Kawirikawiri mtedza - mbalame yaying'ono kuchokera kwa odutsa, ndi gawo la banja lalikulu la mtedza. Dzinalo lapadziko lonse lapansi malinga ndi kiyi wa K. Linnaeus ndi Sitta europaea, woperekedwa mu 1758.
Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera
Chithunzi: Common nuthatch
Mbalame yaying'onoyi imapezeka paliponse m'nkhalango za ku Europe, Asia komanso kumpoto kwa kontinenti ya Africa. Monga oimira ena am'banja komanso mtundu, womwe umaphatikizapo mtedza wamba, uli ndi ma subspecies omwe amasiyana mtundu ndi kukula kwake, kutengera malo okhala. Maonekedwe a mbalame ndi machitidwe ake ndizofanana, zomwe zimalola kuti mitundu yonse makumi awiri iwonedwe kuti ndi yofanana.
Zotsalira zakale za makolo a mbalamezi ndizochepa. Amapezeka ku Italy ndipo ali a Lower Miocene - iyi ndi Sitta senogalliensis, subspecies zomwe zatha. Zitsanzo zamtsogolo zabanja lino zidapezeka ku France.
Kanema: Wowonjezera mtedza
Posachedwa, koyambirira kwa zaka zana lino ku Bavaria waku Germany, magawo a mbalame ochokera koyambirira kwa Miocene adapezeka m'mapanga a Castro; mtundu uwu udapatsidwa dzina - Certhiops rummeli, woliphatikiza ndi banja lalikulu la Certhioidea, lomwe limaphatikizana ndi mtedza, pikas ndi stencreepers. Zotsalirazi zimawerengedwa kuti ndi zitsanzo zoyambirira kwambiri za makolo amtunduwu wa mbalame.
Mbalame yaying'ono yolimba yomwe ili ndi nthenga zosalala imapezeka kuchokera kunja kwenikweni kwa Western Europe mpaka kugombe la Far East, ndikugwira: Caucasus, Western Asia, kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa China. Nyumbayi imadutsa m'nkhalango zochokera ku Scandinavia (kupatula kumpoto) ku Europe konse.
Sitta europaea sapezeka kumwera kwa Spain ndi Ukraine. Ku Russia, mtedza wamba umapezeka kuchokera pagombe la White Sea, kulikonse kumwera ku gawo la Europe mpaka kumalire akumwera kwa madera a Saratov ndi Voronezh. Zolemba m'derali zimadutsa ku South Urals, kudera la Omsk ndi Altai Territory, mpaka ku Primorye.
M'mayiko aku Asia, malire a malo okhala amapitilira Israeli, Indochina ndi Himalaya. Nuthatch wamba ili ku China, Korea ndi Japan, ku Taiwan. Ku Africa, mbalameyi imapezeka m'dera laling'ono m'mapiri a Atlas.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Common nuthatch, kapena coachman
Wamphongo wamkulu wa mtedza wamba amafika pafupifupi masentimita 13 mpaka 14 ndi mapiko otalika masentimita 23 mpaka 26, wolemera magalamu 16 mpaka 28. Akazi ndi ocheperako pang'ono kuposa amuna.
Pamwamba pa nthenga za nsonga, monga momwe mbalamezi zimatchulidwira, zimajambulidwa ndimayendedwe amtundu wabuluu, zimasiyana pakukhathamira, kutengera malo okhala. Mzere wakuda wowala umachokera pamlomo kupitirira diso kupita "khutu" ndi mapiko. Pansi pakhosi pake, pamimba ndi pakhomopo pali mthunzi wowala, womwe umasiyana pang'ono ndi womwe umatchulidwa ndi mbalame m'malo osiyanasiyana. Kumpoto kwa anthu, pamimba pamayera, m'mbali ndi m'mayendedwe ake ndi ofiira.
Subpecies ya Arctic ndi yosiyana ndi mapangidwe ake. Ndi chokulirapo, chokhala ndi chipumi choyera ndi mzere wamfupi wamaso. Pali zolemba zina zoyera mchira ndi mapiko. Wokhala ndi nthenga waku Western Europe, Caucasus, Asia Minor wokhala ndi mimba yofiira, chovala chokhala ngati ocher ndi khosi loyera. Kum'mawa kwa China, mbalamezi zili ndi theka lonselo lofiira.
Mchira ulinso ndi nthenga zoyera zomwe zimapanga kusiyanasiyana. Pa nthenga za mchira khumi za mapiko, zakunja zimakhala ndi zipsera zoyera. M'ma subspecies omwe ali ndi mawere oyera, pansi pake pamakhala poterera ndipo mzere wamaso ndi bulauni yakuda, kusintha kuchoka pamtundu wina kupita ku wina kumasintha.
Mwa akazi, gawo lakumtunda ndilopepuka pang'ono. Achinyamata ndi ofanana ndi akazi, koma ndi nthenga zonyezimira komanso miyendo yotuwa. Mbalame zimakhala ndi milomo yotambalala yamphamvu yokhala ndi mdima wakuda, maso akuda, ofiira kapena ofiira.
Kamodzi pachaka, mbalamezi zimasungunuka zitangobereka, kuyambira kumapeto kwa Meyi mpaka Okutobala. Amakhala masiku 80, koma mwa anthu omwe amakhala kumpoto, nthawi izi zimapanikizika ndipo zimayambira Juni mpaka pakati pa Seputembala.
Kodi nuthatch wamba amakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Mbalame nuthatch
Ku Eurasia, malo okhala mbalamezi kuchokera ku Britain kupita ku Zilumba za Japan kumpoto amafika 64-69 ° N. sh. madera a nkhalango-tundra, ndi kumwera mpaka 55 ° N. Mbalame iliyonse yosamuka imalembedwa ku Lebanon, ku Channel Islands.
Malo awo okondedwa ndi nkhalango, koma mbalameyi imatha kukhalanso m'malo osungira nkhalango komanso m'mapaki am'mizinda momwe muli mitengo yayikulu yakale yomwe imapatsa mbalame chakudya, komanso imawalola kuti azipezera zisa m'mabowo. M'mapiri, iyi ndi nkhalango za paini ndi spruce. M'magawo aku Europe amtunduwu, amapezeka m'nkhalango zosakanikirana komanso zosakanikirana, zomwe zimakonda mitengo ya oak, hornbeam, beech.
Ku Russia, imapezeka kwambiri m'nkhalango za spruce, nkhalango zamkungudza, kumwera kwa Siberia imatha kukhazikika m'malo amiyala, kumadera akum'mwera kwa steppe yomwe imapezeka mumikanda ya nkhalango. Ku Morocco, mitundu ya nuthatch yomwe amakonda kwambiri ndi: thundu, mkungudza wa Atlas, fir. Ku Mongolia, adatenga zokongola kupita ku mkungudza.
M'madera akumwera, amapezeka m'mapiri okhala ndi nkhalango:
- Switzerland pamtunda wa 1200 m;
- Austria, Turkey, Middle East, Central Asia - 1800 m;
- Japan - 760 - 2100 m;
- Taiwan - 800 -3300 m.
Izi ndi mbalame zokhazikika, sizimakonda kusamuka, makamaka chifukwa choopa zopinga zamadzi, koma zaka zowonda zimatha kufikira malire akumpoto kwa Sweden ndi Finland, otsalira pamenepo kuti aberekenso. Zomera za Arctic Sitta europaea nthawi zina zimasamukira kumadera akumwera ndi kum'mawa nthawi yachisanu. Okhala ku East Siberia taiga m'nyengo yozizira amapezeka ku Korea.
Kodi mtedza wamba umadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Chakudya chodziwika bwino ku Russia
Mbalame yamphongo imadya chakudya chamagulu ndi nyama, kutengera nyengo.
Pa nthawi yodyetsa anapiye, nthawi yotentha, tizilombo, akulu ndi mphutsi zimapezeka pamndandanda wake:
- agulugufe;
- akangaude;
- ziphuphu;
- kafadala;
- ngamila;
- ntchentche;
- utawaleza;
- nsikidzi.
Zonsezi zimagwidwa pa ntchentche ndi pamtengo. Nthawi zambiri, mbalame zimatha kufunafuna chakudya padziko lapansi. Akuyenda thunthu ndi nthambi za mitengo, amafunafuna tizilombo, amatha kudula khungwa ndi milomo yawo, kufunafuna tizirombo ta tizilombo pansi pake, koma samakhala ngati odula mitengo ndipo sanyamula nkhuni.
Kuyambira theka lachiwiri la nyengo yachilimwe komanso nthawi yophukira, chakudya cha mbalame chimayamba kudzazidwa ndi mbewu zazomera. Nuthatches amakonda kwambiri beech, phulusa, ma acorn, mtedza. Ma subspecies aku Siberia amasinthidwa kukhala mtedza wa paini ndi mtedza wamtengo wapatali wa pine, idyani mbewu za larch, paini, ndi spruce. Mbalame zamtunduwu zimalowetsa mtedza wamphamvu m'makungwa a makungwa kapena miyala ndikuzigawa ndi mlomo wawo wakuthwa komanso wamphamvu, ndikuziika pakadutsa. Mbalamezi zimakonda kudya zipatso za hawthorn, elderberry, chitumbuwa cha mbalame.
Zakudya zopatsa thanzi zimayamba kusungika mchilimwe. Amabisa mtedza, mbewu za zomera, amapha tizilombo m'malo osadziwika, ndikuziphimba ndi moss, zidutswa za makungwa, ndere. Masamba oterewa amathandiza mbalame kukhala ndi moyo m'nyengo yozizira, nkhono zimatha kuzipeza m'miyezi 3-4, ngakhale kudyetsa anapiye m'matangadza otsala. Koma zotsekemera zotere zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chakudya pokhapokha ngati kulibe chakudya china. Anthu omwe asunga nkhokwe zabwino amakhala ndi mwayi wopulumuka.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Owona akatswiri a mbalame zawonetsa kuti kumene mbewu za beech ndizofunikira kwambiri pazakudya, kupulumuka kwa mbalame zazikulu kumadalira pang'ono pazokolola za mtedzawo. Mbalame zazing'ono zaka zazing'ono zimafa nthawi yophukira ndi njala komanso pakusamuka kwawo kufunafuna chakudya. Chithunzi chomwecho chikuwonetsedwa pomwe chopangira chachikulu ndi hazel hazel.
M'mapaki amzindawu, m'nyumba zazinyumba zanyengo yotentha, mtedza umapezeka nthawi zambiri kwa odyetsa. Amatenga chimanga, tirigu, mbewu za mpendadzuwa, nyama yankhumba, mkate, tchizi. Kuphatikiza apo, mukawawona, zimawonekeratu kuti mbalame sizimangodya zokha, komanso zimanyamula chakudya mosungira, ndikubwera kangapo kudzagula gawo latsopano la tirigu. Mbalame zimayendera malo ophera nyama, kudyetsa zinyalala ndi zinyalala.
Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Mbalame nuthatch
Mbalamezi sizimapanga gulu, koma zimalolera kulowa nawo mbalame zina nthawi yozizira. Kuphatikiza apo, zikakumana ziwiri mosayembekezereka, zimangoyenda mosiyanasiyana. Munthu aliyense ali ndi gawo lake, lomwe amaliteteza nthawi zonse. Achichepere akuyang'ana malo okhala atsopano ndikukhazikika kumapeto kwa chilimwe, koma kusankha kosasintha ndi kuphatikiza tsamba lawo kumachitika mchaka. Mabanja amakhalabe okhulupirika kwa wina ndi mnzake moyo wawo wonse. Mwachilengedwe, ma nuthatches amakhala zaka khumi, koma nthawi yayitali ndi zaka 3-4.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Mbalame yodabwitsayi imayenda pamiyala yamitengo ngati chiphalaphala, mofananamo mozemba, mokwera ndi pansi ndi mutu wake, ngati kuti ikukwawa pambali pake, pomwe idatenga dzina.
Kusuntha mbalameyo imagwiritsa ntchito zikhadabo zakuthwa zomwe zimakumba makungwa amtengo. Mtedzawo sumadalira mchira wake, monga pachilikizo, ngati woponda matabwa. Mawu a mbalameyo amatha kumveka makamaka munkhalango kapena m'malo opaka pakumapeto kwa dzinja komanso koyambirira kwamasika, nthawi yokomana. Mumkhalidwe wodekha, birdie ali kalikiliki kufunafuna chakudya, mutha kumva phokoso loimba mluzu kuchokera pamenepo: mawu obwerezabwereza "tyu" ("fu"), komanso "tsi" kapena "tsi". Trill ya iridescent imamveka yokongola kwambiri, kukumbukira kubwereza mobwerezabwereza kwa "tyuy". Kulira kwa "ts'och" kumakhala chenjezo la ngozi.
Nthawi yakukondana nthawi yachisanu, mbalame zimatha kuchoka kumadera awo, zikuimba nyimbo ndikudziwonetsera kwa achibale awo. Kukhala moyo wokhazikika komanso kugawa magawo kumawonetsa kuti mbalame zazing'ono zimayenera kufunafuna komwe zimayang'anira kapena kutenga malo a mbalame zakufa. Kudera la Europe, achinyamata nthawi zonse amathamangira kupeza masamba atsopano, aulele.
Anthu okhala m'nkhalango ku Siberia amakhala pafupi ndi banja la makolo. Mwachitsanzo, m'nkhalango zowononga za ku Europe, kuchuluka kwa anthu okhala pafupifupi anthu 1 pa kilomita imodzi, m'mapiri a Sayan - awiriawiri 5-6 kudera lomwelo. Mbalamezi sizimachita manyazi ndipo zimatha kudyera pafupi ndi anthu ndipo zimatha kutenga chakudya m'manja mwawo. Amawongoleredwa mosavuta ndipo nthawi zambiri amasungidwa kundende.
Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Chowoneka bwino m'chilengedwe
Ma Coachmen, monga m'masiku akale mbalameyi idayitanidwa chifukwa chamamvekedwe ake, ndi amodzi okhaokha ndipo amakhala chisa nthawi zonse pamalo amodzi. Dera lotetezedwa ndi awiriwa limatha pafupifupi mahekitala khumi. Pofuna kupereka chizindikiro kuti malowa akukhalapo ndikukopa wamkazi, wamwamuna amayimba.
Pakukwatirana, amagwiritsa ntchito njira zosiyanasiyana:
- ma trill achilendo;
- ndege zozungulira zokweza mutu ndikukweza mchira mu fanasi;
- kudyetsa wamkazi.
Chosangalatsa: Kafukufuku wamasayansi ndi asayansi aku Germany awonetsa kuti 10% ya anthu omwe anali m'malo ophunzirira anali abambo a amuna ena ochokera kumadera oyandikana nawo.
Chiyambi cha kukaikira mazira kumadera akumpoto ndi Meyi, komanso zigawo zakumwera mu Epulo. Mbalamezi zimamanga zisa zawo m'mapanga a mitengo omwe adakhalapo mwachilengedwe kapena m'malo obowola mitengo. Ngati dzenje silili lokwanira mokwanira, ndipo nkhuni zawonongeka chifukwa cha njira yowonongeka, ndiye kuti mkazi amatha kukulitsa.
Monga lamulo, dzenje la nuthatch silikhala lotsika kuposa awiri osapitilira mamita makumi awiri. Pansi, pali zigawo zingapo zazing'ono za khungwa, monga paini, kapena zinthu zina zamatabwa.
Chosangalatsa: Zakudya zam'madzi zimachepetsa khomo lolowera mdzenje mothandizidwa ndi dothi, manyowa, matope, potero zimateteza malo awo kwa adani, komanso kuti asalandidwe ndi nyenyezi. Momwemonso, amathira makungwa kuzungulira dzenje, kunja ndi mkati.
Khomo laling'ono lolowera mdzenje nthawi zambiri silichepa. Chisa, chotere, sichimangidwa ndimatumba, koma zotsalira zake zimakhala zazikulu kwambiri kotero kuti mazira amalowereramo. Zimatengera mbalame pafupifupi mwezi umodzi kuti zimange malo ogona, akazi amakhala otanganidwa kwambiri ndi bizinesi iyi. Mbalamezi zimagwiritsa ntchito dzenje m'zaka zotsatira.
Mkazi amaikira mazira 5-9. Nthawi zina mu clutch mumakhala zidutswa khumi ndi zitatu za machende oyera okhala ndi zipsera zofiirira. Amakhala ochepera pang'ono masentimita awiri mulifupi ndi ochepera theka ndi theka m'lifupi, kulemera kwake ndi magalamu 2.3.Ngati mayi achoka pachisa pakamamatira, ndiye kuti amiza chomenyacho mozama kwambiri. Pakadali pano, mbalame sizimapanga phokoso, kuyesera kuti zisaoneke.
Mazirawo amaswa kwa milungu iwiri kapena itatu, mpaka anapiye onse atuluka kuchokera ku zipolopolo. Pambuyo pa masabata ena atatu, anapiyewo amakhala atakwanira, koma banjali limapitiliza kuwadyetsa kwa milungu ingapo, kenako anapiyewo amadziyimira pawokha. Pakudyetsa, mbalame ziwiri zimauluka kupita ku chisa ndi nyama zoposa katatu patsiku.
Chosangalatsa: Zadziwika kuti m'mabowo akulu mumakhala anapiye ambiri nthawi zonse.
Adani achilengedwe amtedza wamba
Chithunzi: Mwamuna nuthatch
Ku Europe, ngozi yayikulu kwambiri ku mbalamezi imayimiriridwa ndi mbalame zodya nyama, monga:
- mpheta;
- nkhono zokonda;
- goshawk;
- kadzidzi wam'madzi;
- kadzidzi wamfupi.
Zisa za nati zimasakazidwanso ndi woponda matabwa, koma mbalame, zomwe zimakhalanso m'mabowo, ndizoopsa kwambiri. Amadya mazira, kenako amakhala m dzenjelo ngati eni ake athunthu. Mitundu ing'onoing'ono ya ma mustelids imakhalanso yoopsa: ma weasel, ermines, omwe amatha kukwera mtengo ndikulowa pakhomo lolowera. Agologolo amakhalanso ndi mabowo a mbalamezi.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Kuopseza mbalame zina ndi agologolo kunyumba kwawo, zopinira m'dothi, zomwe zimaphimba polowera, zimasakanikirana ndi tizilombo tina tonyansa.
M'madera ena, pomwe mbalame zotchedwa zinkhwe zooneka ngati mphete kapena zapinki zimapezeka m'malo opaka mapaki, zimatha kupikisana ndi zotchinga, chifukwa zimakwiriranso m'maenje. Koma akatswiri azachikwama aku Belgian omwe adachita kafukufuku mu 2010 adawonetsa lingaliro kuti vutoli silowopsa ndipo silikuwopsa anthu okhala munthawiyo. Nkhupakupa za Ptilonyssus sittae zimatha kuyambitsa mavuto aakulu azaumoyo kwa mbalame; zimakhala mumphako za mbalame. Komanso ma nematode ndi mphutsi zam'mimba zimasokoneza thanzi la birdies.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chithunzi: Common nuthatch
Chiwerengero cha anthu ku Sitta europaea chimafalikira kudera lonselo, koma osagwirizana. M'madera a Far North ndi nkhalango zokhazokha za Siberia, zimapezeka kawirikawiri, ndipo kuchuluka kwa mbalame kumadalira zokolola za cones. Chiwerengero cha mbalamezi padziko lapansi ndi chokulirapo ndipo sichimafikira kumalire omwe amawerengedwa kuti ali pachiwopsezo.
M'zaka zaposachedwa, mtengowu sunangowonjezera kuchuluka kwawo ku Europe, komanso wakulitsa madera ake okhala ku Scotland ndi Netherlands, Norway ndi Northern England, ndipo nthawi zambiri zisa ku Finland ndi Sweden. Komanso, mbalamezi zinkakhazikika kumapiri ataliatali a Atlas.
Ku Europe, anthu omwe amakhala ndi mtedzawu pafupifupi 22 - 57 miliyoni. Izi zimatipatsa mwayi wopeza pafupifupi mbalame zonse za 50 - 500 miliyoni. Kuchokera pa 10 000 mpaka 100 000 awiriawiri chisa ku Russia, Japan, China ndi Korea.
Malo ogawa anthu odutsawa ku Eurasia ndi oposa 23 miliyoni km2. Izi zimawerengedwa kuti ndi chisonyezo chokhazikika chakhazikikidwe ka anthu ndipo idavoteredwa ndi International Union for Conservation of Nature ngati vuto locheperako, lomwe limabweretsa nkhawa zochepa. Ndiye kuti, palibe chomwe chimawopseza mtundu uwu posachedwa.
Chosangalatsa: Kukula kwa achikulire ku Europe ndi 51%, ndipo kwa mbalame zazing'ono - 25%, zomwe zikuwonetsa kusatetezeka kwawo kwakukulu.
Kawirikawiri mtedza Amakonda mitengo yakale, yosatha pamoyo wake. Kudula mitengo mwachisawawa kumakhudza kwambiri kuchepa kwa anthu. Kusunga madera a nkhalango, makonzedwe odyetsera mbalame za m'nyengo yozizira ndi zisa zopangira m'mapaki a nkhalango ndi malo osungira nyama adzalola kuti mitunduyi isungidwe bwino.
Tsiku lofalitsa: 13.07.2019
Tsiku losinthidwa: 25.09.2019 pa 9:58
