amakonda kudya phulusa la m'mapiri, phala, nyongolotsi, mapira, hemp, mtedza ndi mpendadzuwa.
Tsopano mukudziwa kudyetsa crossbill. Tiyeni tiwone momwe mbalame imakhalira kuthengo.
Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Klest m'chilengedwe
Klesty ndi osamukasamuka enieni, amasunthira kosunthika komwe kuli chakudya chochuluka chomwe amafunikira. Kuti achite izi, amasonkhana pagulu la anthu 20 kapena 30. Sangatchulidwe mbalame zosamukasamuka kapena zongokhala. Mbalamezi zimagwira ntchito masana, zimakhala nthawi yayitali mumtengo wamtengo wapatali, komwe zimafunafuna chakudya. Mbalamezi sizimagwera pansi kawirikawiri, zimakonda kukhala zazitali munthambi. Klest ndiwosunthika komanso wopusa, amawuluka mwangwiro, njira yake yothawira nthawi zambiri imakhala yopepuka. Mbalame zazing'onozi sizimawopa chisanu, chifukwa chake zimakhala m'malo omwe kumakhala nyengo yabwino.
Chosangalatsa: Crossbill yoyera yamapiko oyera imamva bwino, ngakhale kutentha kunja kuli pafupifupi madigiri 50 okhala ndi chikwangwani chosachotsa. Mbalameyi imapitirizabe kuyesayesa ngakhale mu chisanu chotere.
Musaiwale kuti mtanda wopingasa ndiwolumikizana. Koma amaimba, nthawi zambiri, akathawa. Kuwona momwe crossbill imakhalira munthambi ndikuimba nyimbo ndizosowa kwambiri; atakhala pansi, nthawi zambiri amakhala chete, akumangoyanjana ndi mbalame zina pokhapokha paulendo. Nyimbo yapa crossbill ndiyofanana ndi kulira komwe kumalowetsedwa ndi muluzi, manambala obisika amamveka nthawi yomweyo.
Chikhalidwe cha nthenga chitha kuweruzidwa ndi anthu omwe amakhala mu ukapolo. Okonda mbalame akutsimikizira kuti zopingasa ndizokonda kucheza, ochezeka komanso odalirika. Mbalame ndizosavuta kuweta komanso anzeru, ndipo titha kuphunzitsidwa malamulo osavuta. Klest amatha kutsanzira mawu a mbalame zina, mwaluso akumangirira kamwedwe kake.
Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Crossbill ya Songbird
Chofunika kwambiri pamitanda yopanda maulendowa ndikuti ana awo amatha kubadwa m'nyengo yozizira, sizomveka kuti amatchedwa mbalame za Khrisimasi, chifukwa nthawi yayikuluyi amakhala ndi anapiye. Pakatikati mwa Russia, zopingasa zimayamba kupanga chisa mu Marichi. Nthawi yobisalira mobwerezabwereza imachitika kumapeto kwa chilimwe kapena kumayambiriro kwenikweni kwa nyengo yophukira, pomwe mbewu zimapsa pamitengo ya larch ndi payini. Kumene zokolola za coniferous zimakhala zolemera kwambiri, mbalame zimamanga zisa ngakhale pachimake pachisanu cha chisanu.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Nthawi yaukwati yamitanda yodalira simadalira nthawi yakutiyakuti, imakhudzana kwambiri ndi zipatso za mitengo ikuluikulu.
Ma crossbill amakonzedweratu pama spruces, amagwiritsa ntchito ma payini pafupipafupi, amatha kutalika kwa 2 mpaka 10 mita. Kunja, zisa zimapangidwa ndi nthambi zoonda za spruce; mkati, nthambi zowonda ndi zinyalala za moss, ndere, nthenga, tsitsi la nyama zimagwiritsidwanso ntchito. Kukula kwa chisa ndi pafupifupi masentimita 13, ndipo kutalika kwake kumakhala kwa masentimita 8 mpaka 10.
Chowotchera cha crossbill chimakhala ndi mazira atatu kapena asanu amtundu woyera ndi kamvekedwe kabuluu, chipolopolo chake chomwe chimakongoletsedwa ndi mabala a burgundy. Nthawi yosakaniza imatenga milungu iwiri. Nthawi yonseyi, mkazi amafungatira ana, ndipo bambo wamtsogolo amasamalira chakudya chake. Ana oswedwawo amakhala okutidwa ndi imvi komanso kukhuthala. Kwa masiku angapo, mayi wamphongoyi amatenthetsa anapiye ndi thupi lake, ndiyeno, pamodzi ndi amuna, amapita kukagulira ana awo chakudya.
Ali ndi zaka masabata atatu, anapiyewo ayamba kuwuluka koyamba, koma samasuntha mtunda wautali kuchokera pamalo obisalapo ndikukakhalamo usiku. Tiyenera kudziwa kuti anapiye amabadwa ndi milomo yowongoka, chifukwa chake, kwa miyezi ingapo yoyambirira, makolo osamalira nthenga amawadyetsa. Ana pang'onopang'ono amayamba kudula bwino ma cones, ndipo milomo yawo imakhala, ngati ya achibale achikulire. Pafupifupi chaka chimodzi, nthenga za nyama zazing'ono zimakhala chimodzimodzi ndi mbalame zokhwima. Tiyenera kudziwa kuti m'malo abwino ogwidwa ukapolo, zopingasa zimakhala zaka khumi; kuthengo, nthawi yawo yokhala moyo ndi yayifupi.
Adani achilengedwe amtanda
Chithunzi: Nthambi ya mbalame
Klest anali ndi mwayi waukulu chifukwa alibe mdani m'malo achilengedwe. Chowonadi ndichakuti kwa nyama zina ndi mbalame zazikulu crossbill sizosangalatsa za gastronomic, chifukwa ndi owawa komanso osapweteka chifukwa chakuti amadya mbewu za coniferous nthawi zonse. Chifukwa chakudya kwa nkhuku, thupi la mtanda wopingasa lili ndi utomoni wochuluka wa coniferous, motero, mtandawo umadzipaka umwini m'moyo wawo.
Chosangalatsa: Pambuyo paimfa, thupi la mtanda silimawonongeka, koma limasandulika mummy, zonse chifukwa cha utomoni womwewo womwe thupi lake limadzazidwa nawo. Izi zikutsimikizira nthano yonena za kuwonongeka kwa thupi la mbalame, lomwe Ambuye adampatsa crossbill.
Adani a crossbill amatha kudziwika ndi munthu yemwe sawononga mbalame mwachindunji, koma amakhudza kwambiri moyo wake mwanjira zina, kusokoneza zachilengedwe, kudula nkhalango, kuwononga chilengedwe. Ntchito zopitilira, zachuma, za anthu zimasokoneza kuchuluka kwa mbalame, kuchuluka kwake komwe kumachepa pang'onopang'ono. Klestam sasamala za chisanu choopsa komanso moyo wankhanza m'nkhalango za taiga. Mbalameyi siziopa nyama zowopsa, koma zochita za anthu zokha ndizomwe zimawopseza mbalame.
Chosangalatsa: Kudyetsa anapiye, ma crossbills amafewetsa mbewu za coniferous mu goiter yawo, motero kumakhala kosavuta kwa ana kumeza ndi kugaya.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chithunzi: Kodi nthambi zimawoneka bwanji
Ponena za kuchuluka kwa anthu owoloka, ndizosatheka kunena mosasunthika kuti ndi malo ati. Chomwe tikudziwa ndichakuti pafupifupi mitundu yonse ya mbalamezi imangoyenda kuchokera kudera lina kupita kwina kukafunafuna malo okhala ndi chakudya chamitengo yambiri. Zimachitika kuti pomwe panali zopingasa zingapo, pakatha miyezi ingapo zimasowa kwathunthu, ndikupita kumalo atsopanowo, ndikuwonekera komwe sizinawoneke m'mbuyomu. Zinawonedwa kuti kuchuluka kwa ziweto chaka ndi chaka kumadera osiyanasiyana zikusintha. Mwachiwonekere, zimatengera zokolola za ma conifers.
Chosangalatsa: M'masiku akale, ojambula ndi oyimba omwe anali kuyendayenda anali atakhwimitsa zopingasa zomwe zimadziwa kupeza matikiti a lottery ndi milomo yawo komanso amatenga nawo mbali polosera zamtsogolo.
Kusintha kwa manambala nthawi zambiri kumakhala mawonekedwe a spruce, zomwe sizimawoneka mumtengo wa paini, zimawerengedwa kuti ndi mitundu yochepa kwambiri, ngakhale mitundu iwiriyi imakhala mwamtendere. Monga tanenera kale, kuchuluka kwa opyola malire m'malo ambiri kumavutika ndi zochitika za anthu, zomwe zimachotsa mbalame m'malo omwe zimakhazikika komanso zodziwika bwino. Kudula mitengo mwachisawawa kudasokoneza moyo wa mbalamezi. M'madera ena, crossbill ikucheperachepera, zomwe zimadetsa nkhawa anthu oteteza zachilengedwe, chifukwa chake njira zodzitetezera zimayambitsidwa m'malo amenewa kuti pakhale moyo wabwino komanso wosangalala wa mbalame.
Chitetezo cha Crossbill
Chithunzi: Nthambi ya mbalame
M'mbuyomu zidadziwika kuti kuchuluka kwa zopingasa m'madera ena pang'onopang'ono, koma kuchepa, pali malo omwe mbalameyi imadziwika kuti ndi yosawerengeka. Zonsezi zimachitika makamaka chifukwa cha zochita za anthu, zomwe, nthawi zina, sizimaganiziridwa ndipo zimawononga nthumwi zambiri za nyama zamtchire, kuphatikiza zopingasa.
A klest-elovik adatchulidwa mu Red Book of Moscow kuyambira 2001, mbalameyi ndi yachiwiri ndipo imadziwika kuti ndi yosowa mderali. Zomwe zimachepetsa kwambiri ndi dera laling'ono la nkhalango za spruce ndikucheperachepera pang'onopang'ono chifukwa cha kuwonongeka kwa madera kapena kukula kwa nkhalango zosakanikirana. Ma elks amawononga kwambiri mitengo yaying'ono ya Khrisimasi, chifukwa chake ma conifers achichepere samalowanso mitengo yamipirayakale.
Kuphatikiza pakuphatikizidwa mu Red Book, njira zotsatirazi zachitetezo zikulimbikitsidwa ndipo zikuchitika:
- kuphatikiza madera okhala ndi zisa zosatha mu mndandanda wazinthu zachilengedwe zotetezedwa;
- kukhazikitsa pulogalamu inayake yowonjezeretsa nkhalango za spruce ndikusungidwa mwanjira yoyenera ya nkhalango za spruce;
- kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa mphalapala kuti zikhale zotetezeka kwa ena okhala m'nkhalango ndi zomera;
- kuletsa kupititsa patsogolo ndikulima nkhalango zokhazokha ndikuzisunga mwachilengedwe, mwachilengedwe.
Mwachidule, kutsalira kuwonjezera izi kuwoloka kwenikweni, mbalame yosangalatsa kwambiri. Monga momwe zidadziwira, chiyambi chawo sichikupezeka pazinthu zakunja zokha, komanso m'chifaniziro cha moyo wodabwitsa wa mbalame. Mukawerenga zambiri za mbalamezi, simumazizwa ndikuthekera kwawo ndi maluso awo. Nthawi zina pakhoza kufunsa funso loti: "Mwina Ambuye mwini adapereka zolembedwazo ndi zachilendo komanso zachilendo pamitundu ina?"
Tsiku lofalitsa: 07/27/2019
Tsiku losinthidwa: 09/30/2019 pa 18:24
